ΤΟΥ ΕΝ ΑΓΙΟΙΣ ΠΑΤΡΟΣ ΗΜΩΝ ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ ΑΡΧΙΕΠΙΣΚΟΠΟΥ ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΥΠΟΛΕΩΣ ΤΟΥ ΧΡΥΣΟΣΤΟΜΟΥ ΥΠΟΜΝΗΜΑ ΕΙΣ ΤΗΝ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΙΜΟΘΕΟΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΟΛΗΝ ΠΡΩΤΗΝ. ΥΠΟΘΕΣΙΣ. Τῶν τοῦ

 ΟΜΙΛΙΑ Αʹ. Παῦλος ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ κατ' ἐπιταγὴν Θεοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χρι στοῦ, τῆς ἐλπίδος ἡμῶν, Τιμοθέῳ γνησίῳ τέκνῳ ἐν πίστει,

 ΟΜΙΛΙΑ Βʹ. Τὸ δὲ τέλος τῆς παραγγελίας ἐστὶν ἀγάπη ἐκ καθαρᾶς καρδίας καὶ συνειδήσεως ἀγαθῆς καὶ πίστεως ἀνυποκρίτου: ὧν τινες ἀστοχήσαν τες, ἐξετράπη

 ΟΜΙΛΙΑ Γʹ. Χάριν ἔχω τῷ ἐνδυναμώσαντί με Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ τῷ Κυρίῳ ἡμῶν, ὅτι πιστόν με ἡγήσατο θέμε νος εἰς διακονίαν, τὸν πρότερον ὄντα βλάσφη μον καὶ δι

 ΟΜΙΛΙΑ Δʹ. Πιστὸς ὁ λόγος, καὶ πάσης ἀποδοχῆς ἄξιος, ὅτι Χριστὸς Ἰησοῦς ἦλθεν εἰς τὸν κόσμον ἁμαρ τωλοὺς σῶσαι, ὧν πρῶτός εἰμι ἐγώ. Ἀλλὰ διὰ τοῦτο ἠλε

 ΟΜΙΛΙΑ Εʹ. Ταύτην τὴν παραγγελίαν παρατίθεμαί σοι, τέ κνον Τιμόθεε, κατὰ τὰς προαγούσας ἐπὶ σὲ προφητείας, ἵνα στρατεύῃ ἐν αὐταῖς τὴν καλὴν στρατείαν,

 ΟΜΙΛΙΑ Ϛʹ. Παρακαλῶ οὖν πρῶτον πάντων ποιεῖσθαι δεή σεις, προσευχὰς, ἐντεύξεις, εὐχαριστίας ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀνθρώπων, ὑπὲρ βασιλέων καὶ πάντων τῶν ἐν ὑπερ

 ΟΜΙΛΙΑ Ζʹ. Ἵνα ἤρεμον καὶ ἡσύχιον βίον διάγωμεν ἐν πάσῃ εὐσεβείᾳ καὶ σεμνότητι. Τοῦτο γὰρ καλὸν καὶ ἀποδεκτὸν ἐνώπιον τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν Θεοῦ, ὃς πάντας

 ΟΜΙΛΙΑ Ηʹ. Βούλομαι οὖν προσεύχεσθαι τοὺς ἄνδρας ἐν παντὶ τόπῳ, ἐπαίροντας ὁσίους χεῖρας χωρὶς ὀργῆς καὶ διαλογισμοῦ: ὡσαύτως καὶ τὰς γυ ναῖκας ἐν κατ

 ΟΜΙΛΙΑ Θʹ. Γυνὴ ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ μανθανέτω ἐν πάσῃ ὑποταγῇ. Γυναικὶ δὲ διδάσκειν οὐκ ἐπιτρέπω, οὐδὲ αὐθεντεῖν ἀνδρὸς, ἀλλ' εἶναι ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ. Ἀδὰμ γὰρ πρῶτος ἐ

 ΟΜΙΛΙΑ Ιʹ. Εἴ τις ἐπισκοπῆς ὀρέγεται, καλοῦ ἔργου ἐπιθυ μεῖ. Δεῖ οὖν τὸν ἐπίσκοπον ἀνεπίληπτον εἶναι, μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρα, νηφάλιον, σώφρο να, κόσμιον

 ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΙΑʹ. Διακόνους ὡσαύτως σεμνοὺς, μὴ διλόγους, μὴ οἴνῳ πολλῷ προσέχοντας, μὴ αἰσχροκερδεῖς, ἔχοντας τὸ μυστήριον τῆς πίστεως ἐν καθαρᾷ συνειδήσει

 ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΙΒʹ. Τὸ δὲ πνεῦμα ῥητῶς λέγει, ὅτι ἐν ὑστέροις και ροῖς ἀποστήσονταί τινες τῆς πίστεως, προσ έχοντες πνεύμασι πλάνοις καὶ διδασκαλίαις δαιμόνων

 ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΙΓʹ. Παράγγελλε ταῦτα καὶ δίδασκε. Μηδείς σου τῆς νεότητος καταφρονείτω, ἀλλὰ τύπος γίνου τῶν πιστῶν ἐν λόγῳ, ἐν ἀναστροφῇ, ἐν ἀγάπῃ, ἐν πίστει

 ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΙΔʹ. Εἰ δέ τις τῶν ἰδίων, καὶ μάλιστα τῶν οἰκείων οὐ προνοεῖ, τὴν πίστιν ἤρνηται, καὶ ἔστιν ἀπίστου χείρων. αʹ. Πολλοὶ νομίζουσιν ἀρκεῖν ἑαυτοῖ

 ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΙΕʹ. Νεωτέρας δὲ χήρας παραιτοῦ: ὅταν γὰρ καταστρη νιάσωσι τοῦ Χριστοῦ, γαμεῖν θέλουσιν, ἔχουσαι κρῖμα, ὅτι τὴν πρώτην πίστιν ἠθέτησαν. Ἅμα δὲ

 ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΙϚʹ. Διαμαρτύρομαι ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ Κυ ρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ τῶν ἐκλεκτῶν ἀγγέ λων, ἵνα ταῦτα φυλάξῃς χωρὶς προκρίματος, μηδὲν ποιῶν κατὰ

 ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΙΖʹ. Ταῦτα δίδασκε καὶ παρακάλει. Εἴ τις ἑτε ροδιδασκαλεῖ, καὶ μὴ προσέρχεται ὑγιαίνουσι λόγοις τοῖς τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ τῇ κατ'

 ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΙΗʹ. Παραγγέλλω σοι ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ ζωοποιοῦν τος τὰ πάντα, καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ μαρτυρήσαντος ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πιλάτου τὴν κα λὴν ὁμολ

Homily XII.

1 Timothy iv. 1–3

“Now the Spirit speaketh expressly, that in the latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits, and doctrines of demons; speaking lies in hypocrisy; having their conscience seared with a hot iron; forbidding to marry, and commanding to abstain from meats, which God hath created to be received with thanksgiving of them which believe and know the truth.”

As those who adhere to the faith are fixed on a safe anchor, so those who fall from the faith can nowhere rest; but after many wanderings to and fro, they are borne at last into the very gulf of perdition. And this he had shown before, saying, that some had “already made shipwreck concerning the faith,” and now he says, “Now the Spirit speaketh expressly, that in the latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits.” This is said of the Manichæans, the Encratites,137    St. Chrys. often speaks of the Manichees and Marcionites, but rarely of the Encratites. They are mentioned more than once by Clem. Al., who says (Strom. 7) that they are named from “Temperance” (ἐγκρατεία). Origen (cont. Cel. v. 65, p. 628) says they did not acknowledge St. Paul’s Epistles. Eusebius, iv. 28, 29, that Tatian was the author of this heresy, and so Epiphanius, who treats of its several points at length. Her. 26 (Montf.). and the Marcionites, and the whole of their tribe,138    Literally, “shop.” that they should hereafter depart from the faith. Seest thou that this departure from the faith is the cause of all the evils that follow!

But what is “expressly”? Plainly, clearly, and beyond doubt. Marvel not, he says, if some having departed from the faith still adhere to Judaism. There will be a time, when even those who have partaken of the faith will fall into a worse error, not only with respect to meats, but to marriages, and other such things, introducing the most pernicious notions. This refers not to the Jews, (for “the latter times,” and a “departure from the faith,” is not applicable to them;) but to the Manichees, and the founders of these sects. And he calls them very justly, “seducing spirits,” since it was by these they were actuated in speaking such things. “Speaking lies in hypocrisy.” This implies that they utter not these falsehoods through ignorance and unknowingly, but as acting a part, knowing the truth, but “having their conscience seared,” that is, being men of evil lives.

But why does he speak only of these heretics? Christ had before said, “Offenses must need come” (Matt. xviii. 7.), and he had predicted the same in his parable of the sower, and of the springing up of the tares. But here admire with me the prophetic gift of Paul, who, before the times in which they were to appear, specifies the time itself. As if he had said, Do not wonder, if, at the commencement of the faith, some endeavor to bring in these pernicious doctrines; since, after it has been established for a length of time, many shall depart from the faith. “Forbidding to marry, and commanding to abstain from meats.” Why then has he mentioned no other heresies? Though not particularized, they are implied by the expressions of “seducing spirits and doctrines of demons.” But he did not wish to instill these things into the minds of men before the time; but that which had already commenced, the case of meats, he specifies. “Which God hath created to be received with thanksgiving of them which believe and know the truth.” Why did he not say, by the unbelievers too? How by the unbelievers, when they exclude themselves from them by their own rules? But is not luxury forbidden? Certainly it is. But why? if good things are created to be received. Because He created bread, and yet too much is forbidden; and wine also, and yet excess is forbidden; and we are not commanded to avoid dainties as if they were unclean in themselves, but as they corrupt the soul by excess.

Ver. 4. “For every creature of God is good, and nothing to be refused, if it be received with thanksgiving.”

If it be the creature of God, it is good. For “all things,” it is said, “were very good.” (Gen. i. 31.) By speaking thus of things eatable, he by anticipation impugns the heresy of those who introduce an uncreated matter, and assert that these things proceed from it. But if it is good, why is it “sanctified by the word of God and prayers”? For it must be unclean, if it is to be sanctified? Not so, here he is speaking to those who thought that some of these things were common; therefore he lays down two positions: first, that no creature of God is unclean: secondly, that if it were become so, you have a remedy, seal it,139    i.e. with the sign of the cross, σφράγισον. give thanks, and glorify God, and all the uncleanness passes away. Can we then so cleanse that which is offered to an idol? If you know not that it was so offered. But if, knowing this, you partake of it, you will be unclean; not because it was offered to an idol, but because contrary to an express command, you thereby communicate with devils. So that it is not unclean by nature, but becomes so through your wilful disobedience. What then, is not swine’s flesh unclean? By no means, when it is received with thanksgiving, and with the seal; nor is anything else. It is your unthankful disposition to God that is unclean.

Ver. 6. “If thou put the brethren in remembrance of these things, thou shalt be a good minister of Jesus Christ, nourished up in the words of faith and of good doctrine, whereunto thou hast attained.”

What are the things here meant? The same which he had before mentioned, that “great is the mystery”; that to abstain from meats is the doctrine of devils, that they are “cleansed by the word of God and prayer.”

Ver. 7. “But refuse profane and old wives’ fables, and exercise thyself rather unto godliness.”

“Putting them in remembrance,” he says; here you observe no authority; but all is condescension: he does not say “commanding” or “enjoining,” but reminding them: that is, suggest these things as matter of advice, and so enter into discourses with them concerning the faith, “being nourished up,” he says, meaning to imply constancy in application to these things.

For as we set before us day by day this bodily nourishment, so he means, let us be continually receiving discourses concerning the faith, and ever be nourished with them. What is this, “being nourished up”? Ruminating upon them; attending ever to the same things, and practicing ever the same, for it is no common nourishment that they supply.

“But refuse profane and old wives’ fables.” By these are meant Jewish traditions, and he calls them “fables,” either because of their falsehood or their unseasonableness. For what is seasonable is useful, but what is unseasonable is not only useless but injurious. Suppose a man of adult age to be suckled by a nurse, would he not be ridiculous, because it is unseasonable? “Profane and old wives’ fables,” he calls them, partly because of their obsoleteness, and partly because they are impediments to faith. For to bring souls under fear, that are raised above these things, is an impious commandment. “Exercise thyself unto godliness.” That is, unto a pure faith and a moral life; for this is godliness. So then we need “exercise.”

Ver. 8. “For bodily exercise140    γυμνασία. profiteth little.” This has by some been referred to fasting; but away with such a notion! for that is not a bodily but a spiritual exercise. If it were bodily it would nourish the body, whereas it wastes and makes it lean, so that it is not bodily. Hence he is not speaking of the discipline141    ἀσκήσεως. of the body. What we need, therefore, is the exercise142    γυμνασία. of the soul. For the exercise of the body hath no profit, but may benefit the body a little, but the exercise143    ἄσκησις, the proper word for spiritual exercise. St. Paul uses the other, because bodily exercise for bodily purposes was familiar to all Greeks. of godliness yields fruit and advantage both here and hereafter.

“This is a faithful saying,” that is, it is true that godliness is profitable both here and hereafter. Observe how everywhere he brings in this, he needs no demonstration, but simply declares it, for he was addressing Timothy.

So then even here, we have good hopes? For he who is conscious to himself of no evil, and who has been fruitful in good, rejoices even here: as the wicked man on the other hand is punished here as well as hereafter. He lives in perpetual fear, he can look no one in the face with confidence, he is pale, trembling, and full of anxiety. Is it not so with the fraudulent, and with thieves, who have no satisfaction even in what they possess? Is not the life of murderers and adulterers most wretched, who look upon the sun itself with suspicion? Is this to be called life? No; rather a horrid death!

Ver. 10. “For therefore we both labor and suffer reproach, because we trust in the living God, who is the Saviour of all men, specially of them that believe.”

This in effect is to say, wherefore do we mortify ourselves, unless we expect future blessings? Have we endured so many evils, submitted to so many reproaches, suffered such insults and calumnies, and such numerous calamities in vain? For if we did not trust in the living God, on what account did we submit to these things? But if God is here the Saviour144    Or Preserver. of the unbelieving, much more is He of the faithful hereafter. What salvation does he speak of? That to come?145    The Editor ventures to mark this as a question, though not so printed, or so taken in the old Translation. B. once had εὐ, which gives this sense with or without a question. “Who is the Saviour,” he says, “of all men, specially of them that believe.” At present he is speaking of that which is here. But how is He the Saviour of the faithful? Had he not been so, they must long since have been destroyed, for all men have made war upon them. He calls him here to endure perils, that having God for his Saviour he may not faint nor need any aid from others, but willingly and with fortitude endure all things. Even those who eagerly grasp at worldly advantages, supported by the hope of gain, cheerfully undertake laborious enterprises.

It is then the last time. For “in the latter times,” he says, “some shall depart from the faith.” “Forbidding to marry.” And do not we forbid to marry? God forbid. We do not forbid those who wish to marry, but those who do not wish to marry, we exhort to virginity. It is one thing to forbid, and another to leave one to his own free choice. He that forbids, does it once for all, but he who recommends virginity as a higher state, does not forbid marriage, because he prefers virginity.

“Forbidding to marry,” he says, “and commanding to abstain from meats, which God hath created to be received with thanksgiving of them which believe and know the truth.” It is well said, “who know the truth.” The former things then were a type. For nothing is unclean by nature, but it becomes so through the conscience of him that partakes of it. And what was the object of the prohibition of so many meats? To restrain excessive luxury. But had it been said, “eat not for the sake of luxury,” it would not have been borne. They were therefore shut up under the necessity of the law, that they might abstain from the stronger principle of fear. The fish was not forbidden, though it was manifestly more unclean than the swine. But they might have learned how pernicious luxury was from that saying of Moses, “Jeshurun waxed fat, and kicked.” (Deut. xxxii. 15.) Another cause of these prohibitions might be, that being straitened for other food, they might be reduced to slaughter sheep and oxen; he therefore restrained them from other things, on account of Apis and the calf, which was an abomination, ungrateful, polluted, and profane.146    This is scarcely intelligible. B. has, “for he is unclean, who is unthankful, wicked, and profane.”

“Put them in remembrance of these things, meditate upon147    Or practice, v. 15. these things,” for by the expression, “nourished up in the words of faith and sound doctrine,” is implied that he should not only recommend these things to others, but himself practice them. For he says, “Nourished up in the words of faith, and of good doctrine, whereunto thou hast attained. But refuse profane and old wives’ fables.” Why does he not say, abstain from them, but “refuse”? He thus intimates that they should be utterly rejected. His meaning is, that he should not enter into any disputation with the teachers of them, but recommend to his own people the things prescribed above. For nothing is to be gained by contending with perverse men, unless where it might have an injurious effect, if we were supposed from weakness to decline arguing with them.

“But exercise thyself unto godliness,” that is, unto a pure life, and the most virtuous conversation. He that exerciseth himself, even when it is not the season of contest, acts always as if he were contending, practices abstinence, endures all toils, is always anxious, endures much labor. “Exercise thyself,” he saith, “unto godliness; for bodily exercise profiteth little, but godliness is profitable for all things, having the promise of the life that now is, and of that which is to come.” And why, says one, does he mention this bodily exercise? To show by comparison the superiority of the other, in that the former is of no solid advantage, though it is attended with many toils, whilst the latter has a lasting and abundant good. As when he bids women “adorn themselves, not with broidered hair, or gold, or costly array: but which becometh women possessing godliness; with good works.” (1 Tim. ii. 9, 10)

Moral. “This is a faithful saying, and worthy of all acceptation. For therefore we both labor and suffer reproach.” Did Paul then suffer reproach, and art thou impatient? Did Paul labor, and wouldest thou live luxuriously? But had he lived luxuriously, he would never have attained such great blessings. For if worldly goods, which are uncertain and perishable, are never gained by men without labor and pains, much less are spiritual. Well, saith one, but some inherit them. Yet even when inherited they are not guarded and preserved without labor, and care, and trouble, no less than those have that have gained them. And I need not say that many who have toiled and endured hardships have been disappointed at the very entrance of the harbor, and an adverse wind has caused the wreck of their hopes, when they were upon the point of possession. But with us there is nothing like this. For it is God who promised, and that “hope maketh not ashamed.” (Rom. v. 5.) Ye who are conversant with worldly affairs, know ye not how many men, after infinite toils, have not enjoyed the fruit of their labors, either being previously cut off by death, or overtaken by misfortune, or assailed by disease, or ruined by false accusers, or some other cause, which amidst the variety of human casualties, has forced them to go with empty hands?

But do you not see the lucky men, says one, who with little labor acquire the good things of life? What good things? Money, houses, so many acres of land, trains of servants, heaps of gold and silver? Can you call these good things, and not hide your head for shame? A man called to the pursuit of heavenly wisdom, and gaping after worldly things, and calling them “goods,” which are of no value! If these things are good, then the possessors of them must be called good. For is not he good, who is the possessor of what is good? But when the possessors of these things are guilty of fraud and rapine, shall we call them good? For if wealth is a good, but is increased by grasping, the more it is increased, the more will its possessor be considered to be good. Is the grasping man then good? But if wealth is good, and increases by grasping, the more a man grasps, the better he must be. Is not this plainly a contradiction? But suppose the wealth is not gained wrongfully. And how is this possible? So destructive a passion is avarice, that to grow rich without injustice is impossible. This Christ declared, saying, “Make to yourselves friends of the Mammon of unrighteousness.” (Luke xvi. 19.) But what if he succeeded to his father’s inheritance? Then he received what had been gathered by injustice. For it was not from Adam that his ancestor inherited riches, but, of the many that were before him, some one must probably have unjustly taken and enjoyed the goods of others. What then? he says, did Abraham hold unrighteous wealth; and Job, that blameless, righteous, and faithful man, who “feared God and eschewed evil”? Theirs was a wealth that consisted not in gold and silver, nor in houses, but in cattle. Besides this, he was enriched by God.148    θεόπλουτος. And the author of that book, relating what happened to that blessed man, mentions the loss of his camels, his mares and asses, but does not speak of treasures of gold or silver being taken away. The riches of Abraham too were his domestics. What then? Did he not buy them? No, for to this very point the Scripture says, that the three hundred and eighteen were born in his house. (Gen. xix. 14.) He had also sheep and oxen. Whence then did he send gold to Rebekah? (Gen. xxiv. 22; xii. 16.) From the gifts which he received from Egypt without violence or wrong.

Tell me, then, whence art thou rich? From whom didst thou receive it, and from whom he who transmitted it to thee? From his father and his grandfather. But canst thou, ascending through many generations, show the acquisition just? It cannot be. The root and origin of it must have been injustice. Why? Because God in the beginning made not one man rich, and another poor. Nor did He afterwards take and show to one treasures of gold, and deny to the other the right of searching for it: but He left the earth free to all alike. Why then, if it is common, have you so many acres of land, while your neighbor has not a portion of it? It was transmitted to me by my father. And by whom to him? By his forefathers. But you must go back and find the original owner. Jacob had wealth, but it was earned as the hire of his labors.

But I will not urge this argument too closely. Let your riches be justly gained, and without rapine. For you are not responsible for the covetous acts of your father. Your wealth may be derived from rapine; but you were not the plunderer. Or granting that he did not obtain it by robbery, that his gold was cast up somewhere out of the earth. What then? Is wealth therefore good? By no means. At the same time it is not bad, he says, if its possessor be not covetous; it is not bad, if it be distributed to the poor, otherwise it is bad, it is ensnaring. “But if he does not evil, though he does no good, it is not bad,” he argues. True. But is not this an evil, that you alone should have the Lord’s property, that you alone should enjoy what is common? Is not “the earth God’s, and the fullness thereof”? If then our possessions belong to one common Lord, they belong also to our fellow-servants. The possessions of one Lord are all common. Do we not see this the settled rule in great houses? To all is given an equal portion of provisions, for it proceeds from the treasures of their Lord. And the house of the master is opened to all. The king’s possessions are all common, as cities, market-places, and public walks. We all share them equally.

Mark the wise dispensation of God. That He might put mankind to shame, He hath made certain things common, as the sun, air, earth, and water, the heaven, the sea, the light, the stars; whose benefits are dispensed equally to all as brethren. We are all formed with the same eyes, the same body, the same soul, the same structure in all respects,149    “Hath not a Jew the same organs, the same dimensions?”—Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice. all things from the earth, all men from one man, and all in the same habitation. But these are not enough to shame us. Other things then (as we have said) He hath made common, as baths, cities, market-places, walks. And observe, that concerning things that are common there is no contention, but all is peaceable. But when one attempts to possess himself of anything, to make it his own, then contention is introduced, as if nature herself were indignant, that when God brings us together in every way, we are eager to divide and separate ourselves by appropriating things, and by using those cold words “mine and thine.” Then there is contention and uneasiness. But where this is not, no strife or contention is bred. This state therefore is rather our inheritance, and more agreeable to nature. Why is it, that there is never a dispute about a market-place? Is it not because it is common to all? But about a house, and about property, men are always disputing. Things necessary are set before us in common; but even in the least things we do not observe a community. Yet those greater things He hath opened freely to all, that we might thence be instructed to have these inferior things in common. Yet for all this, we are not instructed.

But as I said, how can he, who is rich, be a good man? When he distributes his riches, he is good, so that he is good when he has ceased to have it, when he gives it to others; but whilst he keeps it himself, he is not good. How then is that a good which being retained renders men evil, being parted with makes them good? Not therefore to have wealth, but to have it not, makes one appear to be good. Wealth therefore is not a good. But if, when you can receive it, you receive it not, again you are good.

If then we are good, when having it, we distribute it to others; or when offered to us we refuse it, and if we are not good, when we receive or gain it, how can it be a good thing in itself? Call it not therefore a good. You possess it not, because you think it a good, because you are anxious to possess it. Cleanse thy mind, and rectify thy judgment, and then thou wilt be good. Learn what are really goods. What are they? Virtue and benevolence. These and not that, are truly good. According to this rule, the more charitable thou art, the more good thou wilt be considered. But if thou art rich, thou art no longer good. Let us therefore become thus good, that we may be really good, and may obtain the good things to come in Jesus Christ, with whom, &c.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΙΒʹ. Τὸ δὲ πνεῦμα ῥητῶς λέγει, ὅτι ἐν ὑστέροις και ροῖς ἀποστήσονταί τινες τῆς πίστεως, προσ έχοντες πνεύμασι πλάνοις καὶ διδασκαλίαις δαιμόνων, ἐν ὑποκρίσει ψευδολόγων, κεκαυ τηριασμένων τὴν ἰδίαν συνείδησιν, κωλυόν των γαμεῖν, ἀπέχεσθαι βρωμάτων, ἃ ὁ Θεὸς ἔκτισεν εἰς μετάληψιν μετὰ εὐχαριστίας τοῖς πιστοῖς καὶ ἐπεγνωκόσι τὴν ἀλήθειαν. Ὅτι πᾶν κτίσμα Θεοῦ καλὸν, καὶ οὐδὲν ἀπόβλητον μετὰ εὐχαριστίας λαμβανόμενον: ἁγιάζεται γὰρ διὰ λόγου Θεοῦ καὶ ἐντεύξεως. αʹ. Ὥσπερ οἱ τῆς πίστεως ἐχόμενοι ἐπ' ἀσφαλοῦς τῆς ἀγκύρας ἐρείδονται, οὕτως οἱ ταύτης ἐκπεσόντες οὐδαμοῦ στῆναι δύνανται, ἀλλὰ πολλοὺς ἄνω καὶ κάτω πλανηθέντες πλάνους, τὸ τελευταῖον εἰς αὐτὰ τῆς ἀπωλείας φέρονται τὰ βάραθρα. Καὶ τοῦτο ἤδη μὲν ἐδήλωσεν εἰπὼν, ὅτι ἤδη ἐναυάγησάν τινες περὶ τὴν πίστιν. Καὶ νῦν δέ φησι: Τὸ δὲ Πνεῦμα ῥητῶς λέγει, ὅτι ἐν ὑστέροις καιροῖς ἀποστήσονταί τινες τῆς πίστεως, προσέχοντες πνεύμασι πλάνοις. Περὶ Μανιχαίων, καὶ Ἐγκρατιτῶν, καὶ Μαρκιωνιστῶν, καὶ παντὸς αὐτῶν τοῦ ἐργαστηρίου τὰ τοιαῦτά φησιν, ὅτι ἐν ὑστέροις καιροῖς ἀποστήσονταί τινες τῆς πίστεως. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι πάντων αἴτιον τῶν μετὰ ταῦτα κακῶν τὸ τῆς πίστεως ἀποστῆναι; Τί δέ ἐστι, Ῥητῶς; Φανερῶς, σαφῶς, ὁμολογουμένως, ὡς μὴ ἀμφιβάλλειν. Μὴ θαυμάσῃς, φησὶν, εἰ νῦν ἀπὸ τῆς πίστεώς τινες ἀποστάντες ἔτι Ἰουδαΐζουσιν: ἔσται καιρὸς ὅτε χαλεπώτερον αὐτοὶ οἱ τῆς πίστεως μετεσχηκότες τοῦτο ἐργάσονται, οὐ μέχρι βρωμάτων, ἀλλὰ καὶ μέχρι γάμων, καὶ πάντων τῶν τοιούτων τὴν ὀλέθριον συμβουλὴν εἰσάγοντες. Οὐ περὶ Ἰουδαίων λέγει ταῦτα: πῶς γὰρ τὸ, Ἐν ὑστέροις καιροῖς, καὶ τὸ, Ἀποστήσονταί τινες τῆς πίστεως, ἔχει χώραν; ἀλλὰ περὶ Μανιχαίων, καὶ τῶν ἀρχηγετῶν τούτων. Πνεύματα δὲ πλάνης ἐκάλεσεν αὐτοὺς, εἰκότως: ὑπὸ γὰρ ἐκείνων ἐνεργούμενοι, ταῦτα ἐφθέγξαντο. Τί ἐστιν, Ἐν ὑποκρίσει ψευδολόγων; Αὐτὰ ἃ ψεύδονται, οὐ κατὰ ἄγνοιαν οὐδὲ οὐκ εἰδότες, ἀλλ' ὑποκρινόμενοι ψεύδονται, εἰδότες μὲν τὸ ἀληθὲς, τὸ δὲ συνειδὸς κεκαυτηριασμένοι, τουτέστι, πονηροῦ ὄντες βίου. Τί δήποτε δὲ μόνους τούτους τοὺς αἱρετικοὺς λέγει; Προεῖπεν ὁ Χριστὸς καὶ ἑτέρους λέγων, Ἀνάγκη ἐστὶν ἐλθεῖν τὰ σκάνδαλα. Ἄλλως τε διὰ τῆς τοῦ σίτου σπορᾶς καὶ τῶν ζιζανίων τῆς βλάστης τούτους αὐτοὺς προεμήνυσε. Σὺ δέ μοι θαύμασον τοῦ Παύλου τὴν προφητείαν: πρὸ γὰρ τῶν χρόνων, ὧν ἔμελλεν ἔσεσθαι, ἐδήλου καὶ τὸν χρόνον αὐτόν. Μὴ θαυμάσῃς τοίνυν, εἰ νῦν, ὅτε τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔχει τὰ τῆς πίστεως, ταῦτά τινες ἐπιχειροῦσι παρεισφέρειν τὰ ὀλέθρια δόγματα, ὅτι, ὅταν παγῇ μετὰ χρόνον πολὺν, ἀποστήσονταί τινες τῆς πίστεως. Κωλυόντων, φησὶ, γαμεῖν, ἀπέχεσθαι βρωμάτων. Τί δήποτε καὶ τὰς ἄλλας αἱρέσεις οὐκ εἶπεν; Ἠ|νίξατο καὶ αὐτὰς εἰπὼν, Πνεύμασι πλάνοις καὶ διδασκαλίαις δαιμονίων. Οὐ γὰρ ἐβούλετο ἤδη κατασπεῖραι εἰς τὰς τῶν ἀνθρώπων ψυχὰς ταῦτα: ἀλλ' ὅπερ ἀρχὴν εἰλήφει, τοῦτο ἤδη παρέδειξε, τὸ τῶν βρωμάτων. Ἃ ὁ Θεὸς, φησὶν, ἔκτισεν εἰς μετάληψιν τοῖς πιστοῖς, καὶ ἐπεγνωκόσι τὴν ἀλήθειαν. Διὰ τί μή φησι, Καὶ τοῖς ἀπίστοις; Πῶς τοῖς ἀπίστοις, ὁπότε νόμοις ἑαυτοὺς τούτων ἀπείργουσι; Τί οὖν; οὐ κεκώλυται ἡ τρυφή; Καὶ σφόδρα. Διὰ τί, εἰ εἰς μετάληψιν ἔκτισται; Ὅτι καὶ ἄρτον ἔκτισε, καὶ κεκώλυται ἡ ἀμετρία, καὶ οἶνον ἔκτισε, καὶ κεκώλυται ἡ ἀμετρία. Οὐχ ὡς ἀκάθαρτον νῦν τὴν τρυφὴν παραιτεῖσθαι κελεύει, ἀλλ' ὡς ἐκλύουσαν διὰ τῆς ἀμετρίας τὴν ψυχήν. Ὅτι πᾶν κτίσμα Θεοῦ καλὸν, φησὶ, καὶ οὐδὲν ἀπόβλητον μετ' εὐχαριστίας λαμβανόμενον. Εἰ κτίσμα Θεοῦ, καλόν: Πάντα γὰρ καλὰ λίαν. Τῷ εἰπεῖν, Κτίσμα Θεοῦ, περὶ τῶν ἐδωδίμων ἁπάντων ᾐνίξατο: καὶ ἤδη προκατασπᾷ τὴν αἵρεσιν τὴν τῶν ἀγέννητον τὴν ὕλην εἰσαγόντων, καὶ ἐκείνης ταῦτα λεγόντων εἶναι. Οὐκοῦν εἰ καλὸν, τί ἐστιν ὅ φησι, τὸ, Ἁγιάζεται διὰ λόγου καὶ ἐντεύξεως; δῆλον γὰρ ὅτι ἀκάθαρτον ὂν ἁγιάζεται. Οὐ τοῦτο, ἀλλ' ἐνταῦθα πρὸς ἐκείνους φησὶ, τοὺς κοινά τινα νομίζοντας ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶναι. Δύο τοίνυν τίθησι κεφάλαια, ἓν μὲν, ὅτι οὐδὲν κτίσμα κοινόν: δεύτερον δὲ, ὅτι εἰ καὶ γένοιτο κοινὸν, ἀλλ' ἔχεις τὸ φάρμακον: σφράγισον, εὐχαρίστησον, δόξασον τὸν Θεὸν, καὶ πᾶσα ἀκαθαρσία ἀπέπτη. Οὐκοῦν καὶ τὸ εἰδωλόθυτον, φησὶν, οὕτω δυνάμεθα καθαίρειν; Ἐὰν μὴ ᾔδεις, ὅτι εἰδωλόθυτόν ἐστιν: ἐὰν δὲ εἰδῇς λοιπὸν καὶ μεταλάβῃς, ἀκάθαρτος ἔσῃ, οὐχ ὅτι εἰδωλόθυτόν ἐστιν, ἀλλ' ὅτι προσταχθεὶς μὴ κοινωνεῖν δαίμοσιν, ἐκοινώνησας δι' ἐκείνου. Ὥστε οὔτε ἐκεῖνό ἐστι φύσει τοιοῦτον, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῆς προαιρέσεως γίνεται τῆς σῆς καὶ τῆς παρακοῆς. Τί δαί; οὐκ ἀκάθαρτον τὸ ὕειον; Οὐδαμῶς, ὅταν μετὰ εὐχαριστίας λαμβάνηται, ὅταν μετὰ σφραγῖδος, οὐδὲ ἄλλο οὐδέν. Ἀκάθαρτος ἡ προαίρεσις ἡ μὴ εὐχαριστοῦσα τῷ Θεῷ. Ταῦτα ὑποτιθέμενος τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς, καλὸς ἔσῃ διάκονος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ἐντρεφόμενος τοῖς λόγοις τῆς πίστεως καὶ τῆς καλῆς διδασκαλίας ᾗ παρηκολούθηκας. _Ταῦτα, ποῖα; Ἅπερ εἶπεν, ὅτι τὸ μυστήριον μέγα ἐστὶν, ὅτι τὸ τούτων ἀπέχεσθαι, δαιμόνων ἐστὶν, ὅτι διὰ λόγου καὶ ἐντεύξεως Θεοῦ τὰ βρώματα καθαρίζεται. Ἐντρεφόμενος, φησὶ, τοῖς λόγοις τῆς πίστεως καὶ τῆς διδασκαλίας ᾗ παρηκολούθηκας. Τοὺς δὲ βεβήλους καὶ γραώδεις μύθους παραιτοῦ: γύμναζε δὲ σεαυτὸν πρὸς εὐσέβειαν. Ταῦτα ὑποτιθέμενος, φησίν. Ὁρᾷς οὐδαμοῦ τὴν αὐθεντίαν ἐνταῦθα, ἀλλὰ τὴν συγκατάβασιν; Ὑποτιθέμενος, φησίν. Οὐκ εἶπεν, ἐπιτάττων, οὐκ εἶπε, παραγγέλλων, ἀλλὰ, Ὑποτιθέμενος: τουτέστιν, ὡς συμβουλεύων ταῦτα ὑποτίθεσο, καὶ τοὺς λόγους ἀνακίνει τοὺς περὶ πίστεως. Ἐντρεφόμενος, φησὶ, τὸ διηνεκὲς τῆς εἰς τὰ τοιαῦτα προσοχῆς δηλῶν. βʹ. Ὥσπερ γὰρ τὴν τροφὴν ταύτην καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν προσφερόμεθα, οὕτω, φησὶ, καὶ τοὺς περὶ πίστεως λόγους ἀεὶ λαμβάνωμεν, ἀεὶ τούτοις τρεφώμεθα. Τί ἐστιν, Ἐντρεφόμενος; Μηρυκώμενος, συνεχῶς τὰ αὐτὰ στρέφων, ἀεὶ τὰ αὐτὰ μελετῶν: τροφὴν γὰρ ἔχει οὐ τὴν τυχοῦσαν. Τοὺς δὲ βεβήλους καὶ γραώδεις μύθους παραιτοῦ. Τίνας ἐνταῦθα λέγει; Τὰς Ἰουδαίων παρατηρήσεις. Καὶ μύθους αὐτάς φησι; Καὶ πάνυ, ἢ διὰ τὰς παραποιήσεις, ἢ διὰ τὸ ἄκαιρον. Τὸ γὰρ ἐν καιρῷ, χρήσιμον: χωρὶς δὲ τοῦ καιροῦ, οὐ μόνον ἄχρηστον, ἀλλὰ καὶ βλαβερόν. Ἐννόησον γάρ μοι ἄνδρα μετὰ εἴκοσιν ἔτη τῷ μαστῷ προσάγοντα ἑαυτὸν τῆς τίτθης, πῶς ἐστι καταγέλαστος, διὰ τὸ ἄκαιρον. Ὁρᾷς πῶς καὶ ἀκάθαρτα αὐτὰ εἶπε, καὶ γραώδη; τὸ μὲν διὰ τὸ παλαιὸν, τὸ δὲ διὰ τὸ ἐμποδίζειν τῇ πίστει. Τὸ γὰρ ὑπὸ φόβον ἄγειν τὴν ἀνωτέρω τούτων γενομένην ψυχὴν, τῶν ἀκαθάρτων ἐστὶ παραγγελμάτων. Γύμναζε δὲ σεαυτὸν πρὸς εὐσέβειαν, τουτέστι, πρὸς πίστιν καθαρὰν καὶ βίον ὀρθόν: τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν εὐσέβεια. Γυμνασίας ἄρα χρεία ἡμῖν. Ἡ γὰρ σωματικὴ γυμνασία, φησὶ, πρὸς ὀλίγον ἐστὶν ὠφέλιμος. Τινὲς περὶ τῆς νηστείας τοῦτό φασιν εἰρῆσθαι: ἀλλ' ἄπαγε, οὐκ ἔστι σωματικὴ γυμνασία, ἀλλὰ πνευματική. Εἰ γὰρ σωματικὴ ἦν, τὸ σῶμα ἔτρεφεν ἄν: εἰ δὲ τήκει αὐτὸ καὶ λεπτύνει καὶ κατισχνοῖ, οὐκ ἔστι σωματική. Οὐκ ἄρα περὶ τῆς τοῦ σώματος ἀσκήσεώς φησιν. Ὥστε ἡμῖν δεῖ τῆς κατὰ ψυχὴν γυμνασίας: ἐκείνη γὰρ οὐκ ἔχει κέρδος, ἀλλ' ὀλίγον ὠφέλησε τὸ σῶμα: ἡ δὲ τῆς εὐσεβείας ἄσκησις τὸν καρπὸν καὶ ἐν τῷ μέλλοντι ἀποδίδωσι, καὶ ἐνταῦθα ἀνακτᾶται, καὶ ἐκεῖ. Πιστὸς ὁ λόγος. Τουτέστιν, ἀληθὴς, ὅτι καὶ ἐνταῦθα καὶ ἐκεῖ. Ὅρα πῶς πανταχοῦ τοῦτο ἐπάγει: οὐ δεῖται κατασκευῆς, ἀλλ' ἀποφαίνεται: πρὸς γὰρ Τιμόθεον ἦν ὁ λόγος αὐτῷ. Ἄρα καὶ ἐνταῦθα ἐν ἐλπίσιν ἐσμὲν χρησταῖς. Ὁ γὰρ μηδὲν ἑαυτῷ συνειδὼς πονηρὸν, ὁ μυρία κατορθῶν, καὶ ἐνταῦθα γάννυται: ὥσπερ οὖν ὁ πονηρὸς οὐκ ἐκεῖ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐνταῦθα κολάζεται, φόβῳ συζῶν διηνεκῶς, οὐδενὶ μετὰ παῤῥησίας ἀντιβλέψαι τολμῶν, τρέμων, ὠχριῶν, ἀγωνιῶν. Ἢ οὐ τοιοῦτοι οἱ πλεονέκται, οἱ κλέπται, οὐ θαῤῥοῦντες ὑπὲρ ὧν ἔχουσιν; οἱ μοιχοὶ, οἱ ἀνδροφόνοι οὐ χαλεπωτάτην ζῶσι ζωὴν, μετὰ ὑποψίας τὸν ἥλιον ὁρῶντες αὐτόν; τοῦτο οὖν ζωή; Οὐδαμῶς, ἀλλὰ θάνατος χαλεπός. Εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ, φησὶ, κοπιῶμεν, καὶ ὀνειδιζόμεθα, ὅτι ἠλπίκαμεν ἐπὶ Θεῷ ζῶντι, ὅς ἐστι Σωτὴρ πάντων ἀνθρώπων, μάλιστα πιστῶν. Ὡσεὶ ἔλεγε: Τίνος γὰρ ἕνεκεν κόπτομεν ἑαυτοὺς, εἰ μὴ τὰ μέλλοντα προσεδοκῶμεν; τίνος δὲ ἕνεκεν πάντες ἡμῖν ὀνειδίζουσιν; οὐ δεινὰ, φησὶ, τοσαῦτα πεπόνθαμεν; οὐχ ὕβρεις καὶ λοιδορίας καὶ μυρία κακά; εἰκῆ οὖν ταῦτα ὑπεμείναμεν; εἰ μὴ ἐπὶ Θεῷ ζῶντι ἠλπίκαμεν, τίνος ἕνεκεν ταῦτα ὑπεμείναμεν; Εἰ δὲ τοὺς ἀπίστους σώζει ἐνταῦθα, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τοὺς πιστοὺς ἐκεῖ. Ποίαν λέγει σωτηρίαν; Τὴν ἐκεῖ. Ὅς ἐστι, φησὶ, Σωτὴρ πάντων, μάλιστα πιστῶν. Τουτέστι, πλείονα σπουδὴν περὶ τοὺς πιστοὺς ἐνδείκνυται. Τέως τὴν ἐνταῦθά φησι. Καὶ πῶς τῶν πιστῶν ἐστι, φησὶ, Σωτήρ; Εἰ μὴ γὰρ Σωτὴρ ἦν, οὐδὲν ἂν ἐκώλυσεν ὑπὸ πάντων πολεμουμένους πάλαι διεφθάρθαι. Ἐνταῦθα καὶ παρορμᾷ αὐτὸν πρὸς τοὺς κινδύνους, ὥστε μὴ ἐκλυθῆναι Θεὸν ἔχοντα τοιοῦτον, μήτε τῆς παρ' ἑτέρων συμμαχίας δεῖσθαι, ἀλλ' ἑκοντὶ πάντα φέρειν γενναίως: ἐπεὶ καὶ οἱ πρὸς τὰ βιωτικὰ κεχηνότες, πρὸς τὴν ἐλπίδα τοῦ κέρδους ὁρῶντες ἐγχειροῦσι τοῖς πράγμασιν. Ἄρα ἔσχατός ἐστι λοιπὸν ὁ καιρός. Ἐν ὑστέροις γὰρ καιροῖς, φησὶν, ἀποστήσονταί τινες τῆς πίστεως, προσέχοντες πνεύμασι πλάνοις καὶ διδασκαλίαις δαιμόνων, ἐν ὑποκρίσει ψευδολόγων, κεκαυτηριασμένων τὴν ἰδίαν συνείδησιν, κωλυόντων γαμεῖν. Τί οὖν; ἡμεῖς οὐ κωλύομεν, φησὶ, γαμεῖν; Οὐ κωλύομεν, μὴ γένοιτο, βουλομένους, ἀλλὰ τοὺς μὴ βουλομένους γαμεῖν προτρέπομεν ἐπὶ τὴν παρθενίαν. Ἕτερόν ἐστι κωλῦσαι καὶ ἕτερον κύριον ἀφεῖναι τῆς προαιρέσεως: ὁ μὲν γὰρ κωλύων, καθάπαξ τοῦτο ποιεῖ: ὁ δὲ ὡς ἐπὶ μείζονα τὴν παρθενίαν ἐνάγων, οὐ κωλύων γαμεῖν τοῦτο ποιεῖ, ἀλλὰ προτρέπων παρθενεύειν. Κωλυόντων, φησὶν, γαμεῖν, ἀπέχεσθαι βρωμάτων, ἃ ὁ Θεὸς ἔκτισεν εἰς μετάληψιν μετὰ εὐχαριστίας τοῖς πιστοῖς, καὶ ἐπεγνωκόσι τὴν ἀλήθειαν. Καλῶς εἶπεν, Ἐπεγνωκόσι τὴν ἀλήθειαν. Ἄρα τὰ πρότερα τύπος ἦν: οὐδὲν γὰρ φύσει ἀκάθαρτον, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τὴν συνείδησιν τοῦ μεταλαμβάνοντος γίνεται. Καὶ τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν τῶν πολλῶν αὐτοὺς βρωμάτων ἀπήγαγε: Τὴν πολλὴν ἐκκόπτων τρυφήν. Ἀλλ' εἰ μὲν εἶπεν, ὅτι Διὰ τρυφὴν μὴ ἐσθίετε, οὐκ ἂν ἠνέσχοντο: νῦν δὲ εἰς νόμου αὐτὸ κατέκλεισεν ἀνάγκην, ἵνα τῷ μείζονι φόβῳ μᾶλλον ἀπόσχωνται. Ἐπεὶ ὅτι τοῦ υἱὸς ἀκαθαρτότερόν ἐστιν ὁ ἰχθὺς, παντί που δῆλον: ἀλλ' ὅμως ἐκείνων οὐκ ἀπήγαγεν. Ὅσον δὲ αὐτοῖς χαλεπὸν ἦν ἡ τρυφὴ, ἄκουε καὶ τοῦ Μωϋσέως λέγοντος: Ἔφαγε, καὶ ἐλιπάνθη, καὶ ἐπαχύνθη, καὶ ἀπελάκτισεν ὁ ἠγαπημένος. Ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλη αἰτία. Ἵνα γὰρ στενοχωρηθέντες λοιπὸν ἐπὶ βόας ἔλθωσι, καὶ σφάττωσι πρόβατα, εἰκότως διὰ τὸν Ἆπιν καὶ τὸν μόσχον τῶν λοιπῶν ἀπεῖρξεν: ἀκάθαρτος γὰρ ἐκεῖνος, ἀχάριστος, μιαρὸς καὶ βέβηλος. γʹ. Ταῦτα ὑποτίθεσο, ταῦτα μελέτα: τὸ γὰρ, Ἐντρεφόμενος τοῖς λόγοις τῆς πίστεως, τοῦτό ἐστι. Μὴ τοῖς ἄλλοις μόνον παραίνει, φησὶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν αὐτοῖς ἔχε τὴν μελέτην. Ἐντρεφόμενος γὰρ, φησὶ, τοῖς λόγοις τῆς πίστεως καὶ τῆς καλῆς διδασκαλίας ᾗ παρηκολούθηκας. Τοὺς δὲ βεβήλους καὶ γραώδεις μύθους παραιτοῦ. Διὰ τί μὴ εἶπεν, Ἀνέχου τῶν τοιούτων, ἀλλὰ, Παραιτοῦ; Τὴν τελείαν ἀποφυγὴν αἰνιττόμενος διὰ τούτου. Ὃ δὲ λέγει, τοιοῦτόν ἐστι: Μηδὲ εἰς γυμνασίαν ποτὲ καθῇς σεαυτὸν διαλεγόμενος πρὸς ἐκείνους, ἀλλὰ ταῦτα τοῖς αὐτοῦ παραίνει. Οὐ γὰρ ἔστι πρὸς τοὺς διεστραμμένους μαχόμενον ὀνῆσαί τί ποτε, πλὴν εἴ ποτε οἰόμεθά τινα βλάβην γίνεσθαι, ὡς δι' ἀσθένειαν παραιτουμένων ἡμῶν τὴν πρὸς ἐκείνους διάλεξιν. Γύμναζε δὲ σεαυτὸν πρὸς εὐσέβειαν: τουτέστι, πρὸς βίον καθαρὸν, πρὸς πολιτείαν ἀρίστην. Ὁ δὲ γυμναζόμενος, καὶ καιροῦ μὴ ὄντος ἀγώνων, αὐτὸς ὡς ἀγωνιζόμενος ἅπαντα ποιεῖ, πάντων ἀπέχεται, ἐναγώνιός ἐστιν, ἱδρῶτας ἔχει πολλούς. Γύμναζε, φησὶ, σεαυτὸν πρὸς εὐσέβειαν. Ἡ γὰρ σωματικὴ γυμνασία πρὸς ὀλίγον ἐστὶν ὠφέλιμος: ἡ δὲ εὐσέβεια πρὸς πάντα ὠφέλιμός ἐστιν, ἐπαγγελίαν ἔχουσα ζωῆς τῆς νῦν καὶ τῆς μελλούσης. Καὶ τίνος ἕνεκεν, φησὶν, ἐμνήσθη ταύτης τῆς σωματικῆς γυμνασίας; Ἀπὸ συγκρίσεως τὴν ὑπερχὴν ταύτης δηλῶν, ὅτι ἐκείνη μὲν καὶ πόνους ἔχουσα πολλοὺς, οὐδὲν ἔχει τὸ κέρδος, οὐδὲ ἄξιον λόγου, αὕτη δὲ διηνεκὲς καὶ ἄφθονον. Ὥσπερ ὅταν λέγῃ, Κοσμεῖν ἑαυτὰς μὴ ἐν πλέγμασιν, ἢ χρυσῷ, ἢ μαργαρίταις, ἢ ἱματισμῷ πολυτελεῖ, ἀλλ' ὃ πρέπει γυναιξὶν ἐπαγγελλομέναις θεοσέβειαν, δι' ἔργων ἀγαθῶν. Πιστὸς ὁ λόγος, καὶ πάσης ἀποδοχῆς ἄξιος. Εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ κοπιῶμεν καὶ ὀνειδιζόμεθα. Παῦλος ὠνειδίζετο, καὶ σὺ ἀσχάλλεις; Παῦλος ἐκοπία, καὶ σὺ τρυφᾷν βούλει; Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἂν ἐκεῖνος τρυφῶν τοσούτων ἐπέτυχεν ἀγαθῶν. Εἰ γὰρ τὰ βιωτικὰ πράγματα καὶ ἐπίκηρα καὶ φθαρτὰ πόνων χωρὶς καὶ ἱδρώτων οὐδέποτε παραγίνεται τοῖς ἀνθρώποις, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τὰ πνευματικά. Ναὶ, φησὶν, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ κληρονομίας πολλοῖς πολλάκις παρεγένετο. Ἀλλὰ κἂν αὐτὰ παραγίνηται, ἡ φυλακὴ ἡ τούτων καὶ ἡ σωτηρία πόνων οὐκ ἔστι χωρὶς, ἀλλὰ δεῖ πονεῖν καὶ ταλαιπωρεῖσθαι τῶν κεκτημένων οὐχ ἧττον: καὶ οὔπω λέγω, ὅτι πολλὰ πονήσαντες, ἢ καὶ πολλοὶ ταλαιπωρηθέντες, ἐψεύσθησαν πρὸς αὐτὰ τοῦ λιμένος τὰ στόματα, πνεύματός ποθεν ἐμπεσόντος, καὶ ἐν αὐταῖς ταῖς ἐλπίσι τῶν ἀγαθῶν τὸ ναυάγιον ἐργασαμένου. Παρὰ δὲ ἡμῖν οὐδὲν τοιοῦτόν ἐστι: Θεὸς γάρ ἐστιν ὁ ἐπαγγελλόμενος, καὶ Ἡ ἐλπὶς οὐ καταισχύνει. Ἢ οὐκ ἴστε καὶ ὑμεῖς, ἅτε ἐν τοῖς βιωτικοῖς στρεφόμενοι πράγμασι, πόσοι μετὰ μυρίους πόνους οὐκ ἀπώναντο τῶν καρπῶν, ἢ θανάτου πολλάκις προαπενεγκόντος αὐτοὺς, ἢ πραγμάτων μεταβολῆς γενομένης, ἢ νόσου προσπεσούσης, ἢ συκοφαντῶν ἐπιτεθέντων, ἢ καὶ ἄλλης τινὸς αἰτίας (πολλὰ δὲ τὰ ἀνθρώπινα) κεναῖς αὐτοὺς ἀπαγαγούσης χερσί; Τί δὲ, φησὶ, τοὺς ἐπιτυγχάνοντας οὐχ ὁρᾷς, τοὺς δι' ὀλίγων πόνων μεγάλα κτησαμένους ἀγαθά; Ποῖα ἀγαθά; χρήματα, καὶ οἰκίας, καὶ πλέθρα γῆς τόσα καὶ τόσα, καὶ ἀνδραπόδων ἀγέλας, καὶ σταθμὸν ἀργυρίου καὶ χρυσίου; ταῦτα λέγεις ἀγαθὰ, καὶ οὐκ ἐγκαλύπτῃ οὐδὲ καταδύῃ, ἄνθρωπος περὶ οὐρανοῦ φιλοσοφεῖν προστεταγμένος, καὶ πρὸς τὰ τῆς γῆς κεχηνὼς πράγματα, καὶ ἀγαθὰ καλῶν ἃ μηδενός ἐστιν ἄξια λόγου; Εἰ ταῦτα ἀγαθὰ, πάντως καὶ τοὺς κεκτημένους αὐτὰ ἀγαθοὺς δεῖ καλεῖν: ὁ γὰρ ἀγαθόν τι ἔχων, πῶς οὐκ ἀγαθός; Τί οὖν, εἰπέ μοι; ὅταν οἱ κεκτημένοι αὐτὰ πλεονεκτῶσιν, ἁρπάζωσιν, ἀγαθοὺς αὐτοὺς καλέσομεν; Εἰ γὰρ ἀγαθὸν ὁ πλοῦτος, ἀπὸ δὲ πλεονεξίας συνάγεται, ὅσῳ ἂν αὔξηται, τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον τὸν ἔχοντα ἀγαθὸν ποιήσει νομίζεσθαι. Ἄρα οὖν ἀγαθὸς ὁ πλεονεκτῶν; Εἰ δὲ ὁ πλοῦτος ἀγαθὸς, ὑπὸ δὲ πλεονεξίας αὔξεται, ὅσῳ ἂν πλεονεκτῇ, ἀγαθώτερος ἔσται. Εἶδες τὴν ἐναντίωσιν; Ἀλλὰ ἂν μὴ πλεονεκτῇ, φησί. Καὶ πῶς ἔνι γενέσθαι; ὀλέθριον γὰρ τὸ πάθος, καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν, οὐκ ἔστι μὴ ἀδικοῦντα πλουτεῖν. Τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς ἀπεφήνατο λέγων, Ποιήσατε ὑμῖν φίλους ἐκ τοῦ μαμωνᾶ τῆς ἀδικίας. Τί οὖν, φησὶν, ἂν παρὰ πατρὸς δέξηται τὸν κλῆρον; Τὰ ἐξ ἀδικίας συλλεγέντα ἐδέξατο. Οὐ γὰρ δὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀδὰμ ὁ πρόγονος ἐκείνου πλούσιος ἦν, ἀλλὰ πολλοὺς ἑτέρους εἰκὸς πρὸ ἐκείνου γεγενῆσθαι, εἶτα ἐν τοῖς πολλοῖς εὑρεθῆναί τινα ἀδίκως τὰ τῶν ἄλλων εἰληφότα καὶ καρπούμενον. Τί οὖν; Ἀβραὰμ, φησὶν, ἄδικον πλοῦτον εἶχε; τί δὲ ὁ Ἰὼβ, ὁ ἄμεμπτος, ὁ δίκαιος, ὁ ἀληθινὸς, ὁ θεοσεβὴς, ὁ ἀπεχόμενος ἀπὸ παντὸς πονηροῦ πράγματος; Ὁ πλοῦτος ἐκείνοις οὐκ ἐν χρυσῷ ἦν, οὐδὲ ἐν ἀργύρῳ, οὐδὲ ἐν οἰκοδομήμασιν, ἀλλ' ἐν θρέμμασιν: ἄλλως δὲ καὶ θεόπλουτος οὗτος ἦν. Ὅτι γὰρ ἐν θρέμμασιν ἦν, εὔδηλον ἐκεῖθεν: καταλέγων γὰρ ὁ τὸ βιβλίον γράψας τὰ συμβεβηκότα τῷ μακαρίῳ ἐκείνῳ, καὶ λέγων, ὅτι ἀπέθανον αὐτῷ κάμηλοι, καὶ ἵπποι θήλειαι καὶ ὄνοι, οὐκ εἶπεν ὅτι καὶ χρυσίου θησαυροὺς ἐλθόντες ἀφήρπασαν. Ἄλλως δὲ, καὶ ὁ Ἀβραὰμ πλούσιος ἦν: ἀλλ' ἐν οἰκέταις. Τί οὖν; οὐκ ἠγόρασε τούτους; Οὐδαμῶς: διὰ τοῦτο εἶπεν ἡ Γραφὴ, ὅτι οἰκογενεῖς ἦσαν οἱ τριακόσιοι δέκα καὶ ὀκτώ. Καὶ πρόβατα καὶ βόες ἦσαν αὐτῷ. Πόθεν οὖν χρυσίον ἔπεμψε τῇ Ῥεβέκκᾳ; Ἀπὸ τῆς Αἰγύπτου δῶρα λαβὼν, οὐ βιασάμενος, οὐδὲ ἀδικήσας. δʹ. Εἰπὲ γάρ μοι, πόθεν σὺ πλουτεῖς; παρὰ τίνος λαβών; τί δὲ ἕτερος πόθεν; Παρὰ τοῦ πάππου, φησὶ, παρὰ τοῦ πατρός. Δυνήσῃ οὖν μέχρι πολλοῦ τοῦ γένους ἀνιὼν, οὕτω δεῖξαι τὴν κτῆσιν δικαίαν οὖσαν; Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἂν ἔχοις, ἀλλ' ἀνάγκη τὴν ἀρχὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὴν ῥίζαν ἀπὸ ἀδικίας εἶναί τινος. Πόθεν; Ὅτι ὁ Θεὸς ἐξ ἀρχῆς οὐ τὸν μὲν πλούσιον ἐποίησε, τὸν δὲ πένητα, οὐδὲ παραγαγὼν, τούτῳ μὲν ἔδειξε χρυσίου θησαυροὺς πολλοὺς, ἐκεῖνον δὲ ἀπεστέρησε τῆς ἐρεύνης, ἀλλὰ τὴν αὐτὴν πᾶσιν ἀνῆκε γῆν. Πόθεν οὖν κοινῆς οὔσης, σὺ μὲν ἔχεις πλέθρα τόσα καὶ τόσα, ὁ δὲ πλησίον οὐδὲ κύαθον γῆς; Ὁ πατήρ μοι, φησὶ, παρέδωκεν. Ἐκεῖνος δὲ παρὰ τίνος παρέλαβε; Παρὰ τῶν προγόνων. Ἀλλὰ ἀνάγκη πάντως ἀνιόντα εὑρεῖν τὴν ἀρχήν. Ἐγένετο πλούσιος ὁ Ἰακὼβ, ἀλλὰ τῶν πόνων λαβὼν τὸν μισθόν. Πλὴν ἀλλ' οὐδὲ ὑπὲρ τούτων ἀκριβολογοῦμαι: ἔστω δίκαιος ὁ πλοῦτος, καὶ πάσης ἁρπαγῆς ἀπηλλάχθω: οὐ γὰρ δὴ σὺ ὑπεύθυνος περὶ ὧν ὁ πατὴρ ἐπλεονέκτησεν: ἔχεις μὲν γὰρ τὰ ἐκ τῆς ἁρπαγῆς, ἀλλ' οὐχ ἥρπασας σύ. Πλὴν ἀλλὰ συγκεχωρήσθω μηδὲ ἐκεῖνον ἡρπακέναι, ἀλλά ποθεν ἀπὸ γῆς ἀναβλυσθέντα τὸν χρυσὸν ἔχειν: τί οὖν; παρὰ τοῦτο ἀγαθὸς ὁ πλοῦτος; Οὐδαμῶς. Ἀλλ' οὐδὲ πονηρὸς, φησίν. Ἐὰν μὴ πλεονεκτῇ, οὐ πονηρὸς, ἐὰν μεταδιδῷ τοῖς δεομένοις: ἐὰν δὲ μὴ μεταδιδῷ, πονηρὸς καὶ ἐπίβουλος. Ἕως ἂν μὴ ποιῇ, φησὶ, κακὸν, οὐ κακὸς, κἂν ἀγαθὸν μὴ ἐργάζηται. Καλῶς: τοῦτο δὲ οὐ κακὸν τὸ μόνον ἔχειν τὰ Δεσποτικὰ, τὸ μόνον ἀπολαύειν τῶν κοινῶν; ἢ οὐχὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡ γῆ καὶ τὸ πλήρωμα αὐτῆς; Εἰ τοίνυν τοῦ Δεσπότου τοῦ κοινοῦ τὰ ἡμέτερα, ἄρα καὶ τῶν συνδούλων τῶν ἡμετέρων: τὰ γὰρ τοῦ Δεσπότου πάντα κοινά. Ἢ οὐχ ὁρῶμεν καὶ ἐν ταῖς μεγάλαις οἰκίαις οὕτω ταῦτα διατεταγμένα; οἷον, πᾶσιν ἐξ ἴσου τὸ σιτομέτριον δίδοται: ἀπὸ τῶν δεσποτικῶν γὰρ ἔξεισι θησαυρῶν: ἡ οἰκία ἡ δεσποτικὴ πᾶσιν ἀνεῖται. Κοινὰ καὶ τὰ βασιλικὰ πάντα, αἱ πόλεις, αἱ ἀγοραὶ, οἱ περίπατοι πᾶσίν εἰσι κοινοὶ, πάντες τὸ ἴσον μετέχομεν. Θέα γάρ μοι Θεοῦ οἰκονομίαν: Ἐποίησεν εἶναί τινα κοινὰ, ἵνα κἂν ἀπ' ἐκείνων καταιδέσῃ τὸ ἀνθρώπινον γένος, οἷον τὸν ἀέρα, τὸν ἥλιον, τὸ ὕδωρ, τὴν γῆν, τὸν οὐρανὸν, τὴν θάλατταν, τὸ φῶς, τοὺς ἀστέρας, καθάπερ ἀδελφοῖς πάντα ἐξ ἴσης διανέμει. Ὀφθαλμοὺς πᾶσι τοὺς αὐτοὺς ἐδημιούργησε, σῶμα τὸ αὐτὸ, ψυχὴν τὴν αὐτὴν, ὁμοίαν τὴν κατασκευὴν ἐν πᾶσιν, ἀπὸ γῆς τὰ πάντα, καὶ ἀπὸ ἑνὸς ἀνδρὸς πάντας, ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ οἰκίᾳ πάντας. Ἀλλ' οὐδὲν τούτων ἡμᾶς ἐνέτρεψεν. Ἐποίησε καὶ ἄλλα κοινὰ, οἷον λουτρὰ, πόλεις, ἀγορὰς, περιπάτους. Καὶ θέα πῶς ἐν τοῖς κοινοῖς οὐδεμία μάχη, ἀλλὰ πάντα εἰρηνικά. Ὅταν δέ τις παρασπάσαι τι ἐπιχειρήσῃ, καὶ ἴδιον ποιήσῃ, τότε ἡ ἔρις ἐπεισέρχεται, ὥσπερ αὐτῆς τῆς φύσεως ἀγανακτούσης, ὅτι δὴ, πάντοθεν ἡμᾶς συνάγοντος τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἡμεῖς φιλονεικοῦμεν διαιρεῖν ἑαυτοὺς, καὶ ἀποσπᾷν ἐν τῷ ἰδιοποιεῖσθαι, καὶ λέγειν, Τὸ σὸν, καὶ Τὸ ἐμὸν, τὸ ψυχρὸν τοῦτο ῥῆμα: τότε γὰρ μάχη, τότε ἀηδία. Ἔνθα δὲ τοῦτο οὐκ ἔστιν, οὐδὲ μάχη οὐδὲ φιλονεικία τίκτεται: ὥστε τοῦτο μᾶλλον ἐκείνου συγκεκλήρωται ἡμῖν, καὶ κατὰ φύσιν ἐστί. Διὰ τί μηδεὶς ὑπὲρ ἀγορᾶς ποτε δικάζεται; ἆρα οὐχ ὅτι κοινὴ πάντων ἐστίν; Ὑπὲρ δὲ οἰκίας πάντας ὁρῶμεν δικαζομένους, ὑπὲρ χρημάτων. Καὶ τὰ μὲν ἀναγκαῖα κοινὰ ἡμῖν πρόκειται: ἡμεῖς δὲ οὐδὲ ἐν τοῖς ἐλαχίστοις τὸ κοινὸν φυλάττομεν. Καὶ μὴν διὰ τοῦτο ἡμῖν ἐκεῖνα ἀνῆκεν, ἵνα παιδευθῶμεν ἀπ' ἐκείνων καὶ ταῦτα ἔχειν κοινῶς: ἡμεῖς δὲ οὐδὲ οὕτω παιδευόμεθα. Ἀλλ' ὅπερ ἔφην, πῶς ὁ τὸν πλοῦτον ἔχων ἀγαθός; Οὐκ ἔνι τοῦτο, ἀλλ' ἀγαθὸς, ἐὰν ἑτέροις μεταδῷ: ὅταν μὴ ἔχῃ, τότε ἀγαθός: ὅταν ἑτέροις αὐτὸν δῷ, τότε ἀγαθός: ἕως δ' ἂν ἔχῃ, οὐκ ἂν εἴη ἀγαθός. Τοῦτο οὖν ἀγαθὸν, ὃ κατεχόμενον μὲν πονηροὺς δείκνυσιν, ἡ ἀπόκτησις δὲ ἀγαθούς; Οὐκ ἄρα τὸ ἔχειν χρήματα ἀγαθὸν, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν ἀγαθὸν ποιεῖ φαίνεσθαι. Οὐκ ἄρα ὁ πλοῦτος ἀγαθόν. Ἂν δὲ καὶ παρὸν λαβεῖν, μὴ λάβῃς, πάλιν ἀγαθός. Εἰ τοίνυν καὶ ἔχοντες τοῦτον, ἂν τοῖς ἄλλοις μεταδοίημεν, ἢ διδόμενον οὐ λαμβάνοντες, τότε ἐσμὲν ἀγαθοὶ, ἂν δὲ λάβωμεν ἢ κτησώμεθα, οὐκ ἀγαθοὶ, πῶς ἀγαθὸν ἂν γένηται ὁ πλοῦτος; Μὴ τοίνυν κάλει τοῦτο ἀγαθόν. Διὰ τοῦτο αὐτὸν οὐκ ἔχεις, ἐπειδὴ ἀγαθὸν αὐτὸν νομίζεις, ἐπειδὴ, ἐπτόησαι περὶ αὐτόν. Κάθαρόν σου τὴν διάνοιαν, τὴν κρίσιν ἔχε διηκριβωμένην, καὶ τότε ἔσῃ ἀγαθός: μάθε τίνα ἐστὶ τὰ ὄντως ἀγαθά. Τίνα δὲ ταῦτά ἐστιν; Ἀρετὴ, φιλανθρωπία: ταῦτα ἀγαθὰ, οὐκ ἐκεῖνος. Κατὰ τοῦτον τὸν κανόνα ἐὰν ᾖς ἐλεήμων, ὅσῳ ἂν ᾖς πλέον, τοσούτῳ ἀγαθὸς καὶ εἶ καὶ νομίζῃ: ἂν δὲ πλούσιος ᾖς, οὐκέτι. Οὕτω γενώμεθα οὖν ἀγαθοὶ, ἵνα καὶ ὦμεν ἀγαθοὶ, καὶ τῶν μελλόντων ἐπιτύχωμεν ἀγαθῶν, ἐν Ἰησοῦ Χριστῷ, μεθ' οὗ τῷ Πατρὶ ἅμα τῷ ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι δόξα, κράτος, τιμὴ, νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ, καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.