4. What a variety, I have said, in the actions and lives of flying creatures. Some of these unreasoning creatures even have a government, if the feature of government is to make the activity of all the individuals centre in one common end. This may be observed in bees. They have a common dwelling place; they fly in the air together, they work at the same work together; and what is still more extraordinary is that they give themselves to these labours under the guidance of a king and superintendent, and that they do not allow themselves to fly to the meadows without seeing if the king is flying at their head. As to this king, it is not election that gives him this authority; ignorance on the part of the people often puts the worst man in power; it is not fate; the blind decisions of fate often give authority to the most unworthy. It is not heredity that places him on the throne; it is only too common to see the children of kings, corrupted by luxury and flattery, living in ignorance of all virtue. It is nature which makes the king of the bees, for nature gives him superior size, beauty, and sweetness of character. He has a sting like the others, but he does not use it to revenge himself.  19  Arist., Hist. An. v. 21, and Plin. xi. 17. “Ecce in re parva, villisque nostra annexa, cujus assidua copia est, non constat inter auctores, rex nullumne solus habeat aculeum, majestate tantum armatus: an dederit eum quidem natura, sed usum ejus illi tantum negaverit. Illud constat imperatorem aculeo non uti.” It is a principle of natural and unwritten law, that those who are raised to high office, ought to be lenient in punishing. Even bees who do not follow the example of their king, repent without delay of their imprudence, since they lose their lives with their sting. Listen, Christians, you to whom it is forbidden to “recompense evil for evil” and commanded “to overcome evil with good.”  20  Rom. xii. 17, 21. Take the bee for your model, which constructs its cells without injuring any one and without interfering with the goods of others. It gathers openly wax from the flowers with its mouth, drawing in the honey scattered over them like dew, and injects it into the hollow of its cells. Thus at first honey is liquid; time thickens it and gives it its sweetness.  21  The ancient belief was that honey fell from heaven, in the shape of dew, and the bee only gathered it from leaves. So Verg., Ec. iv. 30, “roscida mella,” and Georg. iv. 1, “aerii mellis cœlestia dona.” cf. Arist., H. A. v. 22 μελὶ δὲ τὸ πίπτον ἐκ τοῦ ἀ& 153·ρος, και μάλιστα τῶν ἄστρων ἀνατολαῖς, καὶ ὅταν κατασκήφη ἡ ἶρις, and Plin. xi. 12. “Sive ille est cœli sudor, sive quædam siderum saliva, sine purgantis se aeris succus,… magnam tamen cœlestis naturæ voluptatem affert.” So Coleridge (Kubla Khan): “For he on honey dew hath fed And drunk the milk of Paradise.” The book of Proverbs has given the bee the most honourable and the best praise by calling her wise and industrious.  22  Prov. vi. 8, lxx. The reference to the bee is not in the Hebrew. How much activity she exerts in gathering this precious nourishment, by which both kings and men of low degree are brought to health! How great is the art and cunning she displays in the construction of the store houses which are destined to receive the honey! After having spread the wax like a thin membrane, she distributes it in contiguous compartments which, weak though they are, by their number and by their mass, sustain the whole edifice. Each cell in fact holds to the one next to it, and is separated by a thin partition; we thus see two or three galleries of cells built one upon the other. The bee takes care not to make one vast cavity, for fear it might break under the weight of the liquid, and allow it to escape. See how the discoveries of geometry are mere by-works to the wise bee!  23  cf. Ælian. v. 13. γεωμετρίαν δὲ καὶ κάλλη σχημάτων καὶ ὡραίας πλάσεις αὐτῶν ἄνευ τέχνης τε καὶ κανόνων καὶ τοῦ καλουμένου ὑπὸ τῶν σοφῶν διαβήτου, τὸ κάλλιστον σχημάτων ἑξαγωνόν τε καὶ ἑξάπλευρον καὶ ἰσογώνιον ἀποδείκνυνται αἱ μέλιτται.

The rows of honey-comb are all hexagonal with equal sides. They do not bear on each other in straight lines, lest the supports should press on empty spaces between and give way; but the angles of the lower hexagons serve as foundations and bases to those which rise above, so as to furnish a sure support to the lower mass, and so that each cell may securely keep the liquid honey.  24  The mathematical exactness of the bee is described by Darwin in terms which make it even more marvellous than it appeared to Basil. “The most wonderful of all known instincts, that of the hive bee, may be explained by natural selection having taken advantage of numerous slight modifications of simpler instincts; natural selection having by slow degrees more and more perfectly led the bees to sweep equal spheres at a given distance from each other in a double layer, and to build up and excavate the wax along the planes of intersection.” Origin of Species, ii. 255, ed. 1861. According to this view the beings from whom hive bees, as we know them, are descended were gifted with certain simple instincts capable of a kind of hereditary unconscious education, resulting in a complex instinct which constructs with exact precision the hexagonal chamber best fitted for the purpose it is designed to fulfil, and then packs it. And it is interesting to note how the great apostle of abstract selection personifies it as a “taker” of “advantage,” and a “leader.”

Μυρίαι, ὡς ἔφαμεν, καὶ τῶν πράξεων καὶ τῶν βίων διαφοραί. Ἔστι δέ τινα καὶ πολιτικὰ τῶν ἀλόγων, εἴπερ πολιτείας ἴδιον, τὸ πρὸς ἓν πέρας κοινὸν συννεύειν τὴν ἐνέργειαν τῶν καθ' ἕκαστον, ὡς ἐπὶ τῶν μελισσῶν ἄν τις ἴδοι. Καὶ γὰρ ἐκείνων κοινὴ μὲν ἡ οἴκησις, κοινὴ δὲ ἡ πτῆσις, ἐργασία δὲ πάντων μία: καὶ τὸ μέγιστον, ὅτι ὑπὸ βασιλεῖ καὶ ταξιάρχῳ τινὶ τῶν ἔργων ἅπτονται, οὐ πρότερον καταδεχόμεναι ἐπὶ τοὺς λειμῶνας ἐλθεῖν, πρὶν ἂν ἴδωσι κατάρξαντα τὸν βασιλέα τῆς πτήσεως. Καὶ ἔστιν αὐταῖς οὐ χειροτονητὸς ὁ βασιλεὺς (πολλάκις γὰρ ἀκρισία δήμου τὸν χείριστον εἰς ἀρχὴν προεστήσατο), οὐδὲ κληρωτὴν ἔχων τὴν ἐξουσίαν (ἄλογοι γὰρ αἱ συντυχίαι τῶν κλήρων ἐπὶ τὸν πάντων ἔσχατον πολλάκις τὸ κράτος φέρουσαι), οὐδὲ ἐκ πατρικῆς διαδοχῆς τοῖς βασιλείοις ἐγκαθεζόμενος (καὶ γὰρ καὶ οὗτοι ἀπαίδευτοι καὶ ἀμαθεῖς πάσης ἀρετῆς, διὰ τρυφὴν καὶ κολακείαν, ὡς τὰ πολλὰ, γίνονται), ἀλλ' ἐκ φύσεως ἔχων τὸ κατὰ πάντων πρωτεῖον, καὶ μεγέθει διαφέρων καὶ σχήματι καὶ τῇ τοῦ ἤθους πραότητι. Ἔστι μὲν γὰρ κέντρον τῷ βασιλεῖ, ἀλλ' οὐ χρῆται τούτῳ πρὸς ἄμυναν. Νόμοι τινές εἰσιν οὗτοι τῆς φύσεως ἄγραφοι, ἀργοὺς εἶναι πρὸς τιμωρίαν τοὺς τῶν μεγίστων δυναστειῶν ἐπιβαίνοντας. Ἀλλὰ καὶ ταῖς μελίσσαις, ὅσαι ἂν μὴ ἀκολουθήσωσι τῷ ὑποδείγματι τοῦ βασιλέως, ταχὺ μεταμέλει τῆς ἀβουλίας, ὅτι τῇ πληγῇ τοῦ κέντρου ἐπαποθνήσκουσιν. Ἀκουέτωσαν Χριστιανοὶ, οἷς πρόσταγμά ἐστι μηδενὶ κακὸν ἀντὶ κακοῦ ἀποδιδόναι, ἀλλὰ νικᾶν ἐν τῷ ἀγαθῷ τὸ κακόν. Μίμησαι τῆς μελίσσης τὸ ἰδιότροπον, ὅτι οὐδενὶ λυμαινομένη, οὐδὲ καρπὸν ἀλλότριον διαφθείρουσα, τὰ κηρία συμπήγνυται. Τὸν μὲν γὰρ κηρὸν ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνθῶν φανερῶς συναγείρει, τὸ δὲ μέλι, τὴν δροσοειδῶς ἐνεσπαρμένην νοτίδα τοῖς ἄνθεσιν, ἐπισπασαμένη τῷ στόματι, ταύτην ταῖς κοιλότησι τῶν κηρίων ἐνίησιν. Ὅθεν καὶ ὑγρὸν παρὰ τὴν πρώτην ἐστίν: εἶτα τῷ χρόνῳ συμπεφθὲν, πρὸς τὴν οἰκείαν σύστασιν καὶ ἡδονὴν ἐπανέρχεται. Καλῶν καὶ πρεπόντων αὕτη τῶν ἐπαίνων παρὰ τῆς Παροιμίας τετύχηκε, σοφὴ καὶ ἐργάτις ὀνομασθεῖσα: οὕτω μὲν φιλοπόνως τὴν τροφὴν συναγείρουσα (Ἧς τοὺς πόνους, φησὶ, βασιλεῖς καὶ ἰδιῶται πρὸς ὑγείαν προσφέρονται), οὕτω δὲ σοφῶς φιλοτεχνοῦσα τὰς ἀποθήκας τοῦ μέλιτος (εἰς λεπτὸν γὰρ ὑμένα τὸν κηρὸν διατείνασα, πυκνὰς καὶ συνεχεῖς ἀλλήλαις συνοικοδομεῖ τὰς κοιλότητας), ὡς τὸ πυκνὸν τῆς τῶν μικροτάτων πρὸς ἄλληλα δέσεως, ἔρεισμα γίνεσθαι τῷ παντί. Ἑκάστη γὰρ φρεατία τῆς ἑτέρας ἔχεται, λεπτῷ πρὸς αὐτὴν διειργομένη τε ὁμοῦ καὶ συναπτομένη τῷ διαφράγματι. Ἔπειτα διώροφοι καὶ τριώροφοι αἱ σύριγγες αὗται ἀλλήλαις ἐπῳκοδόμηνται. Ἐφυλάξατο γὰρ μίαν ποιῆσαι διαμπερὲς τὴν κοιλότητα, ἵνα μὴ τῷ βάρει τὸ ὑγρὸν πρὸς τὸ ἐκτὸς διεκπίπτῃ. Κατάμαθε πῶς τὰ τῆς γεωμετρίας εὑρέματα πάρεργά ἐστι τῆς σοφωτάτης μελίσσης. Ἑξάγωνοι γὰρ πᾶσαι καὶ ἰσόπλευροι τῶν κηρίων αἱ σύριγγες, οὐκ ἐπ' εὐθείας ἀλλήλαις κατεπικείμεναι, ἵνα μὴ κάμνωσιν οἱ πυθμένες τοῖς διακένοις ἐφηρμοσμένοι: ἀλλ' αἱ γωνίαι τῶν κάτωθεν ἑξαγώνων, βάθρον καὶ ἔρεισμα τῶν ὑπερκειμένων εἰσὶν, ὡς ἀσφαλῶς ὑπὲρ ἑαυτῶν μετεωρίζειν τὰ βάρη, καὶ ἰδιαζόντως ἑκάστῃ κοιλότητι τὸ ὑγρὸν ἐγκατέχεσθαι.