11. On its variations depends also the condition of the air, as is proved by sudden disturbances which often come after the new moon, in the midst of a calm and of a stillness in the winds, to agitate the clouds and to hurl them against each other; as the flux and reflux in straits, and the ebb and flow of the ocean prove, so that those who live on its shores see it regularly following the revolutions of the moon. The waters of straits approach and retreat from one shore to the other during the different phases of the moon; but, when she is new, they have not an instant of rest, and move in perpetual swaying to and fro, until the moon, reappearing, regulates their reflux. As to the Western sea,  37  i.e.the Atlantic. cf. Ovid., Met. xi. 258, “Hesperium fretum.” we see it in its ebb and flow now return into its bed, and now overflow, as the moon draws it back by her respiration and then, by her expiration, urges it to its own boundaries.  38  Pytheas, of Marseilles, is first named as attributing the tides to the moon. Plut. περὶ ἀρεσκ. κ.τ.λ. iii. 17. On the ancient belief generally vide Plin. ii. 99.

I have entered into these details, to show you the grandeur of the luminaries, and to make you see that, in the inspired words, there is not one idle syllable. And yet my sermon has scarcely touched on any important point; there are many other discoveries about the size and distance of the sun and moon to which any one who will make a serious study of their action and of their characteristics may arrive by the aid of reason. Let me then ingenuously make an avowal of my weakness, for fear that you should measure the mighty works of the Creator by my words. The little that I have said ought the rather to make you conjecture the marvels on which I have omitted to dwell. We must not then measure the moon with the eye, but with the reason. Reason, for the discovery of truth, is much surer than the eye.

Everywhere ridiculous old women’s tales, imagined in the delirium of drunkenness, have been circulated; such as that enchantments can remove the moon from its place and make it descend to the earth. How could a magician’s charm shake that of which the Most High has laid the foundations? And if once torn out what place could hold it?  39  “Inventa jam pridem ratio est prænuntians horas, non modo dies ac noctes, Solis Lunæque defectuum. Durat tamen tradita persuasio in magna parte vulgi, veneficiis et herbis id cogi, eamque num fæminarum scientiam prævalere.” Plin. xxv. v. So it was a custom to avert the spells of sorceresses, which might bring the eclipsed moon to the ground, by beating brass and shouting. cf. Juv., Sat. vi. 443, “Tam nemo tubas, nemo œra fatigat, Una laboranti poterit succurrere lunæ,” and the “œra auxiliaria lunæ” of Ov., Met. iv. 333.

Do you wish from slight indications to have a proof of the moon’s size? All the towns in the world, however distant from each other, equally receive the light from the moon in those streets that are turned towards its rising. If she did not look on all face to face, those only would be entirely lighted up which were exactly opposite; as to those beyond the extremities of her disc, they would only receive diverted and oblique rays. It is this effect which the light of lamps produces in houses; if a lamp is surrounded by several persons, only the shadow of the person who is directly opposite to it is cast in a straight line, the others follow inclined lines on each side. In the same way, if the body of the moon were not of an immense and prodigious size she could not extend herself alike to all. In reality, when the moon rises in the equinoctial regions, all equally enjoy her light, both those who inhabit the icy zone, under the revolutions of the Bear, and those who dwell in the extreme south in the neighbourhood of the torrid zone. She gives us an idea of her size by appearing to be face to face with all people. Who then can deny the immensity of a body which divides itself equally over such a wide extent?

But enough on the greatness of the sun and moon. May He Who has given us intelligence to recognise in the smallest objects of creation the great wisdom of the Contriver make us find in great bodies a still higher idea of their Creator. However, compared with their Author, the sun and moon are but a fly and an ant. The whole universe cannot give us a right idea of the greatness of God; and it is only by signs, weak and slight in themselves, often by the help of the smallest insects and of the least plants, that we raise ourselves to Him. Content with these words let us offer our thanks, I to Him who has given me the ministry of the Word, you to Him who feeds you with spiritual food; Who, even at this moment, makes you find in my weak voice the strength of barley bread. May He feed you for ever, and in proportion to your faith grant you the manifestation of the Spirit  40  cf. 1 Cor. xii. 7. in Jesus Christ our Lord, to whom be glory and power for ever and ever. Amen.

Καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν ἀέρα δὲ πάθη ταῖς μεταβολαῖς ταύτης συνδιατίθεται, ὡς μαρτυροῦσιν ἡμῖν αἵ τε κατὰ τὴν νουμηνίαν πολλάκις ἀπὸ γαλήνης καὶ νηνεμίας αἰφνίδιοι ταραχαὶ, νεφῶν κλονουμένων καὶ συμπιπτόντων ἀλλήλοις, καὶ αἱ περὶ τοὺς εὐρίπους παλίρροιαι, καὶ ἡ περὶ τὸν λεγόμενον ὠκεανὸν ἄμπωτις, ἣν ταῖς περιόδοις τῆς σελήνης τεταγμένως ἑπομένην ἐξεῦρον οἱ προσοικοῦντες. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ εὔριποι μεταρρέουσιν ἐφ' ἑκάτερα κατὰ τὰ λοιπὰ σχήματα τῆς σελήνης: ἐν δὲ τῷ καιρῷ τῆς γενέσεως οὐδὲ τὸ βραχύτατον ἀτρεμοῦσιν, ἀλλ' ἐν σάλῳ καὶ ταλαντώσει διηνεκεῖ καθεστήκασιν, ἕως ἂν ἐκφανεῖσα πάλιν, ἀκολουθίαν τινὰ τῇ παλιρροίᾳ παράσχηται. Ἡ δὲ ἑσπερία θάλασσα τὰς ἀμπώτεις ὑφίσταται, νῦν μὲν ὑπονοστοῦσα, πάλιν δὲ ἐπικλύζουσα, ὥσπερ ἀναπνοαῖς τῆς σελήνης ὑφελκομένη πρὸς τὸ ὀπίσω, καὶ πάλιν ταῖς ἀπ' αὐτῆς ἐμπνοίαις, εἰς τὸ οἰκεῖον μέτρον προωθουμένη. Ταῦτά μοι εἴρηται πρὸς ἀπόδειξιν τοῦ κατὰ τοὺς φωστῆρας μεγέθους, καὶ σύστασιν τοῦ μηδὲ μέχρι συλλαβῆς ἀργόν τι εἶναι τῶν θεοπνεύστων ῥημάτων: καίτοι γε οὐδενὸς ἥψατο σχεδὸν τῶν καιρίων ὁ λόγος: πολλὰ γὰρ περὶ μεγεθῶν καὶ ἀποστημάτων ἡλίου καὶ σελήνης ἐστὶν ἐξευρεῖν τοῖς λογισμοῖς, τὸν μὴ παρέργως τὰς ἐνεργείας αὐτῶν καὶ τὰς δυνάμεις ἐπεσκεμμένον. Εὐγνωμόνως οὖν δεῖ κατηγορεῖν ἡμᾶς τῆς ἑαυτῶν ἀσθενείας, ἵνα μὴ τῷ ἡμετέρῳ λόγῳ μετρῆται τῶν δημιουργημάτων τὰ μέγιστα, ἀλλὰ ἐξ ὀλίγων τῶν εἰρημένων παρ' ἑαυτοῖς ἀναλογίζεσθαι, πόσα τινά ἐστι καὶ πηλίκα τὰ παρεθέντα. Μὴ τοίνυν μηδὲ σελήνην ὀφθαλμῷ μετρήσῃς, ἀλλὰ λογισμῷ, ὃς πολλῷ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν ἀκριβέστερός ἐστι πρὸς ἀληθείας εὕρεσιν. Μῦθοί τινες καταγέλαστοι ὑπὸ γραϊδίων κωθωνιζομένων παραληρούμενοι πανταχοῦ διεδόθησαν, ὅτι μαγγανείαις τισὶ τῆς οἰκείας ἕδρας ἀποκινηθεῖσα σελήνη πρὸς γῆν καταφέρεται. Πῶς μὲν οὖν κινήσει γοήτων ἐπαοιδὴ, ἣν αὐτὸς ἐθεμελίωσεν ὁ Ὕψιστος; Ποῖος δ' ἂν καὶ τόπος κατασπασθεῖσαν αὐτὴν ὑπεδέξατο; Βούλει ἀπὸ μικρῶν τεκμηρίων λαβεῖν τοῦ μεγέθους αὐτῆς τὴν ἀπόδειξιν; Αἱ κατὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην πόλεις πλεῖστον ἀλλήλων ἀπῳκισμέναι ταῖς κατὰ τὴν ἀνατολὴν τετραμμέναις ῥυμοτομίαις, ἐξίσου πᾶσαι τὸ σεληναῖον φῶς ὑποδέχονται. Αἷς εἰ μὴ πάσαις ἀντιπρόσωπος ἦν, τοὺς μὲν ἐπ' εὐθείας τῶν στενωπῶν πάντως ἂν κατεφώτισε, τοὺς δὲ τὸ πλάτος αὐτῆς ὑπερπίπτοντας ἐγκεκλιμέναις ἂν ταῖς αὐγαῖς ἐπὶ τὰ πλάγια παραφερομέναις προσέβαλλεν. Ὅπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν λύχνων ἐστὶν ἰδεῖν κατὰ τοὺς οἴκους γινόμενον. Ἐπειδὰν πλείους περιστῶσιν αὐτὸν, ἡ μὲν τοῦ κατ' εὐθεῖαν ἑστῶτος σκιὰ πρὸς τὸ ὄρθιον ἀποτείνεται, αἱ δὲ λοιπαὶ καθ' ἑκάτερον μέρος ἐκκλίνουσιν. Ὥστε εἰ μὴ ἄπλετόν τι ἦν καὶ ὑπερέχον μεγέθει τὸ σεληνιακὸν σῶμα, οὐκ ἂν ὁμοίως ἀντιπαρετείνετο πᾶσιν. Ὁμοίως γὰρ αὐτῆς ἀπὸ τῶν ἰσημερινῶν τόπων ἀνατελλούσης οἵ τε προσοικοῦντες τῇ κατεψυγμένῃ καὶ ὑπὸ τὰς περιστροφὰς τῆς ἄρκτου κείμενοι μεταλαμβάνουσι, καὶ οἱ κατὰ τὰ κοῖλα τῆς μεσημβρίας τῆς διακεκαυμένης γείτονες: οἷς πᾶσι κατὰ τὸ πλάτος ἀντιπαρήκουσα, σαφεστάτην μαρτυρίαν τοῦ μεγέθους παρέχεται. Τίς οὖν ἀντερεῖ μὴ οὐχὶ παμμέγεθες αὐτῆς εἶναι τὸ σῶμα, τὸ τηλικούτοις ὁμοῦ καὶ τοσούτοις διαστήμασιν ἐξισούμενον; Καὶ τὰ μὲν περὶ μεγεθῶν ἡλίου καὶ σελήνης ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον. Ἡμῖν δὲ ὁ χαρισάμενος διάνοιαν ἐκ τῶν μικροτάτων τῆς κτίσεως τὴν μεγάλην τοῦ τεχνίτου σοφίαν καταμανθάνειν, παράσχοι καὶ ἐκ τῶν μεγάλων μείζονας λαμβάνειν τὰς ἐννοίας τοῦ κτίσαντος. Καίτοιγε συγκρίσει τοῦ ποιητοῦ, ἥλιος καὶ σελήνη ἐμπίδος καὶ μύρμηκος ἐπέχουσι λόγον. Οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀξίαν τοῦ μεγέθους τοῦ Θεοῦ τῶν ὅλων ἐκ τούτων λαβεῖν τὴν θεωρίαν, ἀλλὰ μικραῖς τισι καὶ ἀμυδραῖς ἐμφάσεσι δι' αὐτῶν προβιβασθῆναι, ὥσπερ καὶ δι' ἑκάστου τῶν μικροτάτων ἐν ζῴοις ἢ ἐν βοτάναις. Ἀρκέσθωμεν τοῖς εἰρημένοις: ἐγὼ μὲν εὐχαριστήσας τῷ τὴν μικράν μοι ταύτην διακονίαν τοῦ λόγου χαρισαμένῳ, ὑμεῖς δὲ τῷ διατρέφοντι ὑμᾶς ταῖς πνευματικαῖς τροφαῖς, ὃς καὶ νῦν ὑμᾶς οἷον κριθίνῳ τινὶ ἄρτῳ τῇ εὐτελείᾳ τῆς ἡμετέρας φωνῆς διέθρεψε: καὶ διατρέφοι γε εἰς ἀεὶ, κατὰ τὴν ἀναλογίαν τῆς πίστεως χαριζόμενος ὑμῖν τὴν φανέρωσιν τοῦ Πνεύματος, ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ τῷ Κυρίῳ ἡμῶν, ᾧ ἡ δόξα καὶ τὸ κράτος εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.