5. But let us continue our explanation: “  Let it divide the waters from the waters .”  22  Gen. i. 6. The mass of waters, which from all directions flowed over the earth, and was suspended in the air, was infinite, so that there was no proportion between it and the other elements. Thus, as it has been already said, the abyss covered the earth. We give the reason for this abundance of water. None of you assuredly will attack our opinion; not even those who have the most cultivated minds, and whose piercing eye can penetrate this perishable and fleeting nature; you will not accuse me of advancing impossible or imaginary theories, nor will you ask me upon what foundation the fluid element rests. By the same reason which makes them attract the earth, heavier than water, from the extremities of the world to suspend it in the centre, they will grant us without doubt that it is due both to its natural attraction downwards and its general equilibrium, that this immense quantity of water rests motionless upon the earth.  23  According to Plutarch (περὶ τῶν ἀρέσκ: etc. iii. 10) Thales and the Stoics affirmed the earth to be spherical, Thales (id. 11) placing it “in the middle.” Pliny, Hist. Nat. ii. 4, says that the earth “universi cardine stare pendentem librantem per quæ pendeat; ita solam immobilem circa eam volubili universitate, eandem ex omnibus necti, eidemque omnia inniti.” Therefore the prodigious mass of waters was spread around the earth; not in proportion with it and infinitely larger, thanks to the foresight of the supreme Artificer, Who, from the beginning, foresaw what was to come, and at the first provided all for the future needs of the world. But what need was there for this superabundance of water? The essence of fire is necessary for the world, not only in the economy of earthly produce, but for the completion of the universe; for it would be imperfect  24  On κολοβός, docked, curtailed, cf. Matt. xxiv. 22. if the most powerful and the most vital of its elements were lacking.  25  The supremacy of fire was the idea of Heraclitus. Τὸ πῦρ Θεὸν ὑπειλήφασιν ῞Ιππασος …καὶ ῾Ηράκλειτος. Clem. Alex., Protrep. v. 55. Plutarch has an essay on the comparative use fulness of fire and water. Now fire and water are hostile to and destructive of each other. Fire, if it is the stronger, destroys water, and water, if in greater abundance, destroys fire. As, therefore, it was necessary to avoid an open struggle between these elements, so as not to bring about the dissolution of the universe by the total disappearance of one or the other, the sovereign Disposer created such a quantity of water that in spite of constant diminution from the effects of fire, it could last until the time fixed for the destruction of the world. He who planned all with weight and measure, He who, according to the word of Job, knows the number of the drops of rain,  26  Job xxxvi. 27, LXX. knew how long His work would last, and for how much consumption of fire He ought to allow. This is the reason of the abundance of water at the creation. Further, there is no one so strange to life as to need to learn the reason why fire is essential to the world. Not only all the arts which support life, the art of weaving, that of shoemaking, of architecture, of agriculture, have need of the help of fire, but the vegetation of trees, the ripening of fruits, the breeding of land and water animals, and their nourishment, all existed from heat from the beginning, and have been since maintained by the action of heat. The creation of heat was then indispensable for the formation and the preservation of beings, and the abundance of waters was no less so in the presence of the constant and inevitable consumption by fire.

Ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τὰ συνεχῆ τῆς ἐξηγήσεως τὸν λόγον ἐπαναγάγωμεν. Ἔστω διαχωρίζον, φησὶν, ἀνὰ μέσον ὕδατος καὶ ὕδατος. Ἄπειρος μὲν ἦν, ὡς ἔοικε, τῶν ὑδάτων ἡ χύσις, πανταχόθεν ἐπικυμαινόντων τῇ γῇ καὶ ἀπαιωρουμένων αὐτῆς: ὡς καὶ τὴν πρὸς τὰ ἄλλα στοιχεῖα δοκεῖν ἀναλογίαν ἐκβαίνειν. Διὰ τοῦτο γὰρ ἐν τοῖς κατόπιν ἐλέγετο ἄβυσσος πανταχόθεν περιβεβλῆσθαι τῇ γῇ. Τὴν δὲ αἰτίαν τοῦ πλήθους ἐν τοῖς ἑξῆς ἀποδώσομεν. Πάντως δὲ οὐδεὶς ὑμῶν οὐδὲ τῶν πάνυ κατησκημένων τὸν νοῦν, καὶ περὶ τὴν φθειρομένην ταύτην καὶ ῥέουσαν φύσιν ὀξυωπούντων, ἐπισκήψει τῇ δόξῃ, ὡς ἀδύνατα ἢ πλασματώδη ὑποτιθεμένων κατὰ τὸν λόγον: οὐδὲ ἀπαιτήσει ἡμᾶς εὐθύνας, ἐπὶ τίνος ἡ τῶν ὑδάτων ἥδραστο φύσις. Ὧ| γὰρ λόγῳ τὴν γῆν βαρυτέραν οὖσαν τοῦ ὕδατος ἀπαιωροῦσι τοῦ μέσου τῶν ἐσχάτων ἀπάγοντες, τῷ αὐτῷ δήπου πάντως καὶ τὸ μυρίον ὕδωρ ἐκεῖνο, διά τε τὴν κατὰ φύσιν ἐπὶ τὸ κάτω φορὰν, καὶ διὰ τὴν πανταχόθεν ἰσορροπίαν, περὶ τὴν γῆν ἀτρεμεῖν συγχωρήσουσιν. Οὐκοῦν ἄπλετος ἡ τοῦ ὕδατος φύσις τῇ γῇ περιεκέχυτο, οὐχὶ συμμέτρως ἔχουσα πρὸς αὐτὴν, ἀλλ' εἰς τὸ πολλαπλάσιον ὑπερβάλλουσα, οὕτως ἐξ ἀρχῆς τοῦ μεγάλου τεχνίτου προβλεψαμένου τὸ μέλλον, καὶ διὰ τὴν ἐφεξῆς χρείαν τὰ πρῶτα διαθεμένου. Τίς οὖν χρεία τοῦ ἀμύθητον ὅσον ὑπερβάλλειν τὸ ὕδωρ; Ἐπειδὴ ἀναγκαία τῷ παντὶ τοῦ πυρὸς ἡ οὐσία, οὐ μόνον πρὸς τὴν τῶν περιγείων οἰκονομίαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς τὴν συμπλήρωσιν τοῦ παντός. Κολοβὸν γὰρ ἂν ἦν τὸ ὅλον ἑνὶ τῷ μεγίστῳ καὶ καιριωτάτῳ πάντων ἐλλεῖπον. Ἀντικείμενα δὲ ταῦτα ἀλλήλοις, καὶ φθαρτικὸν ἕτερον τοῦ ἑτέρου: πῦρ μὲν τοῦ ὕδατος, ὅταν ἐπικρατῇ δυνάμει: ὕδωρ δὲ πυρὸς, ὅταν ὑπερβάλλῃ τῷ πλήθει. Ἔδει δὲ μήτε στάσιν εἶναι πρὸς ἄλληλα, μήτε ἐν τῇ παντελεῖ τοῦ ἑτέρου ἐκλείψει ἀφορμὴν παρασχεθῆναι τῷ παντὶ πρὸς διάλυσιν. Τοσαύτην τοῦ ὑγροῦ τὴν φύσιν οἰκονομῶν τὸ πᾶν προαπέθετο, ὥστε μέχρι τῶν τεταγμένων ὅρων τῆς τοῦ κόσμου συστάσεως κατὰ μικρὸν τῇ δυνάμει τοῦ πυρὸς ἐξαναλισκόμενον ἀντισχεῖν. Ὁ τοίνυν ἅπαντα σταθμῷ καὶ μέτρῳ διαταξάμενος (ἀριθμηταὶ γὰρ αὐτῷ, κατὰ τὸν Ἰὼβ, καὶ σταγόνες εἰσὶν ὑετοῦ) ᾔδει πόσον τῷ κόσμῳ χρόνον ἀφώρισεν εἰς διαμονὴν, καὶ πόσην χρὴ τῷ πυρὶ προαποθέσθαι δαπάνην. Οὗτος ὁ λόγος τῆς τοῦ ὕδατος περιουσίας κατὰ τὴν κτίσιν. Ἀλλὰ μὴν τό γε τοῦ πυρὸς ἀναγκαῖον τῷ κόσμῳ, οὐδεὶς οὕτως ἔξω τοῦ βίου παντάπασιν, ὥστε τῆς ἐκ τοῦ λόγου διδασκαλίας προσδεῖσθαι: οὐ μόνον ὅτι αἱ συνεκτικαὶ τῆς ζωῆς ἡμῶν τέχναι τῆς ἐμπύρου ἐργασίας ἐπιδέονται πᾶσαι, ὑφαντικὴ, λέγω, καὶ σκυτοτομικὴ, καὶ οἰκοδομικὴ, καὶ γεωργία, ἀλλ' ὅτι οὔτε δένδρων βλάστησις, οὐ καρπῶν πέψις, οὐ ζῴων ἐγγείων ἢ τῶν ἐνύδρων γένεσις, οὐχ αἱ τούτων τροφαὶ ἢ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἂν συνέστησαν, ἢ πρὸς χρόνον διήρκεσαν, τοῦ θερμοῦ μὴ παρόντος. Οὐκοῦν ἀναγκαία μὲν τοῦ θερμοῦ ἡ κτίσις διὰ τὴν τῶν γιγνομένων σύστασίν τε καὶ διαμονήν: ἀναγκαία δὲ τοῦ ὑγροῦ ἡ δαψίλεια διὰ τὸ ἄπαυστον εἶναι καὶ ἀπαραίτητον τοῦ πυρὸς τὴν δαπάνην.