5. It appears, indeed, that even before this world an order of things  16  cf. Origen, De Principiis, ii. 1, 3. existed of which our mind can form an idea, but of which we can say nothing, because it is too lofty a subject for men who are but beginners and are still babes in knowledge. The birth of the world was preceded by a condition of things suitable for the exercise of supernatural powers, outstripping the limits of time, eternal and infinite. The Creator and Demiurge of the universe perfected His works in it, spiritual light for the happiness of all who love the Lord, intellectual and invisible natures, all the orderly arrangement  17  διακόσμησις. cf. Arist., Met. i. 5, 2. of pure intelligences who are beyond the reach of our mind and of whom we cannot even discover the names. They fill the essence of this invisible world, as Paul teaches us. “For by him were all things created that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible whether they be thrones or dominions or principalities or powers”  18  Col. i. 16. or virtues or hosts of angels or the dignities of archangels. To this world at last it was necessary to add a new world, both a school and training place where the souls of men should be taught and a home for beings destined to be born and to die. Thus was created, of a nature analogous to that of this world and the animals and plants which live thereon, the succession of time, for ever pressing on and passing away and never stopping in its course. Is not this the nature of time, where the past is no more, the future does not exist, and the present escapes before being recognised? And such also is the nature of the creature which lives in time,—condemned to grow or to perish without rest and without certain stability. It is therefore fit that the bodies of animals and plants, obliged to follow a sort of current, and carried away by the motion which leads them to birth or to death, should live in the midst of surroundings whose nature is in accord with beings subject to change.  19  cf. Plato, Timæus, § 14, χρόνος δ᾽ οὖν μετ᾽ οὐρανοῦ γέγονεν ἵνα ἅμα γεννηθέντες ἅμα καὶ λυθῶσιν, ἄν ποτε λύσις τις αὐτῶν γἰγνηται καὶ κατὰ τὸ παρὰδειγμα τῆς αἰωνἰας φύσεως ἵν, ὡς ὁμοιότατος αὐτῷ κατὰ δύναμιν ᾖ Fialon (p. 311) quotes Cousin’s translation at greater length, and refers also to Plotinus, Enn. II. vii. 10–12. The parallel transistoriness of time and things has become the commonplace of poets. “Immortalia ne speres monet annus et almun Quæ rapit hora diem.” Hor.,Carm. iv. 7. Thus the writer who wisely tells us of the birth of the Universe does not fail to put these words at the head of the narrative. “In the beginning God created;” that is to say, in the beginning of time. Therefore, if he makes the world appear in the beginning, it is not a proof that its birth has preceded that of all other things that were made. He only wishes to tell us that, after the invisible and intellectual world, the visible world, the world of the senses, began to exist.

The first movement is called beginning. “To do right is the beginning of the good way.”  20  Prov. xvi. 5, LXX. Just actions are truly the first steps towards a happy life. Again, we call “beginning” the essential and first part from which a thing proceeds, such as the foundation of a house, the keel of a vessel; it is in this sense that it is said, “The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom,”  21  Prov. ix. 10. that is to say that piety is, as it were, the groundwork and foundation of perfection. Art is also the beginning of the works of artists, the skill of Bezaleel  began the adornment of the tabernacle.  22  cf. Arist., Met. iv. 1. ῎Αρχη ἡ μὲν λέγεται ὅθεν ἄν τι τοῦ πράγματος κινηθείη πρῶτον· οἱον τοῦ μήκους, καὶ ὁδοῦ…ἡ δὲ ὅθεν ἂν κάλλιστα ἕκαστον γένοιτο· οἷον καὶ μαθήσεως, οὐκ ἀπὸ τοῦ πρώτου καὶ τῆς τοῦ πράγματος ἀρχῆς ἐνίοτε ἀρκτέον, ἀλλ᾽ ὅθεν ρᾷστ᾽ ἂν μάθοι, ἡ δὲ, ὅθεν πρῶτον γινεται ἐνυπάρχοντος· οἷον ὡς πλοίου τρόπις, καὶ οἰκίας θεμέλιος. Often even the good which is the final cause is the  beginning of actions. Thus the approbation of God is the beginning of almsgiving, and the end laid up for us in the promises the beginning of all virtuous efforts.

Ἦν γάρ τι, ὡς ἔοικεν, καὶ πρὸ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου, ὃ τῇ μὲν διανοίᾳ ἡμῶν ἐστὶ θεωρητὸν, ἀνιστόρητον δὲ κατελείφθη, διὰ τὸ τοῖς εἰσαγομένοις ἔτι καὶ νηπίοις κατὰ τὴν γνῶσιν ἀνεπιτήδειον. Ἦν τις πρεσβυτέρα τῆς τοῦ κόσμου γενέσεως κατάστασις ταῖς ὑπερκοσμίοις δυνάμεσι πρέπουσα, ἡ ὑπέρχρονος, ἡ αἰωνία, ἡ ἀΐδιος. Δημιουργήματα δὲ ἐν αὐτῇ ὁ τῶν ὅλων κτίστης καὶ δημιουργὸς ἀπετέλεσε, φῶς νοητὸν πρέπον τῇ μακαριότητι τῶν φιλούντων τὸν Κύριον, τὰς λογικὰς καὶ ἀοράτους φύσεις, καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν τῶν νοητῶν διακόσμησιν, ὅσα τὴν ἡμετέραν διάνοιαν ὑπερβαίνει, ὧν οὐδὲ τὰς ὀνομασίας ἐξευρεῖν δυνατόν. Ταῦτα τοῦ ἀοράτου κόσμου συμπληροῖ τὴν οὐσίαν, ὡς διδάσκει ἡμᾶς ὁ Παῦλος, λέγων, Ὅτι ἐν αὐτῷ ἐκτίσθη τὰ πάντα, εἴτε ὁρατὰ, εἴτε ἀόρατα, εἴτε θρόνοι, εἴτε κυριότητες, εἴτε ἀρχαὶ, εἴτε ἐξουσίαι, εἴτε δυνάμεις, εἴτε ἀγγέλων στρατιαὶ, εἴτε ἀρχαγγέλων ἐπιστασίαι: ὅτε δὲ ἔδει λοιπὸν καὶ τὸν κόσμον τοῦτον ἐπεισαχθῆναι τοῖς οὖσι, προηγουμένως μὲν διδασκαλεῖον καὶ παιδευτήριον τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων ψυχῶν: ἔπειτα μέντοι καὶ ἁπαξαπλῶς πάντων τῶν ἐν γενέσει καὶ φθορᾷ ἐπιτήδειον ἐνδιαίτημα. Συμφυὴς ἄρα τῷ κόσμῳ, καὶ τοῖς ἐν αὐτῷ ζῴοις τε καὶ φυτοῖς, ἡ τοῦ χρόνου διέξοδος ὑπέστη, ἐπειγομένη ἀεὶ καὶ παραρρέουσα, καὶ μηδαμοῦ παυομένη τοῦ δρόμου. Ἢ οὐχὶ τοιοῦτος ὁ χρόνος, οὗ τὸ μὲν παρελθὸν ἠφανίσθη, τὸ δὲ μέλλον οὔπω πάρεστι, τὸ δὲ παρὸν πρὶν γνωσθῆναι διαδιδράσκει τὴν αἴσθησιν; Τοιαύτη δέ τις καὶ τῶν γινομένων ἡ φύσις, ἢ αὐξανομένη πάντως, ἢ φθίνουσα, τὸ δὲ ἱδρυμένον καὶ στάσιμον οὐκ ἐπίδηλον ἔχουσα. Ἔπρεπεν οὖν τοῖς ζῴων τε καὶ φυτῶν σώμασιν, οἱονεὶ ῥεύματί τινι πρὸς ἀνάγκην ἐνδεδεμένοις, καὶ τῇ πρὸς γένεσιν ἢ φθορὰν ἀγούσῃ κινήσει συνεχομένοις, ὑπὸ τῆς τοῦ χρόνου φύσεως περιέχεσθαι, συγγενῆ τοῖς ἀλλοιουμένοις κεκτημένου τὴν ἰδιότητα. Ἐντεῦθεν οἰκείως ἐπέβαλε τῷ περὶ αὐτὸν λόγῳ ὁ σοφῶς ἡμᾶς τοῦ κόσμου τὴν γένεσιν ἐκδιδάσκων, εἰπὼν, Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν: τουτέστιν, ἐν ἀρχῇ ταύτῃ τῇ κατὰ χρόνον. Οὐ γὰρ δὴ κατὰ πρεσβυγένειαν πάντων τῶν γενομένων προέχειν αὐτὸν μαρτυρῶν λέγει ἐν ἀρχῇ γεγονέναι, ἀλλὰ μετὰ τὰ ἀόρατα καὶ νοούμενα τῶν ὁρατῶν τούτων καὶ αἰσθήσει ληπτῶν τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς ὑπάρξεως διηγεῖται. Λέγεται μὲν οὖν ἀρχὴ καὶ ἡ πρώτη κίνησις: ὡς, Ἀρχὴ ὁδοῦ ἀγαθῆς τὸ ποιεῖν δίκαια. Ἀπὸ γὰρ τῶν δικαίων πράξεων πρῶτον κινούμεθα πρὸς τὸν μακάριον βίον. Λέγεται δὲ ἀρχὴ καὶ ὅθεν γίνεταί τι, τοῦ ἐνυπάρχοντος αὐτῷ ὡς ἐπὶ οἰκίας θεμέλιος, καὶ ἐπὶ πλοίου ἡ τρόπις, καθὸ εἴρηται, Ἀρχὴ σοφίας, φόβος Κυρίου. Οἷον γὰρ κρηπὶς καὶ βάθρον πρὸς τὴν τελείωσιν ἡ εὐλάβεια. Ἀρχὴ δὲ καὶ τῶν τεχνικῶν ἔργων ἡ τέχνη: ὡς ἡ σοφία Βεσελεὴλ, τοῦ περὶ τὴν σκηνὴν κόσμου. Ἀρχὴ δὲ πράξεων πολλάκις καὶ τὸ εὔχρηστον τέλος τῶν γινομένων: ὡς τῆς ἐλεημοσύνης ἡ παρὰ Θεοῦ ἀποδοχὴ, καὶ πάσης τῆς κατ' ἀρετὴν ἐνεργείας τὸ ἐν ἐπαγγελίαις ἀποκείμενον τέλος.