Concerning the Nature of Good, Against the…

 St. AUGUSTIN:

 Concerning the Nature of Good,

 Chapter 1.—God the Highest and Unchangeable Good, from Whom are All Other Good Things, Spiritual and Corporeal.

 Chapter 2.—How This May Suffice for Correcting the Manichæans.

 Chapter 3.—Measure, Form, and Order, Generic Goods in Things Made by God.

 Chapter 4.—Evil is Corruption of Measure, Form, or Order.

 Chapter 5.—The Corrupted Nature of a More Excellent Order Sometimes Better Than an Inferior Nature Even Uncorrupted.

 Chapter 6.—Nature Which Cannot Be Corrupted is the Highest Good That Which Can, is Some Good.

 Chapter 7.—The Corruption of Rational Spirits is on the One Hand Voluntary, on the Other Penal.

 Chapter 8.—From the Corruption and Destruction of Inferior Things is the Beauty of the Universe.

 Chapter 9.—Punishment is Constituted for the Sinning Nature that It May Be Rightly Ordered.

 Chapter 10.—Natures Corruptible, Because Made of Nothing.

 Chapter 11.—God Cannot Suffer Harm, Nor Can Any Other Nature Except by His Permission.

 Chapter 12.—All Good Things are from God Alone.

 Chapter 13.—Individual Good Things, Whether Small or Great, are from God.

 Chapter 14.—Small Good Things in Comparison with Greater are Called by Contrary Names.

 Chapter 15.—In the Body of the Ape the Good of Beauty is Present, Though in a Less Degree.

 Chapter 16.—Privations in Things are Fittingly Ordered by God.

 Chapter 17.—Nature, in as Far as It is Nature, No Evil.

 Chapter 18.—Hyle, Which Was Called by the Ancients the Formless Material of Things, is Not an Evil.

 Chapter 19.—To Have True Existence is an Exclusive Prerogative of God.

 Chapter 20.—Pain Only in Good Natures.

 Therefore now by common usage things small and mean are said to have measure, because some measure remains in them, without which they would no longer

 Chapter 22.—Measure in Some Sense is Suitable to God Himself.

 Chapter 23.—Whence a Bad Measure, a Bad Form, a Bad Order May Sometimes Be Spoken of.

 Chapter 24.—It is Proved by the Testimonies of Scripture that God is Unchangeable. The Son of God Begotten, Not Made.

 Chapter 25.—This Last Expression Misunderstood by Some.

 Chapter 26.—That Creatures are Made of Nothing.

 Chapter 27.—From Him And Of Him Do Not Mean The Same Thing.

 Chapter 28.—Sin Not From God, But From The Will of Those Sinning.

 Chapter 29.—That God is Not Defiled by Our Sins.

 Chapter 30.—That Good Things, Even the Least, and Those that are Earthly, are by God.

 Chapter 31.—To Punish and to Forgive Sins Belong Equally to God.

 Chapter 32.—From God Also is the Very Power to Be Hurtful.

 Chapter 33.—That Evil Angels Have Been Made Evil, Not by God, But by Sinning.

 Chapter 34.—That Sin is Not the Striving for an Evil Nature, But the Desertion of a Better.

 Chapter 35.—The Tree Was Forbidden to Adam Not Because It Was Evil, But Because It Was Good for Man to Be Subject to God.

 Chapter 36.—No Creature of God is Evil, But to Abuse a Creature of God is Evil.

 Chapter 37.—God Makes Good Use of the Evil Deeds of Sinners.

 Chapter 38.—Eternal Fire Torturing the Wicked, Not Evil.

 Chapter 39.—Fire is Called Eternal, Not as God Is, But Because Without End.

 Chapter 40.—Neither Can God Suffer Hurt, Nor Any Other, Save by the Just Ordination of God.

 Chapter 41.—How Great Good Things the Manichæans Put in the Nature of Evil, and How Great Evil Things in the Nature of Good.

 Chapter 42.—Manichæan Blasphemies Concerning the Nature of God.

 Chapter 43.—Many Evils Before His Commingling with Evil are Attributed to the Nature of God by the Manichæans.

 Chapter 44.—Incredible Turpitudes in God Imagined by Manichæus.

 Chapter 45.—Certain Unspeakable Turpitudes Believed, Not Without Reason, Concerning the Manichæans Themselves.

 Chapter 46.—The Unspeakable Doctrine of the Fundamental Epistle.

 Chapter 47.—He Compels to the Perpetration of Horrible Turpitudes.

 Chapter 48.—Augustin Prays that the Manichæans May Be Restored to Their Senses.

Chapter 33.—That Evil Angels Have Been Made Evil, Not by God, But by Sinning.

But because evil angels also were not constituted evil by God, but were made evil by sinning, Peter in his epistle says: "For if God spared not angels when they sinned, but casting them down into the dungeons of smoky hell, He delivered them to be reserved for punishment in judgment."40 2 Pet. ii. 4. Hence Peter shows that there is still due to them the penalty of the last judgment, concerning which the Lord says: "Go ye into everlasting fire, which has been prepared for the Devil and his angels." Although they have already penally received this hell, that is, an inferior smoky air as a prison, which nevertheless since it is also called heaven, is not that heaven in which there are stars, but this lower heaven by the smoke of which the clouds are conglobulated, and where the birds fly; for both a cloudy heaven is spoken of, and flying things are called heavenly. As when the Apostle Paul calls those evil angels, against whom as enemies by living piously we contend, "spiritual things of wickedness in heavenly places."41 Eph. vi. 12. That this may not be understood of the upper heavens, he plainly says elsewhere: "According to the presence of the prince of this air, who now worketh in the sons of disobedience."42 Ibid. ii. 2.