5. How shall we make an exact review of all the peculiarities of the life of birds? During the night cranes keep watch in turn; some sleep, others make the rounds and procure a quiet slumber for their companions. After having finished his duty, the sentry utters a cry, and goes to sleep, and the one who awakes, in his turn, repays the security which he has enjoyed.  25  Arist., Hist. An. ix. 10. You will see the same order reign in their flight. One leads the way, and when it has guided the flight of the flock for a certain time, it passes to the rear, leaving to the one who comes after the care of directing the march.

The conduct of storks comes very near intelligent reason. In these regions the same season sees them all migrate. They all start at one given signal. And it seems to me that our crows, serving them as escort, go to bring them back, and to help them against the attacks of hostile birds. The proof is that in this season not a single crow appears, and that they return with wounds, evident marks of the help and of the assistance that they have lent. Who has explained to them the laws of hospitality? Who has threatened them with the penalties of desertion? For not one is missing from the company. Listen, all inhospitable hearts, ye who shut your doors, whose house is never open either in the winter or in the night to travellers. The solicitude of storks for their old would be sufficient, if our children would reflect upon it, to make them love their parents; because there is no one so failing in good sense, as not to deem it a shame to be surpassed in virtue by birds devoid of reason. The storks surround their father, when old age makes his feathers drop off, warm him with their wings, and provide abundantly for his support, and even in their flight they help him as much as they are able, raising him gently on each side upon their wings, a conduct so notorious that it has given to gratitude the name of “antipelargosis.”  26  From πελαργός. On the pious affection of the stork, cf. Plato, Alc. i. 135 (§ 61), Arist., H.A. ix. 13, 20, Ælian, H.A. iii. 23 and x. 16, and Plin. x. 32. From πελαργὸς was supposed to be derived the Pythagorean word πελαργᾶν (Diog. Laert. viii. 20), but this is now regarded as a corruption of πεδαρτᾶν. Let no one lament poverty; let not the man whose house is bare despair of his life, when he considers the industry of the swallow. To build her nest, she brings bits of straw in her beak; and, as she cannot raise the mud in her claws, she moistens the end of her wings in water and then rolls in very fine dust and thus procures mud.  27  “Hirundines luto construunt, stramine roborant: si quando inopia est luti, madefactæ multa aqua pennis pulverem spargunt.” Plin. x. 49. cf. Arist., Hist. An. ix. 10. After having united, little by little, the bits of straw with this mud, as with glue, she feeds her young; and if any one of them has its eyes injured, she has a natural remedy to heal the sight of her little ones.  28  “Chelidoniam visui saluberriman hirundines monstravere, vexatis pullorum oculis illa medentes.” Plin. viii. 41. cf. Ælian, H.A. iii. 25. Chelidonia is swallowwort or celandine.

This sight ought to warn you not to take to evil ways on account of poverty; and, even if you are reduced to the last extremity, not to lose all hope; not to abandon yourself to inaction and idleness, but to have recourse to God. If He is so bountiful to the swallow, what will He not do for those who call upon Him with all their heart?

The halcyon is a sea bird, which lays its eggs along the shore, or deposits them in the sand. And it lays in the middle of winter, when the violence of the winds dashes the sea against the land. Yet all winds are hushed, and the wave of the sea grows calm, during the seven days that the halcyon sits.  29  “Fœtificant bruma, qui dies halcyonides vocantur, placido mari per eos et navigabili, Siculo maxime. Plin. x. 47. cf. Arist., H.A. v. 8, 9, and Ælian, H. N. i. 36. So Theoc. vii. 57: Χ᾽ ἁλκυόνες στορεσεῦντι τὰ κύματα, τάν τε θάλασσαν Τόν τε νότον τόντ᾽ εὖρον ὃς ἔσχατα φυκία κινεῖ Sir Thomas Browne (Vulgar Errors) denies the use of a kingfisher as a weather-gauge, but says nothing as to the “halcyon days.” Kingfishers are rarely seen in the open sea, but haunt estuaries which are calm without any special miracle. Possibly the halcyon was a tern or sea-swallow, which resembles a kingfisher, but they brood on land.

For it only takes seven days to hatch the young. Then, as they are in need of food so that they may grow, God, in His munificence, grants another seven days to this tiny animal. All sailors know this, and call these days halcyon days. If divine Providence has established these marvellous laws in favour of creatures devoid of reason, it is to induce you to ask for your salvation from God. Is there a wonder which He will not perform for you—you have been made in His image, when for so little a bird, the great, the fearful sea is held in check and is commanded in the midst of winter to be calm.

Πῶς ἄν σοι πάντα δι' ἀκριβείας ἐπέλθοιμι τὰ ἐν τοῖς βίοις τῶν ὀρνίθων ἰδιώματα; Πῶς μὲν αἱ γέρανοι τὰς ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ προφυλακὰς ἐκ περιτροπῆς ὑποδέχονται: καὶ αἱ μὲν καθεύδουσιν, αἱ δὲ κύκλῳ περιιοῦσαι, πᾶσαν αὐταῖς ἐν τῷ ὕπνῳ παρέχονται τὴν ἀσφάλειαν: εἶτα τοῦ καιροῦ τῆς φυλακῆς πληρουμένου, ἡ μὲν βοήσασα πρὸς ὕπνον ἐτράπετο, ἡ δὲ τὴν διαδοχὴν ὑποδεξαμένη, ἧς ἔτυχεν ἀσφαλείας ἀντέδωκεν ἐν τῷ μέρει. Ταύτην καὶ ἐν τῇ πτήσει τὴν εὐταξίαν κατόψει. Ἄλλοτε γὰρ ἄλλη τὴν ὁδηγίαν ἐκδέχεται, καὶ τακτόν τινα χρόνον προκαθηγησαμένη τῆς πτήσεως, εἰς τὸ κατόπιν περιελθοῦσα, τῇ μεθ' ἑαυτὴν τὴν ἡγεμονίαν τῆς ὁδοῦ παραδίδωσι. Τὸ δὲ τῶν πελαργῶν οὐδὲ πόρρω ἐστὶ συνέσεως λογικῆς: οὕτω μὲν κατὰ τὸν ἕνα καιρὸν πάντας ἐπιδημεῖν τοῖς τῇδε χωρίοις: οὕτω δὲ ὑφ' ἑνὶ συνθήματι πάντας ἀπαίρειν. Δορυφοροῦσι δὲ αὐτοὺς αἱ παρ' ἡμῖν κορῶναι, καὶ παραπέμπουσιν, ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, καὶ συμμαχίαν τινὰ παρεχόμεναι πρὸς ὄρνιθας πολεμίους. Σημεῖον δὲ, πρῶτον μὲν τὸ μὴ φαίνεσθαι ὑπὸ τὸν καιρὸν ἐκεῖνον κορώνην παντάπασιν, ἔπειθ' ὅτι μετὰ τραυμάτων ἐπανερχόμεναι ἐναργῆ τοῦ συνασπισμοῦ καὶ τῆς ἐπιμαχίας τὰ σημεῖα κομίζουσι. Τίς παρ' αὐταῖς τοὺς τῆς φιλοξενίας διώρισε νόμους; Τίς αὐταῖς ἠπείλησε λειποστρατίου γραφὴν, ὡς μηδεμίαν ἀπολείπεσθαι τῆς προπομπῆς. Ἀκουέτωσαν οἱ κακόξενοι, καὶ τὰς θύρας κλείοντες, καὶ μηδὲ στέγης ἐν χειμῶνι καὶ νυκτὶ τοῖς ἐπιδημοῦσι μεταδιδόντες. Ἡ δὲ περὶ τοὺς γηράσαντας τῶν πελαργῶν πρόνοια ἐξήρκει τοὺς παῖδας ἡμῶν, εἰ προσέχειν ἐβούλοντο, φιλοπάτορας καταστῆσαι. Πάντως γὰρ οὐδεὶς οὕτως ἐλλείπων κατὰ τὴν φρόνησιν, ὡς μὴ αἰσχύνης ἄξιον κρίνειν τῶν ἀλογωτάτων ὀρνίθων ὑστερίζειν κατ' ἀρετήν. Ἐκεῖνοι τὸν πατέρα ὑπὸ τοῦ γήρως πτερορρυήσαντα περιστάντες ἐν κύκλῳ τοῖς οἰκείοις πτεροῖς διαθάλπουσι, καὶ τὰς τροφὰς ἀφθόνως παρασκευάζοντες, τὴν δυνατὴν καὶ ἐν τῇ πτήσει παρέχονται βοήθειαν, ἠρέμα τῷ πτερῷ κουφίζοντες ἑκατέρωθεν. Καὶ οὕτω τοῦτο παρὰ πᾶσι διαβεβόηται, ὥστε ἤδη τινὲς τὴν τῶν εὐεργετημάτων ἀντίδοσιν ἀντιπελάργωσιν ὀνομάζουσι. Μηδεὶς πενίαν ὀδυρέσθω: μηδὲ ἀπογινωσκέτω ἑαυτοῦ τὴν ζωὴν, ὁ μηδεμίαν οἴκοι περιουσίαν καταλιπὼν, πρὸς τὸ τῆς χελιδόνος εὐμήχανον ἀποβλέπων. Ἐκείνη γὰρ τὴν καλιὰν πηγνυμένη, τὰ μὲν κάρφη τῷ στόματι διακομίζει: πηλὸν δὲ τοῖς ποσὶν ἆραι μὴ δυναμένη, τὰ ἄκρα τῶν πτερῶν ὕδατι καταβρέξασα, εἶτα τῇ λεπτοτάτῃ κόνει ἐνειληθεῖσα, οὕτως ἐπινοεῖ τοῦ πηλοῦ τὴν χρείαν: καὶ κατὰ μικρὸν ἀλλήλοις τὰ κάρφη οἷον κόλλῃ τινὶ τῷ πηλῷ συνδήσασα, ἐν αὐτῇ τοὺς νεοττοὺς ἐκτρέφει: ὧν ἐάν τις ἐκκεντήσῃ τὰ ὄμματα, ἔχει τινὰ παρὰ τῆς φύσεως ἰατρικὴν, δι' ἧς πρὸς ὑγείαν ἐπανάγει τῶν ἐκγόνων τὰς ὄψεις. Ταῦτά σε νουθετείτω, μὴ διὰ πενίαν πρὸς κακουργίαν τρέπεσθαι: μηδὲ ἐν τοῖς χαλεπωτάτοις πάθεσι πᾶσαν ἐλπίδα ῥίψαντα, ἄπρακτον κεῖσθαι καὶ ἀνενέργητον: ἀλλ' ἐπὶ Θεὸν καταφεύγειν, ὃς εἰ χελιδόνι τὰ τηλικαῦτα χαρίζεται, πόσῳ μείζονα δώσει τοῖς ἐξ ὅλης καρδίας ἐπιβοωμένοις αὐτόν; Ἁλκυών ἐστι θαλάττιον ὄρνεον. Αὕτη παρ' αὐτοὺς νοσσεύειν τοὺς αἰγιαλοὺς πέφυκεν, ἐπ' αὐτῆς τὰ ὠὰ τῆς ψάμμου καταθεμένη: καὶ νοσσεύει κατὰ μέσον που τὸν χειμῶνα, ὅτε πολλοῖς καὶ βιαίοις ἀνέμοις ἡ θάλασσα τῇ γῇ προσαράσσεται. Ἀλλ' ὅμως κοιμίζονται μὲν πάντες ἄνεμοι, ἡσυχάζει δὲ κῦμα θαλάσσιον, ὅταν ἁλκυὼν ἐπωάζῃ τὰς ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας. Ἐν τοσαύταις γὰρ μόναις ἐκλεπίζει τοὺς νεοττούς. Ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ τροφῆς αὐτοῖς χρεία, ἄλλας ἑπτὰ πρὸς τὴν τῶν νεοττῶν αὔξησιν ὁ μεγαλόδωρος Θεὸς τῷ μικροτάτῳ ζῴῳ παρέσχετο. Ὥστε καὶ ναυτικοὶ πάντες ἴσασι τοῦτο, καὶ ἁλκυονίδας τὰς ἡμέρας ἐκείνας προσαγορεύουσι. Ταῦτά σοι εἰς προτροπὴν τοῦ αἰτεῖν παρὰ Θεοῦ τὰ πρὸς σωτηρίαν διὰ τῆς περὶ τὰ ἄλογα τοῦ Θεοῦ προνοίας νενομοθέτηται. Τί οὐκ ἂν γένοιτο τῶν παραδόξων ἕνεκεν σοῦ, ὃς κατ' εἰκόνα γέγονας τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὅπουγε ὑπὲρ ὄρνιθος οὕτω μικρᾶς ἡ μεγάλη καὶ φοβερὰ κατέχεται θάλασσα, ἐν μέσῳ χειμῶνι γαλήνην ἄγειν ἐπιταχθεῖσα;