S. AURELII AUGUSTINI HIPPONENSIS EPISCOPI EPISTOLAE SECUNDUM ORDINEM TEMPORUM NUNC PRIMUM DISPOSITAE, ET QUATUOR IN CLASSES DIGESTAE

 EPISTOLA II . Zenobio desiderium exponit suum, ut disputationem inter se coeptam, inter se finiant.

 EPISTOLA III . Nebridio respondet Augustinus immerito se ab ipso vocari beatum, qui tam multa ignoret. Qua in re sita sit vera beatitudo.

 EPISTOLA IV . Augustinus Nebridio, significans ei quantum profecerit in secessu, contemplatione rerum aeternarum.

 EPISTOLA V . Augustinum Nebridius deplorat, quod nimium interpelletur civium negotiis ab otio contemplationis.

 EPISTOLA VI . Scribit Nebridius videri sibi memoriam sine phantasia esse non posse tum etiam phantasiae vim non a sensu, sed a se potius imagines rer

 EPISTOLA VII . Augustinus quaestionem utramque a Nebridio motam discutit. Memoriam sine phantasia esse posse. Animam sensibus non usam carere phantasi

 EPISTOLA VIII . Quanam coelestium potestatum in animam actione fiat, ut imagines ac somnia dormienti subrepant.

 EPISTOLA IX . Quaestioni de somniis per superiores potestates immissis respondet.

 EPISTOLA X . De convictu cum Nebridio et secessione a mundanarum rerum tumultu.

 EPISTOLA XI . Cur hominis susceptio Filio soli tribuitur, cum divinae personae sint inseparabiles.

 EPISTOLA XII . Quaestionem in superiore epistola perstrictam iterum tractandam suscipit.

 EPISTOLA XIII . Quaestionem de animae quodam corpore, ad se nihil pertinentem, rogat dimittant.

 EPISTOLA XIV . Quare sol non idem praestat quod caetera sidera. Veritas summa an hominis cujusque rationem contineat.

 EPISTOLA XV. Significat scriptum a se opusculum de religione, transmittendum Romaniano, quem hortatur ut otium datum bene collocet.

 EPISTOLA XVI. Maximus grammaticus Madaurensis Augustino, excusans a Paganis unum Deum variis nominibus coli, indignans mortuos homines Gentium diis pr

 EPISTOLA XVII . Augustinus Maximo grammatico respondet ad superiora, sed sic ut ostendat indigna quibus respondeatur, digna quae rideantur.

 EPISTOLA XVIII . Naturarum genus triplex perstringitur.

 EPISTOLA XIX . Gaio, quem forte disputatione traxerat ad Ecclesiam, mittit suos libros legendos, adhortans ut perseveret in bono proposito.

 EPISTOLA XX . Antonino pro existimatione bona ac dilectione sibi impensa gratias refert Augustinus, optatque ut familia ipsius tota catholicam religio

 EPISTOLA XXI . Augustinus in presbyterum Hipponensem ordinatus, praesertim ad dispensandum verbum Dei, secumque reputans quam difficile sit sacerdotem

 EPISTOLA XXII . Augustinus presbyter, Aurelio Carthaginensi episcopo, deflens comessationes et ebrietates per Africam in coemeteriis et memoriis marty

 EPISTOLA XXIII . Augustinus Maximino episcopo donatistae, qui diaconum catholicum rebaptizasse dicebatur, ut aut fateatur factum, aut profiteatur se o

 EPISTOLA XXIV . Paulinus Alypio episcopo de libris Augustini quos recepit, excusans quod serius miserit ad illum Eusebii Chronica. Cupit edoceri de ge

 EPISTOLA XXV . Paulinus Augustino, exquisitis eum laudibus exornans pro quinque ejus adversus Manichaeos libris, quos ab Alypio acceperat. Panem ipsi

 EPISTOLA XXVI . Augustinus Licentium juvenem nobilem et doctum, quondam ipsius discipulum, hortatur ad mundi contemptum, abutens ad hoc ipsius Licenti

 EPISTOLA XXVII. Augustinus Paulino, amplectens illius benevolentiam, et mutuum declarans amorem: nonnulla de Romaniano et Alypio, nec non de Licentio,

 EPISTOLA XXVIII . Augustinus Hieronymo, de nova post LXX Veteris Testamenti versione deque Petro reprehenso a Paulo ad Galat. II, expostulans de susc

 EPISTOLA XXIX. Augustinus presbyter, Alypio Thagastensi episcopo, narrans quibus adhortationibus obtinuerit demum ut Hipponenses catholici abhorrerent

 EPISTOLA XXX . Paulinus Augustino, non recepto ab eo responso, denuo per alios scribit.

 SECUNDA CLASSIS. Epistolae quas Augustinus jam episcopus, ante collationem Carthaginensem cum Donatistis habitam, et ante detectam in Africa Pelagii h

 EPISTOLA XXXII . Paulinus Romaniano, gratulans Ecclesiae Hipponensi quod Augustinum meruit episcopi collegam. Licentium, pro quo scripserat Augustinus

 EPISTOLA XXXIII. Augustinus Proculeiano partis donatianae apud Hipponem episcopo, invitans illum ut mutua collatione schisma componatur.

 EPISTOLA XXXIV . De juvene, qui matrem caedere solitus, demum et mortem minatus transiit ad Donatistas, ab iisque iterato baptizatus est. Quod an Proc

 EPISTOLA XXXV . Rursus interpellat Eusebium, ut clericorum donatistarum licentiam curet coercendam per Proculeianum episcopum: alioquin ut de se nullu

 EPISTOLA XXXVI . Augustinus Casulano presbytero, refellens Urbici, id est cujusdam e Romana urbe, dissertationem pro sabbati jejunio, scriptam perquam

 EPISTOLA XXXVII . Gratulatur sibi Augustinus litterarias suas lucubrationes legi et approbari a Simpliciano ejusque censurae subjicit tum caeteros su

 EPISTOLA XXXVIII . Augustinus Profuturo, de toleranda adversa valetudine de morte Megalii, et de cohibenda ira.

 EPISTOLA XXXIX . Hieronymus Augustino, commendans illi Praesidium, et salvere jubens Alypium.

 EPISTOLA XL . Augustinus Hieronymo de titulo vulgati ab ipso libri de Scriptoribus ecclesiasticis: tum de Petro reprehenso non mendaciter a Paulo, de

 EPISTOLA XLI . Alypius et Augustinus Aurelio gratulantes de sermonibus quos presbyteri praesente ipso ad populum habere coeperant, ipsumque rogantes u

 EPISTOLA XLII . Augustinus Paulino, flagitans ut litterarum debitum amplius anno integro non redditum exsolvat, mittatque sibi opus adversus Paganos,

 EPISTOLA XLIII . Quanta impudentia Donatistae persistant in suo schismate, tot judiciis convicti.

 EPISTOLA XLIV . Augustinus refert quae coepta sint agi de concordia cum Fortunio Donatistarum episcopo, cupiens ut sine tumultu, quod placide coeptum

 EPISTOLA XLV . Augustinus Paulino, rogans ut demum rescribat post biennii silentium, mittatque sibi opus contra Paganos, quod ab ipso elaborari dudum

 EPISTOLA XLVI . Publicola Augustino proponit multas quaestiones.

 EPISTOLA XLVII . Augustinus Publicolae dissolvit aliquot ex propositis quaestionibus.

 EPISTOLA XLVIII . Augustinus Eudoxio abbati monachorum insulae Caprariae, exhortans ut otio ad pietatem, non ad ignaviam utantur, et sicubi Ecclesia r

 EPISTOLA XLIX . Augustinus Honorato Donatianae partis, ut per litteras placide reddat rationem quomodo nomen Ecclesiae, quae utique in toto orbe futur

 EPISTOLA L . Augustinus Suffectanis expostulans de LX Christianorum nece, pollicensque suum illis reddendum Herculem.

 EPISTOLA LI . Augustinus Crispinum Calamensem Donatianae partis episcopum urget propositis breviter aliquod argumentis, ad ea si potest respondeat per

 EPISTOLA LII . Augustinus Severino consanguineo suo donatistae, ut deserat schisma scelestum et impudens.

 EPISTOLA LIII . Confutatur epistola presbyteri cujusdam donatistae qui Generosum catholicum Constantinensem seducere moliebatur, simulans ab angelo se

 AD INQUISITIONES JANUARII LIBER PRIMUS, SEU EPISTOLA LIV . Augustinus Januario respondet, docens quid agendum sit in iis in quibus regionum aut Eccles

 AD INQUISITIONES JANUARII LIBER SECUNDUS, SEU EPISTOLA LV . De ritibus Ecclesiae, vel iis quos negligi nefas est, vel us qui tollendi sunt, si citra m

 EPISTOLA LVI . Augustinus ad Celerem, jubens eum Litterarum sacrarum studio incumbere, ut discat hanc vitam collatione aeternae esse fumum et Donatis

 EPISTOLA LVII . Augustinus, libro quodam suo in eam rem conscripto, Celerem instruxerat, mera levitate Donatistas se ab Ecclesia catholica segregasse:

 EPISTOLA LVIII . Augustinus Pammachio viro senatori gratulatur, quod suos apud Numidiam colonos donatistas adhortationibus suis adduxerit ad Ecclesiam

 EPISTOLA LIX . Augustinus Victorino concilium convocanti, excusatoria, quare ad concilium non venturus sit: rogans ut prius cum Xantippo super jure pr

 EPISTOLA LX . Augustinus Aurelio significat Donatum et ipsius fratrem se venitente recessisse de monasterio: porro et monachis facilem lapsum, et ordi

 EPISTOLA LXI . Augustinus Theodoro ut prolata hac epistola fidem faciat clericos ex parte Donati venientes ad Ecclesiam catholicam, in suo ipsorum ord

 EPISTOLA LXII . Alypius, Augustinus et Samsucius Severo, excusantes quae in Timothei negotio gesta sunt.

 EPISTOLA LXIII . Rursum de Timotheo qui postquam jurasset se a Severo non recessurum, ordinatus fuerat subdiaconus apud Subsanam in dioecesi Hipponens

 EPISTOLA LXIV . Augustinus Quintiano, ipsum ad patientiam adhortans et Aurelio episcopo reconciliatum cupiens, agensque de Privatione quem ille suae E

 EPISTOLA LXV . Augustinus Xantippo Numidiae primati, rationem reddens cur Abundantio presbytero infami Ecclesiam committere noluerit.

 EPISTOLA LXVI . Expostulat cum Crispino Calamensi, qui Mappalienses metu subactos rebaptizarat.

 EPISTOLA LXVII . Augustinus Hieronymo: negans se scripsisse librum in eum in hoc falsus, quod aliquis prolixam epistolam librum appellasset.

 EPISTOLA LXVIII . Hieronymus Augustino, jam accepta epistola quae continet quaestionem de mendacio officioso, sed dubitans etiamnum an sit Augustini,

 EPISTOLA LXIX . Alypius et Augustinus Castorio, ipsum hortantes ut in episcopatu Vaginensis Ecclesiae Maximiano fratri suo gloriose cedenti succedat.

 EPISTOLA LXX . Donatistarum Catholicos traditionis insimulantium temeritas prodit sese in causa Feliciani ab ipsis primum solemniter damnati, ac poste

 EPISTOLA LXXI . Augustinus Hieronymo, dehortans a libris Testamenti veteris ex hebraeo vertendis, et exhortans ut Septuaginta versionem mire depravata

 EPISTOLA LXXII . Hieronymus Augustino expostulans de illius epistola per Italiam sparsa, qua taxabatur locus non recte expositus in Epistola ad Galata

 EPISTOLA LXXIII . Hieronymum litteris suis nonnihil offensum demulcere studet Augustinus. Apologiam illius contra Ruffinum accepisse se testatur, depl

 EPISTOLA LXXIV . Augustinus Praesidium rogat ut superiorem epistolam curet Hieronymo reddendam, utque sibi eumdem suis etiam litteris placet.

 EPISTOLA LXXV . Respondet tandem Hieronymus ad Augustini quaestiones propositas in Epist. 28, 40 et 71, scilicet de titulo libri ecclesiasticos script

 EPISTOLA LXXVI . Sub persona Ecclesiae catholicae cohortatur omnes Donatistas, ut resipiscentes redeant ad catholicam communionem.

 EPISTOLA LXXVII . Augustinus Felici et Hilarino, ut ne perturbentur obortis in Ecclesia scandalis. Porro de Bonifacio, qui in nullo apud se crimine de

 EPISTOLA LXXVIII . Quidam e monasterio Augustini Spes nomine, accusatus a Bonifacio presbytero, crimen in Bonifacium ipsum transtulit. Cum res evident

 EPISTOLA LXXIX . Augustini episcopi ad presbyterum quemdam Manichaeum, denuntians ut solvat quaestionem in qua praecessor ejus Fortunatus defecerat, v

 EPISTOLA LXXX . Cupit explicari liquidius a Paulino, quonam modo voluntatem Dei, quae nostrae praeferenda est, nosse possimus.

 EPISTOLA LXXXI . Hieronymus Augustino, excusans quod ipsius litteris responderit liberius Epistola 75, rogansque ut, omissis contentiosis quaestionibu

 EPISTOLA LXXXII . Receptis ab Hieronymo superioribus Epistolis 72, 75 et 81, rescribit accuratius Augustinus de interpretatione loci Epistolae ad Gala

 EPISTOLA LXXXIII Augustinus Alypio significans aliam se de bonis, quae fuerunt Honorati ex Thagastensi monacho presbyteri Thiavensis, iniisse sententi

 EPISTOLA LXXXIV . Novato episcopo Augustinus, excusans quod ad ipsum non mittat germanum ipsius Lucillum diaconum, quo latinae linguae perito carere n

 EPISTOLA LXXXV . Augustinus Paulum quemdam episcopum objurgat, qui Ecclesiam levitate sua graviter offendebat, ut ad frugem et episcopo dignam vitam r

 EPISTOLA LXXXVI . Augustinus Caeciliano praesidi, ut suo edicto Donatistas in regione Hipponensi et in vicinis locis coerceat.

 EPISTOLA LXXXVII . Augustinus Emerito donatistae, adhortans ut attendat et respondeat, qua justa causa schisma moverint.

 EPISTOLA LXXXVIII . Clerici Hipponenses catholici ad Januarium episcopum donatistam, expostulantes de Circumcellionum saevitia in Catholicos. Stilus e

 EPISTOLA LXXXIX . Augustinus Festo, docens recte legibus reprimi Donatistas et indicans in regione Hipponensi nondum eos Festi litteris correctos, se

 EPISTOLA XC . Augustino Nectarius paganus, agens ut suis civibus coloniae Calamensis condonentur quae expetendae erant ab ipsis poenae, non modo viola

 EPISTOLA XCI . Invehitur Augustinus in Paganorum sacra, et injurias Christianis recens illatas a Calamensibus enumerat ostendens ipsorum saluti benig

 EPISTOLA XCII . Augustinus Italicae viduae, consolans illam super obitu mariti, ac refellens eorum opinionem qui dicebant Deum videri oculis corporeis

 EPISTOLA XCIII . Augustinus Vincentii e schismate Rogatiano episcopi Cartennensis epistolam refellens, dicit visum sibi fuisse aliquando, non vi cum h

 EPISTOLA XCIV . Paulinus Augustino gratias agens pro libro vel epistola ab ipso recepta, prosequitur laudes Melaniae senioris, et unici ejus filii Pub

 EPISTOLA XCV . Augustinus superiori epistolae respondens agit de praesentis vitae statu, necnon de qualitate corporis beatorum, deque membrorum offici

 EPISTOLA XCVI . Augustinus Olympio, quem audierat provectum recens ad novam dignitatem (scilicet Magistri officiorum, quod ipsi munus post Stilichonis

 EPISTOLA XCVII . Augustinus Olympio, ut tueatur leges de confringendis idolis et haereticis corrigendis, quae vivo Stilichone missae sunt in Africam

 EPISTOLA XCVIII . Augustinus Bonifacio episcopo, respondens qui fiat ut infantibus in Baptismo prosit parentum fides, cum post Baptismum non noceat il

 EPISTOLA XCIX . Ex Romanorum calamitate susceptum animo dolore commiserationemque significat.

 EPISTOLA C . Augustinus Donato proconsuli Africae, ut Donatistas coerceat, non occidat.

 EPISTOLA CI . Augustinus Memorio episcopo libros ipsius de Musica flagitanti, sextum librum mittit, et caeteros si repererit, mittendos pollicetur ea

 SEX QUAESTIONES CONTRA PAGANOS EXPOSITAE, LIBER UNUS, SEU EPISTOLA CII .

 EPISTOLA CIII . Nectario petenti veniam tribui civibus suis rescripserat Augustinus in Epist. 97, non decere christianam benevolentiam, ut insigne ill

 EPISTOLA CIV . Ad superioris epistolae capita singula respondet Augustinus id praeter alia refellens, quod ex Stoicorum placito Nectarius induxerat,

 EPISTOLA CV . Donatistas ad unitatem exhortans, ostendit leges juste necessarioque in eos latas fuisse ab imperatoribus catholicis. Baptismi sanctitat

 EPISTOLA CVI . Augustinus Macrobio donatianae partis apud Hipponem, uti ex epistola 108 intelligitur, episcopo, agens ne subdiaconum quemdam rebaptize

 EPISTOLA CVII . Maximus et Theodorus Augustino renuntiantes quid ipsis coram responderit Macrobius ad ipsius litteras.

 EPISTOLA CVIII . Agit de non iterando Baptismo, coarguens Donatistarum hac in re contumaciam quippe qui Maximianensium baptisma ratum habuerunt. Evin

 EPISTOLA CIX. Severus, Milevitanus antistes, maximam delectationem fructumque ex Augustini lectione capere se profitetur, summis laudibus ipsum effere

 EPISTOLA CX . Augustinus Severo episcopo, blandissime expostulans et quaerens se ab ipso tantopere laudatum in superiore epistola.

 EPISTOLA CXI . Augustinus Victoriano presbytero, consolans eum ad toleranter accipienda mala quae barbari, in Italiam et Hispaniam incursionem facient

 EPISTOLA CXII . Donatum exproconsulem hortatur ut abjecto omni fastu sectetur Christum, atque ad Ecclesiae catholicae communionem suos alliciat.

 EPISTOLA CXIII . Cresconium rogat Augustinus ut suae pro Faventio petitionis adjutor sit.

 EPISTOLA CXIV . Ad Florentinum super eadem causa Faventii.

 EPISTOLA CXV . Ad Fortunatum Cirtensem episcopum, de eadem re.

 EPISTOLA CXVI . Generoso Numidiae Consulari Augustinus commendans causam Faventii.

 EPISTOLA CXVII . Dioscorus ad Augustinum mittit multas quaestiones ex libris Ciceronis, rogans ut mature ad eas respondeat.

 EPISTOLA CXVIII . Augustinus Dioscoro respondet ejusmodi quaestiones nec decore tractari ab episcopo, nec utiliter disci a christiano. Disputat de stu

 EPISTOLA CXIX . Consentius Augustino proponit quaestiones de Trinitate.

 EPISTOLA CXX . Consentio ad quaestiones de Trinitate sibi propositas.

 EPISTOLA CXXI . Paulinus Nolensis episcopus Augustino proponit quaestiones aliquot, primum de Psalmis, tum de Apostolo, et ad extremum de Evangelio.

 EPISTOLA CXXII . Augustinus clero et populo Hipponensi excusat absentiam suam, adhortans ut in sublevandis pauperibus solito sint alacriores, ob affli

 EPISTOLA CXXIII . Hieronymus Augustino quaedam per aenigma renuntians.

 EPISTOLA CXXIV . Augustinus ad Albinam, Pinianum et Melaniam ipsius desiderio venientes in Africam et Thagastae commorantes excusat se, quod illuc ad

 EPISTOLA CXXV . Cum Hipponem ad invisendum Augustinum venisset Pinianus, ibique rei sacrae interesset, subito populi tumultu ad presbyterium postulatu

 EPISTOLA CXXVI . Ejusdem argumenti cum superiore: Albinae scilicet Augustinus exponit quomodo res apud Hipponem circa Pinianum gesta fuerit, expostula

 EPISTOLA CXXVII . Augustinus Armentarium et hujus uxorem Paulinam hortatur ut mundum contemnant, et continentiae votum quo se pariter obligarunt exsol

 EPISTOLA CXXVIII . Marcellini edicto collationis apud Carthaginem habendae conditiones praescribenti consentire se profitentur episcopi catholici id

 EPISTOLA CXXIX . Catholici episcopi Notoriae Donatistarum respondent, significantes Marcellino se illis concedere quod petierant, ut universi qui vene

 EPISTOLA CXXX . Augustinus Probae viduae diviti praescribit quomodo sit orandus Deus.

 EPISTOLA CXXXI . Augustinus Probam resalutat, et gratias agit quod de salute ipsius fuerit sollicita.

 EPISTOLA CXXXII . Augustinus Volusiano, exhortans illum ut sacrarum scripturarum lectioni vacet, sibique rescribat si quid in eis difficultatis legent

 EPISTOLA CXXXIII . Augustinus Marcellino tribuno, ut Donatistas in quaestione confessos atrocia facinora, puniat citra supplicium capitis, uti congrui

 EPISTOLA CXXXIV . Augustinus Apringium proconsulem rogat ac monet ut Circumcelliones atrocia confessos mitius puniat, memor ecclesiasticae mansuetudin

 EPISTOLA CXXXV . Volusianus Augustino, proponens illi quaestiones: quomodo Deus immensus claudi potuerit utero virginis, et infantis corpusculo an mu

 EPISTOLA CXXXVI . Marcellinus Augustino, rogans ut Volusiano faciat satis, et narrans quosdam calumniari quod Deus veterem Legem prae taedio seu consi

 EPISTOLA CXXXVII . Respondet Augustinus ad singulas quaestiones superius propositas a Volusiano.

 EPISTOLA CXXXVIII . Augustinus ad Marcellinum, respondens epistolae 136, qua nimirum ille petierat ut satisfaceret Volusiano, et significarat quosdam

 EPISTOLA CXXXIX . Ut Gesta quae adversus Donatistas confecta sunt publicentur, utque rei castigentur mitius et citra mortis poenam.

 DE GRATIA NOVI TESTAMENTI LIBER, SEU EPISTOLA CXL.

 EPISTOLA CXLI . Ad populum factionis donatianae, quomodo illorum episcopi in Carthaginensi collatione convicti sint. Itaque nunc demum redeant ad Eccl

 EPISTOLA CXLII . Augustinus Saturnino et Eufrati presbyteris, aliisque clericis, gratulans de ipsorum reditu ad Ecclesiam, eosque in ejus communione c

 EPISTOLA CXLIII . Paucis respondet ad quaestionem ex divinis Libris propositam a Marcellino. Tum explicat locum taxatum ex libris suis de Libero Arbit

 EPISTOLA CXLIV . Augustinus Cirtensibus a factione Donatistarum conversis ad Ecclesiae catholicae societatem gratulatur admonens ut hoc divino tribua

 EPISTOLA CXLV . Anastasio rescribens Augustinus, docet non per legem sed per gratiam, neque timore sed charitate impleri justitiam.

 EPISTOLA CXLVI . Pelagium resalutat, et pro litteris ipsius officiosis gratiam habet.

 DE VIDENDO DEO LIBER, SEU EPISTOLA CXLVII . Docet Deum corporeis oculis videri non posse.

 EPISTOLA CXLVIII . Augustinus Fortunatiano episcopo Siccensi, ut episcopum quemdam ipsi reconciliet, quem litteris asperioribus offenderat, praesertim

 EPISTOLA CXLIX . Respondet ad quaestiones ex Psalmis, ex Apostolo, et ex Evangelio propositas a Paulino superius, in epistola centesima vicesima prima

 EPISTOLA CL . Augustinus Probae et Julianae nobilibus viduis gratulatur de filia earum Demetriade, quae virginitatis velum acceperat agens gratias pr

 EPISTOLA CLI . Caeciliano significat sui erga illum animi studium, vereremque amicitiam nihil imminutam esse: haudquaquam enim suspicari conscium ipsu

 EPISTOLA CLII . Macedonius Augustino, quaerens num ex religione sit quod episcopi apud judices intercedant pro reis.

 EPISTOLA CLIII . Quaesito respondet Augustinus multa obiter disserens de restituendis rebus quae proximo ablatae vel male partae sunt.

 EPISTOLA CLIV . Macedonius Augustino, significans se praestitisse quod ab ipso verecunde adeo petierat tum etiam ipsius libros magna cum voluptate et

 EPISTOLA CLV . Augustinus Macedonio, docens vitam beatam et virtutem veram non esse nisi a Deo.

 EPISTOLA CLVI . Hilarius Augustino, proponens illi quaestiones aliquot de quibus cupit edoceri.

 EPISTOLA CLVII . Augustinus Hilario, respondens ad illius quaestiones.

 EPISTOLA CLVIII . Evodius Uzalensis episcopus laudabiles mores ac felicem adolescentis cujusdam obitum prosecutus, ejusque et aliorum defunctorum narr

 EPISTOLA CLIX . Augustinus Evodio, respondens ad quaestiones de anima soluta corpore, et de visis prodigiosis.

 EPISTOLA CLX . Evodius Augustino, movens quaestionem de ratione et Deo.

 EPISTOLA CLXI . Evodius Augustino, de eo quod scriptum est in epistola 137, ad Volusianum, «Si ratio quaeritur, non erit mirabile, » etc., quo dicto a

 EPISTOLA CLXII . Augustinus Evodio respondet solutionem quaestionis in epistola 160 propositae petendum esse ex aliis opusculis a se editis. Confirmat

 EPISTOLA CLXIII . Evodius Augustino proponit aliquot quaestiones.

 EPISTOLA CLXIV . Augustinus Evodio, respondens ad duas quaestiones, quarum altera est de loco obscuro primae Petri, tertio capite, altera de anima Chr

 EPISTOLA CLXV . Hieronymus Marcellino et Anapsychiae, exponens diversas sententias de origine animae, hortans ut reliqua petant ab Augustino, et indic

 DE ORIGINE ANIMAE HOMINIS LIBER, SEU EPISTOLA CLXVI .

 DE SENTENTIA JACOBI LIBER, SEU EPISTOLA CLXVII .

 EPISTOLA CLXVIII . Timasius et Jacobus Augustino, gratias agentes pro scripto ipsis libro de Natura et Gratia, adversus libellum Pelagii, naturam non

 EPISTOLA CLXIX . Augustinus Evodio, respondens ad duas quaestiones, de Trinitate, et de columba in qua Spiritus sanctus demonstratus est docens diffi

 EPISTOLA CLXX . Alypius et Augustinus Maximo medico recens ab ariana haeresi ad fidem catholicam converso, hortantes ut studeat et alios eodem adducer

 EPISTOLA CLXXI Excusat formam superioris epistolae ad Maximum datae.

 EPISTOLA CLXXII . Hieronymus Augustino, laudans quidem illius duos libellos de Origine animae, ac de Sententia Jacobi sed excusans cur non responderi

 EPISTOLA CLXXIII . Augustinus Donato, villae Mutugennae in dioecesi Hipponensi presbytero donatistae, qui jussus comprehendi et adduci ad ecclesiam, c

 EPISTOLA CLXXIV . Augustinus Aurelio Carthaginensi episcopo, transmittens libros de Trinitate, absolutos demum secundum 0758 ipsius Aurelii aliorumque

 EPISTOLA CLXXV . Patres concilii Carthaginensis, Innocentio pontifici Romano, de actis adversus Pelagium et Celestium.

 EPISTOLA CLXXVI . Milevitani concilii Patres Innocentio, de cohibendis Pelagianis haereticis.

 EPISTOLA CLXXVII Aurelius aliique tres una cum Augustino episcopi, ad Innocentium de Pelagio, retegentes ipsius haeresim, eamque ab apostolica Sede pr

 EPISTOLA CLXXVIII . Augustinus Hilario, de Pelagiana haeresi duobus in Africa conciliis damnata.

 EPISTOLA CLXXIX . Augustinus Joanni episcopo Jerosolymitano, retegens Pelagii haeresim contentam in ejus libro, quem ipsi transmittit una cum libro de

 EPISTOLA CLXXX . Augustinus Oceano, rescribens paucis de animae origine, et de officioso mendacio, petensque ut mittat Hieronymi librum de Resurrectio

 EPISTOLA CLXXXI . Innocentius, Carthaginensis concilii Patribus, confirmans ipsorum doctrinam ac sententiam adversus Pelagianos.

 EPISTOLA CLXXXII . Innocentius Romanus pontifex, Patribus concilii Milevitani, comprobans illorum acta adversus Pelagianos.

 EPISTOLA CLXXXIII . Innocentii ad quinque Episcopos rescriptum, improbantis doctrinam Pelagii, eumque, nisi haeresim ejuret, damnandum esse pronuntian

 EPISTOLA CLXXXIV .

 EPISTOLA CLXXXIV BIS . Laudans Petri et Abrahae studium, Pelagianos obiter notat, probatque parvulos absque baptismo decedentes, utpote concupiscentia

 EPISTOLA CLXXXVI . Alypius et Augustinus Paulino episcopo, ipsum plenius instituentes adversus Pelagii haeresim.

 DE PRAESENTIA DEI LIBER, SEU EPISTOLA CLXXXVII .

 EPISTOLA CLXXXVIII . Augustinus et Alypius Julianae viduae matri Demetriadis virginis, ne ipsa familiave ipsius imbibat virus propinatum in libro ad D

 EPISTOLA CLXXXIX . Bonifacio in militia merenti praescribit vitae rationem ostendens obiter licere christiano pro publica pace arma tractare.

 EPISTOLA CXC . Optato demonstrat quid de animae origine certum sit, quid merito vocetur in dubium, satagendumque esse hac in quaestione ut salva sit i

 EPISTOLA CXCI . Sixto presbytero (postea pontifici Romano) qui contra Pelagianos, quibus favisse rumor fuerat, defensionem gratiae Dei suscepisset, gr

 EPISTOLA CXCII . Augustinus Coelestino diacono (postea pontifici Romano), de mutua benevolentia.

 EPISTOLA CXCIII . Augustinus Mercatori, excusans cur ad ipsius priores litteras nondum responderit, ostendensque Pelagianos in quaestione de baptismo

 EPISTOLA CXCIV . Augustinus Sixto Romano presbytero (et postea Pontifici), instruens illum adversus Pelagianorum argumenta.

 EPISTOLA CXCV . Hieronymus Augustino, gratulans illi quod haereticorum omnium meruerit odium quod quidem gaudet sibi cum illo esse commune.

 EPISTOLA CXCVI . Augustinus Asellico episcopo, docens quae sit utilitas Mosaicae legis, quam Judaeorum more observare non licet Christianis: hos enim

 EPISTOLA CXCVII . Augustinus Hesychio Salonitano episcopo, de die supremo mundi non inquirendo, deque Hebdomadibus Danielis.

 EPISTOLA CXCVIII . Hesychius Augustino, significans consideratis divinis testimoniis de saeculi fine videri sibi diem quidem et horam frustra inquiri

 EPISTOLA CXCIX . DE FINE SAECULI . Augustinus Hesychio, commonstrans quomodo sint intelligentia Scripturae loca quae varie loquuntur de fine saeculi

 EPISTOLA CC . Augustinus Valerio comiti, transmittens nuncupatum ipsi librum primum de Nuptiis et Concupiscentia.

 EPISTOLA CCI . Imperatores nova in Pelagianos eorumque fautores sanctione edita, mandant Aurelio, necnon Augustino per ejusdem tenoris litteras seorsu

 EPISTOLA CCII . Hieronymus Alypio et Augustino gratulatur, quorum opera Celestiana haeresis exstincta sit et excusat cur nondum refellerit libros Ann

 EPISTOLA CCII BIS . Optato significat suae de animae origine consultationi abs Hieronymo non fuisse responsum, neque se hactenus quidquam de hac quaes

 EPISTOLA CCIII . Augustinus Largo, ut bona saeculi hujus vana expertus contemnat, utque ex perpessione malorum melior evadat.

 EPISTOLA CCIV . Augustinus Dulcitio tribuno et notario, imperialiumque jussionum adversus Donatistas datarum exsecutori, ex lib. 2 Retract., c. 59, si

 EPISTOLA CCV . Augustinus Consentio, respondens ad illius percontationes de corpore Christi quale nunc sit, necnon de nostris corporibus qualia futura

 EPISTOLA CCVI . Valerio comiti Felicem episcopum commendat.

 EPISTOLA CCVII . Augustinus Claudio episcopo, transmittens ipsi libros contra Julianum elaboratos.

 EPISTOLA CCVIII . Augustinus Feliciae virgini, quae malam quorumdam Ecclesiae pastorum vitam iniquiori animo ferebat (an Antonii Fussalensis de quo in

 EPISTOLA CCIX . Augustinus Coelestino Romano Pontifici, de ipsius electione pacifice facta (quae ad finem anni 422 referri potest) gratulatur: tum exp

 EPISTOLA CCX . Augustinus Felicitati et Rustico, de malis tolerandis et de fraterna correptione forte occasione tumultus in sanctimonialium conventu

 EPISTOLA CCXI . Augustinus monachas quae dum student mutare praepositam, indecenter fuerant tumultuatae, revocat ad concordiam, et praescribit illis v

 EPISTOLA CCXII . Augustinus Quintiliano, commendat matrem viduam cum filia virgine, quae deferebant reliquias Stephani martyris.

 ACTA ECCLESIASTICA SEU EPISTOLA CCXIII . Ecclesiastica Gesta a B. Augustino confecta in designando ERACLIO qui ipsi in episcopatu succederet, atque in

 EPISTOLA CCXIV . Augustinus Valentino Abbati et Monachis Adrumetinis, oborta inter eos dissensione de libero arbitrio et justitia Dei, ex prava interp

 EPISTOLA CCXV . Augustinus Valentine ejusque monachis, de eodem argumento, simul transmittens ipsis librum de Gratia et Libero Arbitrio.

 EPISTOLA CCXVI. . Valentinus Augustino, renuntians quae exstiterit causa dissidii, quive auctores tumultus in suo coenobio tum declarans fidem suam d

 EPISTOLA CCXVII . Augustinus Vitali Carthaginensi, delato quod doceret initium fidei non esse donum Dei, reclamat fortiter, ipsumque ex precibus Eccle

 EPISTOLA CCXVIII . Palatinum adhortatur ut in christiana sapientia proficiat ac perseveret, id summopere cavens ne spem bene vivendi collocet in propr

 EPISTOLA CCXIX . Augustinus aliique Africani patres, Gallicanis episcopis Proculo et Cylinnio qui Leporium monachum in fide incarnationis Verbi errant

 EPISTOLA CCXX . Augustinus Bonifacio comiti, qui concepto prius voto monachismi, post, ex ipsius consilio, suscepit comitis potestatem at praeter ips

 EPISTOLA CCXXI . Quodvultdeus Augustino, flagitans ut haereseon omnium quae adversus christianam fidem pullularunt, catalogum scribat, earumque errore

 EPISTOLA CCXXII . Augustinus Quodvultdeo, excusans propositi operis difficultatem, remque ab aliis tentatam esse admonens.

 EPISTOLA CCXXIII . Augustino Quodvultdeus, rursum efflagitans ut scribat opusculum de haeresibus.

 EPISTOLA CCXXIV . Augustinus Quodvultdeo, spondens se de haeresibus scripturum, dum per alias occupationes licebit. Nunc enim ab Alypio se urgeri dici

 EPISTOLA CCXXV . Prosper Augustino, de reliquiis pelagianae haereseos in Gallia sub catholico nomine clam succrescentibus certiorem ipsum faciens, ac

 EPISTOLA CCXXVI . Hilarius Augustino, de eodem argumento.

 EPISTOLA CCXXVII . Augustinus Alypio seni, de Gabiniano recens baptizato, et de Dioscoro miraculis converso ad Christianismum.

 EPISTOLA CCXXVIII . Augustinus Honorato, docens quandonam episcopo sive clericis fugere liceat, imminente obsidionis aut excidii periculo.

 EPISTOLA CCXXIX . Augustinus Dario comiti, qui pacis conferendae causa missus sit, gratulatur, et provocat ad rescribendum.

 EPISTOLA CCXXX . Darius Augustino, pro litteris ab eo acceptis gratiam referens, et petens mitti sibi libros Confessionum, seque ipsius apud Deum prec

 EPISTOLA CCXXXI . Augustinus Dario, declarans se ipsius litteris summopere delectatum, et quare ubi multa obiter de humanae laudis amore dicit: mitti

 EPISTOLA CCXXXII . Madaurenses idololatras ad veram religionem hortatur, terrorem incutiens denuntiatione judicii extremi, quod venturum esse persuade

 EPISTOLA CCXXXIII . Augustinus Longiniano pagano philosopho, provocans illum ad scribendum quonam modo Deum colendum credat, quidve de Christo sentiat

 EPISTOLA CCXXXIV . Longinianus Augustino, ad id respondens juxta Trimegistum et Platonicos, per minores deos perveniri ad summum Deum, sed non sine sa

 EPISTOLA CCXXXV . Augustinus Longiniano, explanari quaerens cur putari opus sacrificiis purificatoriis ei qui jam divinis virtutibus sit circumvallatu

 EPISTOLA CCXXXVI . Augustinus Deuterio episcopo, significat se Victorinum hypodiaconum qui clam docuerat haeresim Manichaeorum, deprehensum e clericor

 EPISTOLA CCXXXVII . Augustinus Ceretio, de Priscillianistarum fraude in Scripturis, cum sacris, tum apocryphis exponendis deque hymno quem a Christo

 EPISTOLA CCXXXVIII . Augustinus Pascentio, domus regiae comiti ariano, qui ipsum ad colloquium apud Carthaginem provocarat (ex Possidio, c. 17), et in

 EPISTOLA CCXXXIX . Augustinus Pascentio, de eadem re urgens ut explanet fidem suam.

 EPISTOLA CCXL . Pascentius Augustinum contumeliose compellat, urgens ut proferat qui se tribus personis sit unus Deus, ad conflictum sub arbitris prov

 EPISTOLA CCXLI . Augustinus Deum unum profitetur, triformem negat, conflictum non detrectat, si excipiantur quae dicuntur.

 EPISTOLA CCXLII . Augustinus Elpidio ariano, probans Filium Dei esse Deo aequalem, genitumque ex ipso, non factum spondens etiam se ariani cujusdam l

 EPISTOLA CCXLIII . Augustinus Laeto, qui perfectum mundi contemptum aggressus, videbatur sollicitari per satanam ad repetenda quae reliquerat. Hunc an

 EPISTOLA CCXLIV . Augustinus Chrisimo, consolans ne deficiat in adversis.

 EPISTOLA CCXLV . Augustinus Possidio, de cultu, fucis et inauribus, et de non ordinando quodam in parte Donati baptizato.

 EPISTOLA CCXLVI . Augustinus Lampadio, ostendens fatum in peccatis perperam excusari, quippe cujus vel ipsi mathematici nullam rationem habeant in sub

 EPISTOLA CCXLVII . Augustinus Romulum potentem hominem, quem in Christo genuerat, obsecrat ne nimium acerbus et injustus exactor sit tributorum admini

 EPISTOLA CCXLVIII . Augustinus Sebastiano, de pia tristitia quam boni ferunt ex impietate malorum. Huic epistolae subscripsit Alypius.

 EPISTOLA CCXLIX . Augustinus Restituto, quatenus mali tolerandi in Ecclesia.

 EPISTOLA CCL . Augustinus senex Auxilio episcopo juveni, ut aut anathematis sententiam rescindat, aut doceat quibus adductus causis putet ob unius pec

 EPISTOLA CCLI . Augustinus Pancario, de Secundino presbytero criminum quorumdam insimulato: contra quem accusationes haereticorum admittere non vult,

 EPISTOLA CCLII . Augustinus Felici, de pupilla quadam Ecclesiae tutelae commissa.

 EPISTOLA CCLIII . Augustinus ad Benenatum, de eadem puella (ut videtur) in matrimonium non tradenda nisi viro catholico.

 EPISTOLA CCLIV . Augustinus ad eumdem Benenatum, pronubum agentem Rustici filio.

 EPISTOLA CCLV . Augustinus ad Rusticum, de puella in connubium ejus filio petita.

 EPISTOLA CCLVI . Officiose Augustinus ad Christinum scribit.

 EPISTOLA CCLVII . Augustinus Orontio, resalutans illum.

 EPISTOLA CCLVIII . Augustinus Martiano veteri amico, gratulatur quod catechumenus sit factus, hortans illum ut fidelium Sacramenta percipiat.

 EPISTOLA CCLIX . Augustinus Cornelio scortis dedito, admonens illum ut Cyprianae uxoris defunctae pudicitiam imitetur, si velit illius impetrare laude

 EPISTOLA CCLX . Audax Augustino, flagitans mitti sibi prolixiorem epistolam.

 EPISTOLA CCLXI . Augustinus Audaci excusat occupationes suas, admonens ut vel intendat evolvendis ipsius libris, vel praesens audiat ipsum loquentem.

 EPISTOLA CCLXII . Augustinus Ecdiciae, quae nesciente viro suo, bona sua in eleemosynam distribuerat, et vidualem habitum induerat, correctionem adhib

 EPISTOLA CCLXIII . Augustinus Sapidae virgini, renuntiat se accepisse tunicam ipsius manibus contextam fratri, quem ipsa mortuum lugebat jamque eam,

 EPISTOLA CCLXIV Consolatur Maximam piam feminam, quae aegre admodum et perturbato aliquantum animo videbat noxiis erroribus periclitari provinciam sua

 EPISTOLA CCLXV . Augustinus Seleucianae, de baptismo et poenitentia Petri, contra quemdam novatianum.

 EPISTOLA CCLXVI . Augustinus Florentinae puellae studiosae, offerens suam docendi operam, si proferat quid velit exponi.

 EPISTOLA CCLXVII . Augustinus Fabiolae peregrinationem suam in hac vita moleste ferenti, de praesentia animorum nexu amicitiae vinctorum.

 EPISTOLA CCLXVIII . Fascius quidam aere alieno obrutus ad ecclesiam confugerat cujus creditoribus, mutua accepta pecunia, Augustinus satisfecit: eam

 EPISTOLA CCLXIX . Augustinus Nobilio episcopo, significans ad dedicationem novae fabricae se venire non posse.

 EPISTOLA CCLXX . Augustino Anonymus (non enim Hieronymus, uti ex stilo liquet, tametsi in ipsius Epistolis haec edita sit numero 40), significans se m

Letter LIV.

Styled also Book I. of Replies to Questions of Januarius.

(a.d. 400.)

To His Beloved Son Januarius, Augustin Sends Greeting in the Lord.

Chap. I.

1. In regard to the questions which you have asked me, I would like to have known what your own answers would have been; for thus I might have made my reply in fewer words, and might most easily confirm or correct your opinions, by approving or amending the answers which you had given. This I would have greatly preferred. But desiring to answer you at once, I think it better to write a long letter than incur loss of time. I desire you therefore, in the first place, to hold fast this as the fundamental principle in the present discussion, that our Lord Jesus Christ has appointed to us a “light yoke” and an “easy burden,” as He declares in the Gospel:283    Matt. xi. 30. in accordance with which He has bound His people under the new dispensation together in fellowship by sacraments, which are in number very few, in observance most easy, and in significance most excellent, as baptism solemnized in the name of the Trinity, the communion of His body and blood, and such other things as are prescribed in the canonical Scriptures, with the exception of those enactments which were a yoke of bondage to God’s ancient people, suited to their state of heart and to the times of the prophets, and which are found in the five books of Moses. As to those other things which we hold on the authority, not of Scripture, but of tradition, and which are observed throughout the whole world, it may be understood that they are held as approved and instituted either by the apostles themselves, or by plenary Councils, whose authority in the Church is most useful, e.g. the annual commemoration, by special solemnities, of the Lord’s passion, resurrection, and ascension, and of the descent of the Holy Spirit from heaven, and whatever else is in like manner observed by the whole Church wherever it has been established.

Chap. II.

2. There are other things, however, which are different in different places and countries: e.g., some fast on Saturday, others do not; some partake daily of the body and blood of Christ, others receive it on stated days: in some places no day passes without the sacrifice being offered; in others it is only on Saturday and the Lord’s day, or it may be only on the Lord’s day. In regard to these and all other variable observances which may be met anywhere, one is at liberty to comply with them or not as he chooses; and there is no better rule for the wise and serious Christian in this matter, than to conform to the practice which he finds prevailing in the Church to which it may be his lot to come. For such a custom, if it is clearly not contrary to the faith nor to sound morality, is to be held as a thing indifferent, and ought to be observed for the sake of fellowship with those among whom we live.

3. I think you may have heard me relate before,284    Compare Letter XXXVI. sec. 32, p. 270. what I will nevertheless now mention. When my mother followed me to Milan, she found the Church there not fasting on Saturday. She began to be troubled, and to hesitate as to what she should do; upon which I, though not taking a personal interest then in such things, applied on her behalf to Ambrose, of most blessed memory, for his advice. He answered that he could not teach me anything but what he himself practised, because if he knew any better rule, he would observe it himself. When I supposed that he intended, on the ground of his authority alone, and without supporting it by any argument, to recommend us to give up fasting on Saturday, he followed me, and said: “When I visit Rome, I fast on Saturday; when I am here, I do not fast. On the same principle, do you observe the custom prevailing in whatever Church you come to, if you desire neither to give offence by your conduct, nor to find cause of offence in another’s.” When I reported this to my mother, she accepted it gladly; and for myself, after frequently reconsidering his decision, I have always esteemed it as if I had received it by an oracle from heaven. For often have I perceived, with extreme sorrow, many disquietudes caused to weak brethren by the contentious pertinacity or superstitious vacillation of some who, in matters of this kind, which do not admit of final decision by the authority of Holy Scripture, or by the tradition of the universal Church or by their manifest good influence on manners raise questions, it may be, from some crotchet of their own, or from attachment to the custom followed in one’s own country, or from preference for that which one has seen abroad, supposing that wisdom is increased in proportion to the distance to which men travel from home, and agitate these questions with such keenness, that they think all is wrong except what they do themselves.

Chap. III.

4. Some one may say, “The Eucharist ought not to be taken every day.” You ask, “On what grounds?” He answers, “Because, in order that a man may approach worthily to so great a sacrament, he ought to choose those days upon which he lives in more special purity and self-restraint; for ‘whosoever eateth and drinketh unworthily, eateth and drinketh judgment to himself.’”285    1 Cor. xi. 29. Another answers, “Certainly; if the wound inflicted by sin and the violence of the soul’s distemper be such that the use of these remedies must be put off for a time, every man in this case should be, by the authority of the bishop, forbidden to approach the altar, and appointed to do penance, and should be afterwards restored to privileges by the same authority; for this would be partaking unworthily, if one should partake of it at a time when he ought to be doing penance,286    Agere pænitentiam. and it is not a matter to be left to one’s own judgment to withdraw himself from the communion of the Church, or restore himself, as he pleases. If, however, his sins are not so great as to bring him justly under sentence of excommunication, he ought not to withdraw himself from the daily use of the Lord’s body for the healing of his soul.” Perhaps a third party interposes with a more just decision of the question, reminding them that the principal thing is to remain united in the peace of Christ, and that each should be free to do what, according to his belief, he conscientiously regards as his duty. For neither of them lightly esteems the body and blood of the Lord; on the contrary, both are contending who shall most highly honour the sacrament fraught with blessing. There was no controversy between those two mentioned in the Gospel, Zacchæus and the Centurion; nor did either of them think himself better than the other, though, whereas the former received the Lord joyfully into his house,287    Luke xix. 6. the latter said, “I am not worthy that Thou shouldest come under my roof,”288    Matt. viii. 8.—both honouring the Saviour, though in ways diverse and, as it were, mutually opposed; both miserable through sin, and both obtaining the mercy they required. We may further borrow an illustration here, from the fact that the manna given to the ancient people of God tasted in each man’s mouth as he desired that it might.289    In his Retractations, b. ii. ch. xx., Augustin remarks on this statement: “I do not recollect any passage by which it could be substantiated, except from the book of Wisdom (ch. xvi. 21), which the Jews do not admit to be of canonical authority.” He says, in the same place, that this peculiarity of the manna must have been enjoyed only by the pious in Israel, not by the murmurers who said, “Our soul loatheth this light bread” (Num. xxi. 5). It is the same with this world-subduing sacrament in the heart of each Christian. For he that dares not take it every day, and he who dares not omit it any day, are both alike moved by a desire to do it honour. That sacred food will not submit to be despised, as the manna could not be loathed with impunity. Hence the apostle says that it was unworthily partaken of by those who did not distinguish between this and all other meats, by yielding to it the special veneration which was due; for to the words quoted already, “eateth and drinketh judgment to himself,” he has added these, “not discerning the Lord’s body;” and this is apparent from the whole of that passage in the first Epistle to the Corinthians, if it be carefully studied.

Chap. IV.

5. Suppose some foreigner visit a place in which during Lent it is customary to abstain from the use of the bath, and to continue fasting on Thursday. “I will not fast today,” he says. The reason being asked, he says, “Such is not the custom in my own country.” Is not he, by such conduct, attempting to assert the superiority of his custom over theirs? For he cannot quote a decisive passage on the subject from the Book of God; nor can he prove his opinion to be right by the unanimous voice of the universal Church, wherever spread abroad; nor can he demonstrate that they act contrary to the faith, and he according to it, or that they are doing what is prejudicial to sound morality, and he is defending its interests. Those men injure their own tranquillity and peace by quarrelling on an unnecessary question. I would rather recommend that, in matters of this kind, each man should, when sojourning in a country in which he finds a custom different from his own consent to do as others do. If, on the other hand, a Christian, when travelling abroad in some region where the people of God are more numerous, and more easily assembled together, and more zealous in religion, has seen, e.g., the sacrifice twice offered, both morning and evening, on the Thursday of the last week in Lent, and therefore, on his coming back to his own country, where it is offered only at the close of the day, protests against this as wrong and unlawful, because he has himself seen another custom in another land, this would show a childish weakness of judgment against which we should guard ourselves, and which we must bear with in others, but correct in all who are under our influence.

Chap. V.

6. Observe now to which of these three classes the first question in your letter is to be referred. You ask, “What ought to be done on the Thursday of the last week of Lent? Ought we to offer the sacrifice in the morning, and again after supper, on account of the words in the Gospel, ‘Likewise also . . . after supper’?290    Luke xxii. 20. Or ought we to fast and offer the sacrifice only after supper? Or ought we to fast until the offering has been made, and then take supper as we are accustomed to do?” I answer, therefore, that if the authority of Scripture has decided which of these methods is right, there is no room for doubting that we should do according to that which is written; and our discussion must be occupied with a question, not of duty, but of interpretation as to the meaning of the divine institution. In like manner, if the universal Church follows any one of these methods, there is no room for doubt as to our duty; for it would be the height of arrogant madness to discuss whether or not we should comply with it. But the question which you propose is not decided either by Scripture or by universal practice. It must therefore be referred to the third class—as pertaining, namely, to things which are different in different places and countries. Let every man, therefore, conform himself to the usage prevailing in the Church to which he may come. For none of these methods is contrary to the Christian faith or the interests of morality, as favoured by the adoption of one custom more than the other. If this were the case, that either the faith or sound morality were at stake, it would be necessary either to change what was done amiss, or to appoint the doing of what had been neglected. But mere change of custom, even though it may be of advantage in some respects, unsettles men by reason of the novelty: therefore, if it brings no advantage, it does much harm by unprofitably disturbing the Church.

7. Let me add, that it would be a mistake to suppose that the custom prevalent in many places, of offering the sacrifice on that day after partaking of food, is to be traced to the words, “Likewise after supper,” etc. For the Lord might give the name of supper to what they had received, in already partaking of His body, so that it was after this that they partook of the cup: as the apostle says in another place, “When ye come together into one place, this is not to eat291    Manducare. the Lord’s Supper,”292    1 Cor. xi. 20. giving to the receiving of the Eucharist to that extent (i.e. the eating of the bread) the name of the Lord’s Supper.

Chap. VI.

As to the question whether upon that day it is right to partake of food before either offering or partaking of the Eucharist, these words in the Gospel might go far to decide our minds, “As they were eating, Jesus took bread and blessed it;” taken in connection with the words in the preceding context, “When the even was come, He sat down with the twelve: and as they did eat, He said, Verily I say unto you, that one of you shall betray Me.” For it was after that that He instituted the sacrament; and it is clear that when the disciples first received the body and blood of the Lord, they had not been fasting.

8. Must we therefore censure the universal Church because the sacrament is everywhere partaken of by persons fasting? Nay, verily, for from that time it pleased the Holy Spirit to appoint, for the honour of so great a sacrament, that the body of the Lord should take the precedence of all other food entering the mouth of a Christian; and it is for this reason that the custom referred to is universally observed. For the fact that the Lord instituted the sacrament after other food had been partaken of, does not prove that brethren should come together to partake of that sacrament after having dined or supped, or imitate those whom the apostle reproved and corrected for not distinguishing between the Lord’s Supper and an ordinary meal. The Saviour, indeed, in order to commend the depth of that mystery more affectingly to His disciples, was pleased to impress it on their hearts and memories by making its institution His last act before going from them to His Passion. And therefore He did not prescribe the order in which it was to be observed, reserving this to be done by the apostles, through whom He intended to arrange all things pertaining to the Churches. Had He appointed that the sacrament should be always partaken of after other food, I believe that no one would have departed from that practice. But when the apostle, speaking of this sacrament, says, “Wherefore, my brethren, when ye come together to eat, tarry one for another: and if any man hunger, let him eat at home; that ye come not together unto condemnation,” he immediately adds, “and the rest will I set in order when I come.”293    1 Cor. xi. 33, 34. Whence we are given to understand that, since it was too much for him to prescribe completely in an epistle the method observed by the universal Church throughout the world, it was one of the things set in order by him in person, for we find its observance uniform amid all the variety of other customs.

Chap. VII.

9. There are, indeed, some to whom it has seemed right (and their view is not unreasonable), that it is lawful for the body and blood of the Lord to be offered and received after other food has been partaken of, on one fixed day of the year, the day on which the Lord instituted the Supper, in order to give special solemnity to the service on that anniversary. I think that, in this case, it would be more seemly to have it celebrated at such an hour as would leave it in the power of any who have fasted to attend the service before294    “Ante” is the reading of seven Mss. The Benedictine edition gives “post” in the text. We think the former gives better sense. the repast which is customary at the ninth hour. Wherefore we neither compel nor do we dare to forbid any one to break his fast before the Lord’s Supper on that day. I believe, however, that the real ground upon which this custom rests is, that many, nay, almost all, are accustomed in most places to use the bath on that day. And because some continue to fast, it is offered in the morning, for those who take food, because they cannot bear fasting and the use of the bath at the same time; and in the evening, for those who have fasted all day.

10. If you ask me whence originated the custom of using the bath on that day, nothing occurs to me, when I think of it, as more likely than that it was to avoid the offence to decency which must have been given at the baptismal font, if the bodies of those to whom that rite was to be administered were not washed on some preceding day from the uncleanness consequent upon their strict abstinence from ablutions during Lent; and that this particular day was chosen for the purpose because of its being the anniversary of the institution of the Supper. And this being granted to those who were about to receive baptism, many others desired to join them in the luxury of a bath, and in relaxation of their fast.

Having discussed these questions to the best of my ability, I exhort you to observe, in so far as you may be able, what I have laid down, as becomes a wise and peace-loving son of the Church. The remainder of your questions I purpose, if the Lord will, to answer at another time.

AD INQUISITIONES JANUARII LIBER PRIMUS, SEU EPISTOLA LIV . Augustinus Januario respondet, docens quid agendum sit in iis in quibus regionum aut Ecclesiarum consuetudines variant, et in quibus consentiunt; puta de Sacramentis, festis diebus, jejunio et Eucharistia.

0200 Dilectissimo filio JANUARIO , AUGUSTINUS, in Domino salutem.

CAPUT PRIMUM.

1. Ad ea quae me interrogasti, mallem prius nosse quid interrogatus ipse responderes; ita enim vel approbando vel emendando responsiones tuas multo brevius possem respondere, et te facillime aut confirmare, aut corrigere . Hoc quidem, ut dixi, mallem. Sed tamen ut nunc responderem, malui longiorem facere sermonem, quam dilationem. Primo itaque tenere te volo, quod est hujus disputationis caput, Dominum nostrum Jesum Christum, sicut ipse in Evangelio loquitur, leni jugo suo nos subdidisse et sarcinae levi (Matth. XI, 30): unde Sacramentis numero paucissimis, observatione facillimis, significatione praestantissimis, societatem novi populi colligavit, sicuti est Baptismus Trinitatis nomine consecratus, communicatio corporis et sanguinis ipsius, et si quid aliud in Scripturis canonicis commendatur, exceptis iis quae servitutem populi veteris pro congruentia cordis illorum et prophetici temporis onerabant, quae et in quinque libris Moysi leguntur. Illa autem quae non scripta, sed tradita custodimus, quae quidem toto terrarum orbe servantur, datur intelligi vel ab ipsis Apostolis, vel plenariis conciliis, quorum est in Ecclesia saluberrima auctoritas, commendata atque statuta retineri, sicuti quod Domini passio et resurrectio et ascensio in coelum, et adventus de coelo Spiritus sancti, anniversaria solemnitate celebrantur, et si quid aliud tale occurrit quod servatur ab universa, quacumque se diffundit, Ecclesia.

CAPUT II.

2. Alia vero quae per loca terrarum regionesque variantur, sicuti est quod alii jejunant sabbato, alii non; alii quotidie communicant corpori et sanguini Domini, alii certis diebus accipiunt; alibi nullus dies praetermittitur, quo non offeratur, alibi sabbato tantum et dominico, alibi tantum dominico: et si quid aliud hujusmodi animadverti potest, totum hoc genus rerum liberas habet observationes; nec disciplina ulla est in his melior gravi prudentique christiano, quam ut eo modo agat quo agere viderit Ecclesiam ad quam forte devenerit. Quod enim neque contra fidem, neque contra bonos mores esse convincitur , indifferenter est habendum, et propter eorum inter quos vivitur societatem servandum est.

3. Credo te aliquando ex me audisse, sed tamen etiam nunc commemoro. Mater mea Mediolanum me consecuta, invenit Ecclesiam sabbato non jejunantem; coeperat perturbari et fluctuare quid ageret: cum ego talia non curabam, sed propter ipsam consului de hac re beatissimae memoriae virum Ambrosium; respondit mihi nihil se docere me posse, nisi quod ipse faceret, quia si melius nosset, id potius observaret. Cumque ego putassem, nulla reddita ratione, auctoritate sola sua nos voluisse admonere ne 0201 sabbato jejunaremus, subsecutus est, et ait mihi: Cum Romam venio, jejuno sabbato; cum hic sum, non jejuno. Sic etiam tu, ad quam forte Ecclesiam veneris, ejus morem serva, si cuiquam non vis esse scandalo, nec quemquam tibi. Hoc cum matri renuntiassem, libenter amplexa est. Ego vero de hac sententia etiam atque etiam cogitans, ita semper habui, tanquam eam coelesti oraculo acceperim. Sensi enim saepe dolens et gemens multas infirmorum perturbationes fieri, per quorumdam fratrum contentiosam obstinationem, vel superstitiosam timiditatem, qui in rebus hujusmodi, quae neque Scripturae sanctae auctoritate, neque universalis Ecclesiae traditione, neque vitae corrigendae utilitate, ad certum possunt terminum pervenire (tantum quia subest qualiscumque ratiocinatio cogitantis, aut quia in sua patria sic ipse consuevit, aut qui alibi vidit, peregrinatione sua quo remotiorem a suis, eo doctiorem se factum putans ); tam litigiosas excitant quaestiones, ut nisi quod ipsi faciunt, nihil rectum existiment.

CAPUT III.

4. Dixerit aliquis non quotidie accipiendam Eucharistiam: quaesieris quare. Quoniam, inquit, eligendi sunt dies quibus purius homo continentiusque vivit , quo ad tantum Sacramentum dignus accedat: Qui enim manducaverit indigne, judicium sibi manducat et bibit (I Cor. XI, 29). Alius contra: Imo, inquit, si tanta est plaga peccati atque impetus morbi, ut medicamenta talia differenda sint, auctoritate antistitis debet quisque ab altario removeri ad agendam poenitentiam, et eadem auctoritate reconciliari. Hoc est enim indigne accipere, si eo tempore accipiat quo debet agere poenitentiam; non ut arbitrio suo, cum libet, vel auferat se communioni vel reddat. Caeterum peccata si tanta non sunt, ut excommunicandus quisque judicetur, non se debet a quotidiana medicina Dominici corporis separare. Rectius inter eos fortasse quispiam dirimit litem, qui monet ut praecipue in Christi pace permaneant: faciat autem unusquisque quod secundum fidem suam pie credit esse faciendum. Neuter enim eorum exhonorat corpus et sanguinem Domini, sed saluberrimum Sacramentum certatim honorare contendunt. Neque enim litigaverunt inter se, aut quisquam eorum se alteri praeposuit, Zachaeus et ille Centurio, cum alter eorum gaudens in domum suam susceperit Dominum (Luc. XIX, 6), alter dixerit, Non sum dignus ut intres sub tectum meum (Matth. VIII, 8): ambo Salvatorem honorificantes diverso et quasi contrario modo; ambo peccatis miseri, ambo misericordiam consecuti. Valet etiam ad hanc similitudinem quod in primo populo unicuique manna secundum propriam voluntatem in ore sapiebat , sic uniuscujusque in corde christiani Sacramentum illud, quo subjugatus est mundus 0202 . Nam et ille honorando non audet quotidie sumere, et ille honorando non audet ullo die praetermittere. Contemptum solum non vult cibus iste, sicut nec manna fastidium. Inde enim et Apostolus indigne dicit acceptum ab eis, qui hoc non discernebant a caeteris cibis veneratione singulariter debita: continuo quippe cum dixisset, Judicium sibi manducat et bibit, addidit ut diceret, non dijudicans corpus Domini (I Cor. XI, 29); quod satis toto ipso loco in Epistola ad Corinthios prima, si diligenter attendatur, apparet.

CAPUT IV.

5. Sit aliquis peregrinus in eo forte loco, ubi perseverantes in observatione Quadragesimae, nec quinta sabbati lavant , relaxantve jejunium: Non, inquit, hodie jejunabo. Quaeritur causa: Quia non fit, inquit, in patria mea. Quid aliud ille, nisi consuetudinem suam consuetudini alterius praeponere conatur? Non enim mihi de Libro Dei hoc recitaturus est, aut universae quacumque dilatatur Ecclesiae plena voce certabit, aut ostendet istum contra fidem facere, se autem secundum fidem, moresque hinc optimos aut illum violare, aut se custodire convincet. Violant sane quietem et pacem suam de superflua quaestione rixando. Mallem tamen in rebus hujusmodi, ut et ille in hujus, et hic in illius patria, ab eo quod caeteri faciunt non abhorreret. Si vero etiam in aliena patria cum peregrinaretur, ubi major et frequentior et ferventior est populus Dei, vidit, verbi gratia, bis offerri quinta sabbati hebdomadae ultimae Quadragesimae, et mane et ad vesperam, veniensque in patriam suam, ubi in fine diei mos est offerri, male atque illicite fieri contendat, quoniam alibi aliter ipse viderit, puerilis est iste sensus, cavendus in nobis, tolerandus in aliis , corrigendus in nostris.

CAPUT V.

6. Prima ergo inquisitio tua, quam in commonitorio posuisti, ex quo trium istorum generum sit, attende. Quaeris enim his verbis: Quid per quintam feriam ultimae hebdomadis Quadragesimae fieri debeat? an offerendum sit mane, et rursus post coenam, propter illud quod dictum est, «Similiter postquam coenatum est?» (Luc. XXII, 20.) an jejunandum, et post coenam tantummodo offerendum? an etiam jejunandum, et post oblationem, sicut facere solemus, coenandum? Ad haec itaque ita respondeo, ut quid horum sit faciendum, si divinae Scripturae praescribit auctoritas, non sit dubitandum quin ita facere debeamus ut legimus, ut jam non quomodo faciendum, sed quomodo Sacramentum intelligendum sit, disputemus. Similiter etiam si quid horum tota per orbem frequentat Ecclesianam et hinc quin ita faciendum sit, disputare insolentissimae insaniae est. Sed neque hoc, neque illud 0203 inest in eo quod tu quaeris. Restat igitur ut de illo tertio genere sit, quod per loca regionesque variatur. Faciat ergo quisque quod in ea Ecclesia in quam venit, invenerit. Non enim quidquam corum contra fidem fit, aut contra mores, hinc vel inde meliores. His enim causis, id est aut propter fidem, aut propter mores, vel emendari oportet quod perperam fiebat, vel institui quod non fiebat. Ipsa quippe mutatio consuetudinis, etiam quae adjuvat utilitate, novitate perturbat. Quapropter quae utilis non est, perturbatione infructuosa consequenter noxia est.

7. Nec ideo putari debet institutum esse multis locis, ut illo die post refectionem offeratur, quia scriptum est: Identidem et calicem post coenam dicens, etc. Ipsam enim potuit appellare coenam, qua jam corpus acceperant, ut deinde calicem acciperent. Apostolus namque alibi dicit, Convenientibus ergo vobis in unum, non est dominicam coenam manducare (I Cor. XI, 20), hanc ipsam acceptionem Eucharistiae dominicam coenam vocans.

CAPUT VI.

Illud magis movere potuit homines, utrum jam refecti die illa vel offerrent vel sumerent Eucharistiam, quod in Evangelio dicitur, Cum autem illi manducarent, accepit Jesus panem et benedixit; cum etiam superius dixisset: Cum sero autem factum esset, recumbebat cum duodecim, et manducantibus eis dixit, Quoniam unus ex vobis tradet me (Matth. XXVI, 26, 20, 21). Postea enim tradidit Sacramentum. Et liquido apparet, quando primum acceperunt discipuli corpus et sanguinem Domini, non eos accepisse jejunos.

8. Numquid tamen propterea calumniandum est universae Ecclesiae quod a jejunis semper accipitur? Ex hoc enim placuit Spiritui sancto, ut in honorem tanti Sacramenti in os Christiani prius Dominicum corpus intraret, quam caeteri cibi: nam ideo per universum orbem mos iste servatur. Neque enim quia post cibos dedit Dominus, propterea pransi aut coenati fratres ad illud Sacramentum accipiendum convenire debent, aut sicut faciebant quos Apostolus arguit et emendat, mensis suis ista miscere. Namque Salvator quo vehementius commendaret mysterii illius altitudinem, ultimum hoc voluit altius infigere cordibus et memoriae discipulorum, a quibus ad passionem digressurus erat. Et ideo non praecepit quo deinceps ordine sumeretur, ut Apostolis, per quos Ecclesias dispositurus erat, servaret hunc locum. Nam si hoc ille monuisset, ut post cibos alios semper acciperetur, credo quod eum morem nemo variasset. Cum vero ait Apostolus de hoc Sacramento loquens, Propter quod, fratres, cum convenitis ad manducandum, invicem exspectate. Si quis esurit, domi manducet, ut non ad judicium conveniatis; statim subtexuit: Caetera autem cum venero, ordinabo (I Cor. XI, 20, 34). Unde intelligi datur (quia multum erat, ut in Epistola totum illum agendi ordinem insinuaret, quem universa per orbem servat Ecclesia) ab ipso ordinatum esse quod nulla morum diversitate variatur.

CAPUT VII.

0204

9. Sed nonnullos probabilis quaedam ratio delectavit, ut uno certo die per annum, quo ipsam coenam Dominus dedit, tanquam ad insigniorem commemorationem post cibos offerri et accipi liceat corpus et sanguinem Domini. Honestius autem arbitror ea hora fieri, ut qui etiam jejunaverit, post refectionem quae hora nona fit, ad oblationem possit occurrere. Quapropter neminem cogimus ante dominicam illam coenam prandere , sed nulli etiam contradicere audemus. Hoc tamen non arbitror institutum, nisi quia plures et prope omnes in plerisque locis eo die lavare consueverunt. Et quia nonnulli etiam jejunium custodiunt, mane offertur propter prandentes, quia jejunia simul et lavacra tolerare non possunt; ad vesperam vero propter jejunantes.

10. Si autem quaeris, cur etiam lavandi mos ortus sit: nihil mihi de hac re cogitanti probabilius occurrit, nisi quia baptizandorum corpora per observationem Quadragesimae sordidata, cum offensione sensus ad fontem tractarentur, nisi aliqua die lavarentur. Istum autem diem potius ad hoc electum, quo coena dominica anniversarie celebratur. Et quia concessum est hoc Baptismum accepturis, multi cum his lavare voluerunt, jejuniumque relaxare. His ut potui disputatis, moneo, ut ea quae praelocutus sum serves quantum potes, ut decet Ecclesiae prudentem ac pacificum filium. Alia quae interrogasti, si Dominus voluerit, alio tempore expediam.