John Chrysostom, On the First Letter to the Corinthians

But whether there be prophecies, they shall be done away; whether there be tongues, they shall cease; whether there be knowledge, it shall be done away.

Having shown the excellency of love from its being requisite both to the spiritual gifts, and to the virtues of life; and from rehearsal of all its good qualities, and by showing it to be the foundation of exact self-denial; from another, a third head, again he points out its worth. And this he doth, first from a wish to persuade those who seemed to be accounted inferior that it is in their power to have the chief of all signs, and that they will be no worse off than the possessors of the gifts, if they have this, but rather much better: secondly, with regard on the other hand to them that had the greater gifts and were lifted up thereby, studying to bring them down and to show that they have nothing unless they have this. For thus they would both love one another, envy as well as pride being hereby taken away; and reciprocally, loving one another, they would still further banish these passions. “For love envieth not, is not puffed up.” So that on every side he throws around them an impregnable wall, and a manifold unanimity, which first removes all their disorders, and thereby again waxes stronger. Therefore also he put forward innumerable reasons which might comfort their dejection. As thus: both “the same Spirit,” saith he, is the giver; and He “giveth to profit withal; and divideth as he will,” and it is a gift which He divideth, not a debt. Though thou receive but a little, thou dost equally contribute to the body, and even thus thou enjoyest much honor. And he that hath the greater, needs thee who hast the less. And, “Love is the greatest gift, and ‘the more excellent way.’”

Now all this he said doubly to bind them to each other, both by their not considering themselves disparaged while they had this; and because, after pursuit and attainment of it, they henceforth would not feel human infirmity; both as having the root of all gifts, and as no longer capable of contentiousness even though they had nothing. For he that is once led captive by love is freed from contentiousness.

And this is why, pointing out to them how great advantages they shall thence reap, he sketched out its fruits; by his praises of it repressing their disorders: inasmuch as each one of the things mentioned by him was a sufficient medicine to heal their wounds. Wherefore also he said, “suffereth long,” to them that are at strife one with another; “is kind,” to them that stand mutually aloof, and bear a secret grudge; “envieth not,” to them that look grudgingly on their superiors; “vaunteth not itself,” to them that are separated; “is not puffed up,” to them that boast themselves against others; “doth not behave itself unseemly,” to them that do not think it their duty to condescend; “seeketh not her own,” to them that overlook the rest; “is not provoked, taketh not account of evil,” to them that are insolent; “rejoiceth not in unrighteousness, but rejoiceth with the truth,” to them again that are envious; “beareth all things,” to them that are treacherous; “hopeth all things,” to the despairing; “endureth all things, never faileth,” to them that easily separate themselves.

[2.] Now then after that in every way he had shown her to be very exceedingly great, again he doth so from another most important head, by a fresh comparison exalting her dignity, and saying thus; “but whether there be prophecies, they shall be done away; whether there be tongues, they shall cease.” For if both these were brought in in order to the faith; when that is every where sown abroad, the use of these is henceforth superfluous. But the loving one another shall not cease, rather it shall even advance further, both here and hereafter, and then more than now. For here there are many things that weaken215 χαυνοῦντα. our love; wealth, business, passions of the body, disorders of the soul; but there none of these.

But although it be no marvel that prophecies and tongues should be done away, that knowledge should be done away, this is what may cause some perplexity. For this also he added, “Whether there be knowledge, it shall be done away.” What then? are we then to live in ignorance? Far from it. Nay, then specially it is probable that our knowledge is made intense. Wherefore also he said, “Then shall I know, even as also I am known.” For this reason, if you mark it, that you might not suppose this to be done away equally with the prophecy and the tongues, having said, “Whether there be knowledge, it shall be done away,” he was not silent, but added also the manner of its vanishing away, immediately subjoining the saying,

Ver. 9. 10. “We know in part, and we prophesy in part. But when that which is perfect is come, then that which is in part shall be done away.”

It is not therefore knowledge that is done away, but the circumstance that our knowledge is in part. For we shall not only know as much but even a great deal more. But that I may also make it plain by example; now we know that God is every where, but how, we know not. That He made out of things that are not the things that are we know; but of the manner we are ignorant. That He was born of a virgin, we know; but how, we know not yet. But then shall we know somewhat more and clearer concerning these things. Next he points out also how great is the distance between the two, and that our deficiency is no small one, saying,

Ver. 11. “When I was a child, I spake as a child, I felt as a child, I thought as a child; but now that I am become a man, I have put away childish things.”

And by another example too he manifests the same thing again, saying,

Ver. 12. “For now we see in a mirror.” Further, because the glass sets before us the thing seen indefinitely, he added, “darkly216 ἐν αἰνίγματι.,” to show very strongly that the present knowledge is most partial.

“But then face to face.” Not as though God hath a face, but to express the notion of greater clearness and perspicuity. Seest thou how we learn all things by gradual addition?

“Now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I have been known.” Seest thou how in two ways he pulls down their pride? Both because their knowledge is in part, and because not even this have they of themselves. “For I knew Him not, but He made Himself known217 ἐγνώρισε, made me know Him. to me,” saith he. Wherefore, even as now He first knew me, and Himself hastened towards me, so shall I hasten towards Him then much more than now. For so he that sits in darkness, as long as he sees not the sun doth not of himself hasten to meet the beauty of its beam, which indeed shows itself as soon as it hath begun to shine: but when he perceives its brightness, then also himself at length follows after its light: This then is the meaning of the expression, “even as also I have been known.” Not that we shall so know him as He is, but that even as He hastened toward us now, so also shall we cleave unto Him then, and shall know many of the things which are now secret, and shall enjoy that most blessed society and wisdom. For if Paul who knew so much was a child, consider what those things must be. If these be “a glass” and “a riddle,” do thou hence again infer, God’s open Face, how great a thing It is.

[3.] But that I may open out to thee some small part of this difference, and may impart some faint ray of this thought to thy soul, I would have thee recall to mind things as they were in the Law, now after that grace hath shone forth. For those things too, that came before grace, had a certain great and marvellous appearance: nevertheless, hear what Paul saith of them after grace came: “That which was made glorious had no glory in this respect, by reason of the glory that surpasseth.” (2 Cor. iii. 10.)

But that what I say may be made yet clearer, let us apply the argument to some one of the rites then performed, and then thou wilt see how great is the difference. And if thou wilt, let us bring forward that passover and this, and then shalt thou be aware of our superiority. For the Jews indeed celebrated it, but they celebrated it “so as in a mirror, and darkly.” But these hidden mysteries they never at any time did even conceive in their mind, nor what things they prefigured. They saw a lamb slain, and the blood of a beast, and door-posts sprinkled with it; but that the Son of God incarnate shall be slain, and shall set free the whole world, and shall grant both to Greeks and Barbarians to taste of this Blood, and shall open heaven to all, and shall offer what is there to the whole human race, and having taken His blood-stained flesh shall exalt it above the heaven, and the heaven of heavens, and, in a word, above all the hosts on high, of the angels and archangels and all the other powers, and shall cause it shining in unspeakable glory,—to sit down upon the throne itself of the King, on the right hand of the Father these things, I say, no one, either of them or of the rest of mankind, either foreknew or was able ever to conceive.

[4.] But what say those who shrink from nothing?218 The Heretics here referred to were the Eunomians or Anomœans, so called from Eunomius their chief Teacher, (for Aetius first promulgated their opinions,) and from their maintaining not merely the inequality but the dissimilarity (τὸ ἆνόμοιον) of the Son’s nature to that of the Father. By this he carried out Arianism, and made it more consistent and more impious. It seems that he arbitrarily selected the term ἇγεννητὸς, “unbegotten,” as setting forth not merely the attribute of the Father, but the very substance of the Godhead, and upon this proceeded, of course, to deny the proper divinity of the Son, because He was confessed to be γεννητὸς, “begotten.” And he not only thus implied, but expressly maintained, that knowing thus much of God, we know His whole Nature: whence it followed, that St. Paul’s professions of ignorance referred not to the Substance, but to some parts of the Providence of God, called here, “dispensations.” Against this result of Eunomius’ impiety, St. Chrysostom preached the series of five Homilies, “On the Incomprehensible Nature of God:” in the first of which, (t. vi. 393. ed. Saville,) he argues on this passage almost in the same words. The same fallacy may be seen refuted by St. Basil also, Ep. 234, 235; Epiph. Hær. 76. p. 989, &c.: Theodoret, ii. 418; and by others. The whole doctrine as grounded on the word ἇγεννητὸς is exposed at large by St. Basil in his five books against Eunomius, t. i. ed. Bened. In the Appendix to that volume, Eunomius’s own treatise is given. The whole forms a melancholy example, how men may deceive themselves by following after simplification and logical consistency, without due reverence for sacred things. That the expression, “now I know in part,” is spoken in dispensations; for that the Apostle had the perfect knowledge of God. And now he calls himself a child? How sees he “in a mirror?” How “darkly,” if he hath the sum of knowledge? And why doth he refer to it as something peculiar to the Spirit, and to no other power in the creation, saying, “For who among men knoweth the things of a man, save the spirit of the man which is in him? Even so the things of God none knoweth, save the Spirit of God.” (1 Cor. ii. 11.) And Christ again sayeth that this belongs to Himself alone, thus saying, “Not that any man hath seen the Father, save He which is from God, He hath seen the Father,” (John vi. 46.) giving the name, “sight,” to the most clear and perfect knowledge.

And how shall he who knoweth the Essence, be ignorant of the dispensations? since that knowledge is greater than this.

“Are we then,” saith he, “ignorant of God?” Far from it. That He is, we know, but what He is, as regards His Essence, we know not yet. And that thou mayst understand that not concerning the dispensations did he speak the words, “now I know in part,” hear what follows. He adds then, “but then shall I know, even as also I have been known.” He was surely known not by the dispensations, but by God.

Let none therefore consider this to be a small or simple transgression, but twofold, and threefold, yea and manifold. For not only is there this impiety that they boast of knowing those things which belong to the Spirit alone; and to the only-begotten Son of God, but also that when Paul could not acquire even this knowledge “which is in part” without the revelation from above, these men say that they have obtained the whole from their own reasonings. For neither are they able to point out that the Scripture hath any where discoursed to us of these things.

[5.] But however, leaving their madness, let us give heed to the words which follow concerning love. For he was not content with these things, but adds again, saying,

Ver. 13. “And now abideth, faith, hope, love, these three; and the greatest of these is love.”

For faith indeed and hope, when the good things believed and hoped for are come, cease. And to show this Paul said, “For hope that is seen is not hope; for who hopeth for that which he seeth.” Again, “Now faith is the assurance of things hoped for, the proving of things not seen.” (Rom. viii. 24; Heb. xi. 1.) So that these cease when those appear; but love is then most elevated, and becomes more vehement. Another encomium of love. For neither is he content with those before mentioned, but he strives to discover yet another. And observe: he hath said that it is a great gift, and a still more excellent way to these. He hath said, that without it there is no great profit in our gifts; he hath shadowed out its image at length; he intends again and in another manner to exalt it, and to show that it is great from its abiding. Wherefore also he said, “But now abideth faith, hope, love, these three; but the greatest of these is love.” How then is love the greater? In that those pass away.

If now so great is the virtue of love, with good reason doth he add and say, “Follow after love.” For there is surely need of “following,” and a kind of vehement running after her: in such sort doth she fly from us, and so many are the things which trip us up in that direction. Wherefore we have ever need of great earnestness in order to overtake her. And to point out this, Paul said not, “follow love,” but, “pursue219 ὃιώκετε.” her; stirring us up, and inflaming us to lay hold on her.

For so God from the beginning contrived ten thousand ways for implanting her in us. Thus, first, He granted one head to all, Adam. For why do we not all spring out of the earth? Why not full grown, as he was? In order that both the birth and the bringings up of children, and the being born of another, might bind us mutually together. For this cause neither made He woman out of the earth: and because the thing of the same substance was not equally sufficient to shame us into unanimity, unless we had also the same progenitor, He provided also for this: since, if now, being only separated by place, we consider ourselves alien from one another; much more would this have happened if our race had had two originals. For this cause therefore, as it were from some one head, he bound together the whole body of the human race. And because from the beginning they seemed to be in a manner two, see how he fastens them together again, and gathers them into one by marriage. For, “therefore,” saith He, “shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife; and they shall be for one flesh.” (Gen. ii. 24220 εἰς σάρκα μίαν..) And he said not, “the woman,” but, “the man,” because the desire too is stronger in him. Yea, and for this cause He made it also stronger, that it might bow the superior party to the absolute sway of this passion, and might subjugate it to the weaker. And since marriage also must needs be introduced, him from whom she sprang He made husband to the woman. For all things in the eye of God are second to love. And if when things had thus begun, the first man straightway became so frantic, and the devil sowed among them so great warfare and envy; what would he not have done, had they not sprung from one root?

Further, in order that the one might be subject, and the other rule; (for equality is wont oftentimes to bring in strife;) he suffered it not to be a democracy, but a monarchy; and as in an army, this order one may see in every family. In the rank of monarch, for instance, there is the husband; but in the rank of lieutenant and general, the wife; and the children too are allotted a third station in command. Then after these a fourth order, that of the servant. For these also bear rule over their inferiors, and some one of them is oftentimes set over the whole, keeping ever the post of the master, but still as a servant. And together with this again another command, and among the children themselves again another, according to their age and sex; since among the children the female doth not possess equal sway. And every where hath God made governments at small distances and thick together, that all might abide in concord and much good order. Therefore even before the race was increased to a multitude, when the first two only were in being, He bade him govern, and her obey. And in order again that He might not despise her as inferior, and separate from her, see how He honored her, and made them one, even before her creation. For, “Let us make for man,” saith He, “a help meet,” implying that she was made for his need, and thereby drawing him unto her who was made for his sake: since to all those things are we more kindly disposed, which are done for our sakes. But that she, on the other hand, might not be elated, as being granted him for help, nor might burst this bond, He makes her out of his side, signifying that she is a part of the whole body. And that neither might the man be elated therefore, He no longer permits that to belong to him alone which before was his alone, but effected the contrary to this, by bringing in procreation of children, and herein too giving the chief honor unto the man, not however allowing the whole to be his.

Seest thou how many bonds of love God hath wrought? And these indeed by force of nature He hath lodged in us as pledges of concord. For both our being of the same substance leads to this; (for every animal loves its like;) and the woman being produced from the man, and again the children from both. Whence also many kinds of affection arise. For one we love as a father, another as a grandfather; one as a mother, another as a nurse; and one as a son or grandson or great-grandson again, and another as a daughter, or grand-daughter; and one as a brother, another as a nephew; and one as a sister, another as a niece. And why need one recount all the names of consanguinity?

And He devised also another foundation of affection. For having forbidden the marriage of kindred, he led us out unto strangers and drew them again unto us. For since by this natural kindred it was not possible that they should be connected with us, he connected us anew by marriage, uniting together whole families by the single person of the bride, and mingling entire races with races.

For, “marry not,” saith the Lord, (Lev. xviii. 6.) “thy sister, nor thy father’s sister, nor any damsel which hath such consanguinity with thee,” as utterly hinders the marriage;” naming the degrees of such relationship. It is enough for thine affection towards them that ye were the fruit of the same birth-pangs, and that the others are in a different relation to thee. Why dost thou narrow the breadth of love? Why dost thou idly throw away a ground of affection towards her, such as that thou mightest thereby provide thyself with distinct source for affection to spring from; I mean, by taking a wife from another family, and through her a chain of kinsmen, both mother, and father, and brethren, and their connexions!

[7.] Seest thou by how many ways He hath bound us together? Nevertheless, not even this sufficed Him, but He likewise made us to stand in need of one another, that thus also He might bring us together, because necessities above all create friendships. For no other reason neither suffered He all things to be produced in every place, that hence also He might compel us to mix with one another. But having set us in need of one another, He on the other hand made the intercourse easy. Since if this were not so, the matter would have turned out painful and difficult in another way. For if one that wanted a physician, or a carpenter, or any other workman, had need to set off on a long foreign sojourn, the whole had come to nought. Here then is why He founded cities also, and brought all into one place. And accordingly that we might easily keep up intercourse with distant countries, He spread the level of the sea between us, and gave us the swiftness of winds, thereby making our voyages easy. And at the beginning He even gathered all men together in one spot, and did not disperse them until they who first received the gift abused their concord unto sin. However, He hath drawn us together in every way; both by nature, and by consanguinity, and by language, and by place; and as he willed not that we should fall from paradise; (for had He willed it, He would not have placed there at all “the man whom He had formed,” but he that disobeyed was the cause;) so neither was it His will that men should have divers tongues; since otherwise He would have made it so from the beginning. But now “the whole earth was of one language, and all had one speech.” (Gen. xi. 1.)

Here is the reason why, when it was needful that the earth should be destroyed, not even then did He make us of other matter, nor did He translate the righteous man, but leaving him in the midst of the deluge, like a kind of spark of the world, He rekindled our race from thence, even by the blessed Noah. And from the beginning He made one sovereignty only, setting the man over the woman. But after that our race ran headlong into extreme disorder, He appointed other sovereignties also, those of Masters, and those of Governors, and this too for love’s sake. That is, since vice was a thing apt to dissolve and subvert our race, He set those who administer justice in the midst of our cities as a kind of physicians, that driving away vice, as it were a plague to love, they might gather together all in one.

And that not only in cities, but also in each family there might be great unanimity, He honored the man with rule and superiority; the woman on the other hand He armed with desire: and the gift also of procreation of children, He committed in common to both, and withal He furnished also other things apt to conciliate love: neither entrusting all to the man, nor all to the woman; but “dividing these things also severally to each;” to her entrusting the house, and to him the market; to him the work of feeding, for he tills the ground; to her that of clothing, for loom and distaff are the woman’s. For it is God Himself who gave to woman-kind skill in woven work. Woe be to covetousness, which suffers not this difference to appear! For the general effeminacy221 βλακεία. hath gone so far as to introduce our men to the looms, and put shuttles into their hands, and the woof, and threads. Nevertheless, even thus the forethought of the divine economy shines out. For we still greatly need the woman in other more necessary things, and we require the help of our inferiors in those things which keep our life together.

[8.] And so strong is the compulsion of this need that though one be richer than all men, not even thus is he rid of this close conjunction, and of his want of that which is inferior to himself. For it is not, we see, the poor only who need the rich, but the rich also the poor; and these require those more than the others them. And that thou mayest see it more clearly, let us suppose, if it seem good, two cities, the one of rich only, but the other of poor; and neither in that of the rich let there be any poor man, nor in that of the poor any rich; but let us purge out both thoroughly, and see which will be the more able to support itself. For if we find that of the poor able, it is evident that the rich will more stand in need of them.

Now then, in that city of the affluent there will be no manufacturer, no builder, no carpenter, no shoe-maker, no baker, no husbandman , no brazier, no rope-maker, nor any other such trade. For who among the rich would ever choose to follow these crafts, seeing that the very men who take them in hand, when they become rich, endure no longer the discomfort caused by these works? How then shall this our city stand? “The rich,” it is replied, “giving money, will buy these things of the poor.” Well then, they will not be sufficient for themselves, their needing the others proves that. But how will they build houses? Will they purchase this too? But the nature of things cannot admit this. Therefore they must needs invite the artificers thither, and destroy the law, which we made at first when we were founding the city. For you remember, that we said, “let there be no poor man within it.” But, lo, necessity, even against our will, hath invited and brought them in. Whence it is evident that it is impossible without poor for a city to subsist: since if the city were to continue refusing to admit any of these, it will be no longer a city but will perish. Plainly then it will not support itself, unless it shall collect the poor as a kind of preservers, to be within itself.

But let us look also upon the city of the poor, whether this too will be in a like needy condition, on being deprived of the rich. And first let us in our discourse thoroughly clear the nature of riches, and point them out plainly. What then may riches be? Gold, and silver, and precious stones, and garments silken, purple, and embroidered with gold. Now then that we have seen what riches are, let us drive them away from our city of the poor: and if we are to make it purely a city of poor persons, let not any gold appear there, no not in a dream, nor garments of such quality; and if you will, neither silver, nor vessels of silver. What then? Because of this will that city and its concerns live in want, tell me? Not at all. For suppose first there should be need to build; one does not want gold and silver and pearls, but skill, and hands, and hands not of any kind, but such as are become callous, and fingers hardened, and great strength, and wood, and stones: suppose again one would weave a garment, neither here have we need of gold and silver, but, as before, of hands and skill, and women to work. And what if one require husbandry, and digging the ground? Is it rich men who are wanted, or poor? It is evident to every one, poor. And when iron too is to be wrought, or any such thing to be done, this is the race of men whereof we most stand in need. What respect then remains wherein we may stand in need of the rich? except the thing required be, to pull down this city. For should that sort of people make an entrance, and these philosophers, for (for I call them philosophers, who seek after nothing superfluous,) should fall to desiring gold and jewels, giving themselves up to idleness and luxury; they will ruin everything from that day forward.

[9.] “But unless wealth be useful,” saith one, “wherefore hath it been given by God?” And whence is it evident, that being rich is from God? “The Scripture saith, ‘The silver is Mine, and the gold is Mine,’ and to whomsoever I will, I will give it.” (Hag. ii. 8.) Here, if I were not doing an unseemly thing, I could at this moment laugh loudly, in derision of those who say these things: because as little children admitted to a King’s table, together with that food they thrust into their mouth everything that comes to hand; so also do these together with the divine Scriptures privily bring in their own notions. For this, “the silver is Mine, and the gold is Mine,” I know to have been spoken by the Prophet; but that, “to whomsoever I will, I will give it,” is not added, but is brought in by these offscourings222 συρφετῶν. of the people. And as to the former, why it was said, I will explain. The Prophet Haggai, because he was continually promising to the Jews after their return from Babylon, that he would show the temple in its former appearance, and some doubted of the thing spoken, and considered it to be well nigh impossible that after being reduced to dust and ashes, the house should appear again such as it was;—he, to remove their unbelief, in the person of God saith these things; as if he said, “Why are ye afraid? and why do ye refuse to believe? ‘The silver is Mine, and the gold is Mine,’ and I need not to borrow from others, and so to beautify the house.” And to show that this is the meaning he adds, “and the glory of this house, the latter glory shall be greater than the glory of the former.” Let us not then bring in spiders’ webs upon the royal robe. For if any person, detected in weaving a counterfeit thread in a purple vest, is to suffer the severest punishment, much more in spiritual things; since neither is it an ordinary sin, which is hereby committed. And why say I, by adding and taking away? By a mere point, and by a mere circumstance of delivery in the reading, many impious thoughts have not seldom been brought into being.

“Whence then the rich,” saith one? “for it hath been said, ‘Riches and poverty are from the Lord.’” Let us then ask those who object these things against us, whether all riches and all poverty are from the Lord? Nay, who would say this? For we see that both by rapine, and by wickedly breaking open of tombs, and by witchcraft, and by other such devices, great wealth is gathered by many, and the possessors are not worthy even to live. What then, tell me, do we say that this wealth is from God? Far from it. Whence then? From sin. For so the harlot by doing indignity to her own body grows rich, and a handsome youth oftentimes selling his bloom with disgrace brings himself gold, and the tomb-spoiler by breaking open men’s sepulchres gathers together unjust wealth, and the robber by digging through walls. All wealth therefore is not from God. “What then,” saith one, “shall we say to this expression?” Acquaint thyself first with a kind of poverty which proceeds not from God, and then we will proceed to the saying itself. I mean, that when any dissolute youth spends his wealth either on harlots, or on conjurors, or on any other such evil desires, and becomes poor, is it not very evident that this hath not come from God, but from his own profligacy? Again, if any through idleness become poor, if any through folly be brought down to beggary, if any, by taking in hand perilous and unlawful practices; is it not quite evident, that neither hath any one of these and other such persons been brought down to this their poverty by God?

“Doth then the Scripture speak falsely?” God forbid! but they do foolishly, who neglect to examine with due exactness all things written. For if this on the one hand be acknowledged, that the Scriptures cannot lie; and this on the other hand proved, that not all wealth is from God; the weakness of inconsiderate readers is the cause of the difficulty.

[10.] Now it were right for us to dismiss you, having herein exculpated the Scripture, that ye may suffer this punishment at our hands for your negligence concerning the Scriptures: but because I greatly spare you and cannot any longer bear to look on you confused and disturbed, let us also add the solution, having first mentioned the speaker, and when it was spoken, and to whom. For not alike to all doth God speak, as neither do we deal alike with children and men. When then was it spoken, and by whom, and to whom? By Solomon in the Old Testament to the Jews, who knew no other than things of sense, and by these proved the power of God. For these are they who say, “Can He give bread also?” and, “What sign showest Thou unto us? Our fathers did eat manna in the desert:—whose God is their belly.” (Ps. lxxviii. 24; Matt. xii. 38; John vi. 31; Philip. iii. 19.) Since then they were proving Him by these things, He saith to them, “This is also possible with God to make both rich and poor;” not that it is of course He Himself who maketh them, but that He can, when He will. Just as when he saith, “Who rebuketh the sea, and maketh it dry, and drieth up all the rivers,” (Nahum i. 4.) and yet this was never done. How then doth the prophet say so? Not as though it were a doing always, but as a thing that was possible for Him to do.

What kind of poverty then doth He give, and what kind of wealth? Remember the patriarch, and thou shalt know the kind of wealth that is given by God. For He made both Abraham rich, and after him Job, even as Job himself saith; “If we have received good from the Lord, shall we not also receive evil?” (Job ii. 10.) And the wealth of Jacob thence had its beginning. There is also a poverty which cometh from Him, that which is commended, such as He once would have introduced to the knowledge of that rich man, saying, “If thou wouldest be perfect, sell thy goods, and give to the poor, and come, follow Me.” (Matt. xix. 21.) And to the disciples again, making a law and saying, “Provide neither gold, nor silver, nor two coats.” (Matt. ix. 10.) Say not then that all wealth is His gift: seeing that cases have been pointed out of its being collected both by murderers, and by rapine, and by ten thousand other devices.

But again the discourse reverts to our former question: viz. “if the rich are no way useful to us, wherefore are they made rich?” What then must we say? That these are not useful who so make themselves rich; whereas those surely who are made so by God are in the highest degree useful. And do thou learn this from the very things done by those whom we just now mentioned. Thus Abraham possessed wealth for all strangers, and for all in need. For he who on the approach of three men, as he supposed, sacrificed a calf and kneaded three measures of fine flour, and that while sitting in his door in the heat of the day; consider with what liberality and readiness he used to spend his substance on all, together with his goods giving also the service of his body, and this at such an advanced age; being a harbor to strangers, to all who had come to any kind of want, and possessing nothing as his own, not even his son: since at God’s command he actually delivered up even him; and along with his son he gave up also himself and all his house, when he hastened to snatch his brother’s son out of danger; and this he did not for lucre’s sake, but of mere humanity. When, for instance, they who were saved by him would put the spoils at his disposal, he rejected all, even to “a thread and a shoe-latchet.” (Gen. xiv. 23.)

Such also was the blessed Job. “For my door,” saith, “was open to every one who came: (Job xx. 15.) “I was eyes to the blind, and feet to the lame: I was a father of the helpless, the stranger lodged not without, and the helpless, whatever need they had, failed not of it, neither suffered I one helpless man to go out of my door with a empty bosom.” And much more too than these, that we may not now recount all, he continued to do, spending all his wealth on the needy.

Wilt thou also look upon those who have become rich but not of God, that thou mayest learn how they employed their wealth? Behold him in the parable of Lazarus, how he imparted not so much as a share of his crumbs. Behold Ahab, how not even the vineyard is free from his extortion: behold Gehazi: behold all such. Thus they on the one hand who make just acquisitions, as having received from God, spend on the commands of God: but they who in act of acquiring offend God, in the expending also do the same: consuming it on harlots and parasites, or burying and shutting it up, but laying out nothing upon the poor.

“And wherefore,” saith one, “doth God suffer such men to be rich?” Because He is long-suffering: because He would bring us to repentance; because He hath prepared hell; because “He hath appointed a day in which He is to judge the world.” (Acts xvii. 31.) Whereas did He use at once to punish them that are rich and not virtuously, Zacchæus would not have had an appointed time223 προθεσμίαν. for repentance, so as even to restore fourfold whatever he had unjustly taken, and to add half of his goods; nor Matthew, to be converted and become an Apostle, taken off as he would have been before the due season; nor yet many other such. Therefore doth He bear with them, calling all to repentance. But if they will not, but continue in the same, they shall hear Paul saying that “after their hardness and impenitent heart they treasure up unto themselves wrath against the day of wrath, and revelation, and righteous judgment of God: (Rom. ii. 5.) which wrath that we may escape, let us become rich with the riches of heaven, and follow after the laudable sort of poverty. For thus shall we obtain also the good things to come: the which may we all obtain through the grace and mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ, with Whom to the Father, with the Holy Ghost, be glory, power, and honor, now and for ever, and world without end. Amen.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΛΔʹ. Εἴτε δὲ προφητεῖαι καταργηθήσονται, εἴτε γλῶσσαι παύσονται, εἴτε γνῶσις καταργηθή σεται. αʹ. Δείξας τῆς ἀγάπης τὴν ὑπεροχὴν ἐκ τοῦ καὶ τὰ χαρίσματα καὶ τὰ τοῦ βίου κατορθώματα αὐτῆς δεῖσθαι, ἐκ τοῦ τὰς ἀρετὰς αὐτῆς ἀριθμῆσαι πάσας, καὶ φιλοσοφίας ἀκριβοῦς ὑπόθεσιν ἀποφῆναι, ἐξ ἑτέρου πάλιν τρίτου κεφαλαίου δείκνυσιν αὐτῆς τὴν ἀξίαν. Καὶ ταῦτα ποιεῖ τούς τε ἠλαττῶσθαι δοκοῦντας πεῖσαι θέλων, ὅτι ἔξεστιν αὐτοῖς τὸ κεφάλαιον τῶν σημείων ἔχειν, καὶ οὐδὲν ἔλαττον ἕξουσι τῶν ἐχόντων τὰ χαρίσματα, εἰ ταύτην ἔχοιεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πολλῷ πλέον: καὶ τοὺς ἔχοντας τὰ μεγάλα χαρίσματα πάλιν καὶ ἐντεῦθεν ἐπαιρομένους, ταπεινῶσαι σπουδάζων, καὶ δεῖξαι μηδὲν ἔχοντας, ἐὰν μὴ ταύτην ἔχωσιν. Οὕτω γὰρ ἔμελλόν τε ἀλλήλους ἀγαπᾷν, βασκανίας τε καὶ ἀπονοίας ἐντεῦθεν ἀναιρουμένης, ἀγαπῶντές τε πάλιν ποῤῥωτέρω ταῦτα ἐξώριζον τὰ πάθη: Ἡ γὰρ ἀγάπη οὐ ζηλοῖ, οὐ φυσιοῦται. Ὥστε πανταχόθεν τεῖχος αὐτοῖς ἀῤῥαγὲς περιέβαλε, καὶ πολύπλοκον ὁμόνοιαν ἀναιροῦσάν τε τὰ νοσήματα ἅπαντα, καὶ ἐντεῦθεν πάλιν ἰσχυροτέραν γινομένην. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ μυρίους ἐκίνησε λογισμοὺς τοὺς δυναμένους αὐτῶν παραμυθήσασθαι τὴν ἀθυμίαν. Καὶ γὰρ τὸ αὐτὸ Πνεῦμα δίδωσι, φησὶ, καὶ πρὸς τὸ συμφέρον δίδωσι, καὶ ὡς βούλεται διαιρεῖ, καὶ χαριζόμενον, οὐκ ὀφεῖλον διαιρεῖ. Κἂν μικρὸν λάβῃς, ὁμοίως εἰς τὸ σῶμα τελεῖς, καὶ πολλῆς καὶ οὕτως ἀπολαύεις τιμῆς: καὶ ὁ τὸ μεῖζον ἔχων, σοῦ τοῦ τὸ ἔλαττον ἔχοντος δεῖται: καὶ ὅτι τὸ μέγιστον χάρισμα καὶ ἡ καθ' ὑπερβολὴν ὁδός ἐστιν ἡ ἀγάπη. Ταῦτα δὲ ἔλεγε, διπλῇ περισφίγγων αὐτοὺς ἀλλήλοις, τῷ τε μὴ νομίζειν ἠλαττῶσθαι ταύτης παρούσης, καὶ τῷ ἐπιδραμόντας αὐτῇ καὶ ἑλόντας, μηδὲν πάσχειν λοιπὸν ἀνθρώπινον, καὶ ὡς τὴν ῥίζαν ἔχοντας τῶν χαρισμάτων, καὶ ὡς οὐκέτι δυναμένους, οὐδὲ εἰ μηδὲν εἶχον, φιλονεικεῖν. Ὁ γὰρ ἁλοὺς ἅπαξ ὑπὸ τῆς ἀγάπης, φιλονεικίας ἀπήλλακται. Διὸ καὶ δεικνὺς αὐτοῖς, ὅσα ἐντεῦθεν καρπώσονται τὰ ἀγαθὰ, τοὺς καρποὺς αὐτῆς ὑπέγραψε, διὰ τῶν ἐγκωμίων αὐτῆς τὰ ἐκείνων νοσήματα καταστέλλων. Καὶ γὰρ τῶν εἰρημένων ἕκαστον φάρμακον ἱκανὸν ἦν τοῖς ἐκείνων τραύμασιν ἀρκέσαι. Διὸ καὶ ἔλεγε, Μακροθυμεῖ, πρὸς τοὺς ἀλλήλοις φιλονεικοῦντας: Χρηστεύεται, πρὸς τοὺς διεστῶτας καὶ ὑπούλους: Οὐ ζηλοῖ, πρὸς τοὺς βασκαίνοντας τοῖς ὑπερέχουσιν: Οὐ περπερεύεται, πρὸς τοὺς διασπασθέντας: Οὐ φυσιοῦται, πρὸς τοὺς καταλαζονευομένους αὐτῶν: Οὐκ ἀσχημονεῖ, πρὸς τοὺς οὐκ ὀφείλοντας συγκαταβαίνειν: Οὐ ζητεῖ τὸ ἑαυτῆς, πρὸς τοὺς ὑπερορῶντας τῶν λοιπῶν: Οὐ παροξύνεται, οὐ λογίζεται τὸ κακὸν, πρὸς τοὺς ὑβριζομένους: Οὐ χαίρει ἐπὶ τῇ ἀδικίᾳ, συγχαίρει δὲ τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, πρὸς τοὺς βασκαίνοντας πάλιν: Πάντα στέγει, πρὸς τοὺς ἐπιβουλευομένους: Πάντα ἐλπίζει, πρὸς τοὺς ἀπογινώσκοντας: Πάντα ὑπομένει, οὐδέποτε ἐκπίπτει, πρὸς τοὺς εὐκόλως διϊσταμένους. Ἐπεὶ οὖν πανταχόθεν αὐτὴν μεγάλην ἔδειξε μεθ' ὑπερβολῆς ἁπάσης, πάλιν ἐξ ἑτέρου κεφαλαίου μεγίστου τοῦτο ποιεῖ, κατὰ σύγκρισιν ἑτέραν ἐπαίρων αὐτῆς τὸ ἀξίωμα, καὶ λέγων οὕτως: Εἴτε δὲ προφητεῖαι καταργηθήσονται, εἴτε γλῶσσαι παύσονται. Εἰ γὰρ ἀμφότερα ταῦτα τῆς πίστεως ἕνεκεν εἰσενήνεκται, ταύτης πανταχοῦ διασπαρείσης, περιττὴ τούτων ἡ χρεία λοιπόν. Ἀλλ' οὐ τὸ ἀγαπᾷν ἀλλήλους παυθήσεται, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπιδώσει μειζόνως, καὶ ἐνταῦθα καὶ κατὰ τὸ μέλλον, καὶ τότε μᾶλλον ἢ νῦν. Ἐνταῦθα μὲν γὰρ πολλὰ τὰ χαυνοῦντα τὴν ἀγάπην, χρήματα, πράγματα, πάθη σωμάτων, νοσήματα ψυχῆς: ἐκεῖ δὲ οὐδὲν τούτων. Ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν προφητείας καταργεῖσθαι καὶ γλώσσας, θαυμαστὸν οὐδέν: τὸ δὲ γνῶσιν καταργεῖσθαι, τοῦτό ἐστι τὸ τὴν ἀπορίαν ποιοῦν: καὶ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο προσέθηκεν εἰπὼν, Εἴτε γνῶσις καταργηθήσεται. Τί οὖν; ἐν ἀγνωσίᾳ μέλλομεν ζῇν τότε; Ἄπαγε: καὶ γὰρ τότε μάλιστα ἐπιταθῆναι εἰκὸς τὴν γνῶσιν. Διὸ καὶ ἔλεγε, Τότε ἐπιγνώσομαι, καθὼς καὶ ἐπεγνώσθην. Διά τοι τοῦτο, ἵνα μὴ ὁμοίως τῇ προφητείᾳ καὶ ταῖς γλώσσαις καὶ ταύτην καταργεῖσθαι νομίσῃς. Εἰπὼν, εἴτε γνῶσις καταργηθήσεται, οὐκ ἐσίγησεν, ἀλλ' ἐπήγαγε καὶ τὸν τρόπον τῆς καταργήσεως, ταχέως προσθεὶς τὸ, Ἐκ μέρους γινώσκομεν, καὶ ἐκ μέρους προφητεύομεν. Ὅταν δὲ ἔλθῃ τὸ τέλειον, τότε τὸ ἐκ μέρους καταργηθήσεται. Οὐκ ἄρα ἡ γνῶσις καταργεῖται, ἀλλὰ τὸ μερικὴ εἶναι γνῶσις: οὐκέτι γὰρ τοσαῦτα εἰσόμεθα μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πολλῷ πλείονα. Ἵνα δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ ὑποδείγματος αὐτὸ ποιήσω φανερὸν, νῦν ἴσμεν ὅτι πανταχοῦ ἐστιν ὁ Θεὸς, ἀλλὰ πῶς, οὐκ ἴσμεν. Ὅτι ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων τὰ ὄντα ἐποίησεν, ἴσμεν: τὸν δὲ τρόπον ἀγνοοῦμεν: ὅτι ἐκ Παρθένου ἐτέχθη, πῶς δὲ, οὐκέτι. Τότε δὲ εἰσόμεθά τι πλέον καὶ σαφέστερον περὶ τούτων. Εἶτα δείκνυσι καὶ τὸ μέσον ὅσον, καὶ ὅτι οὐ μικρὸν τὸ λειπόμενον, λέγων: Ὅτε ἤμην νήπιος, ὡς νήπιος ἐλάλουν, ὡς νήπιος ἐφρόνουν, ὡς νήπιος ἐλογιζόμην: ὅτε δὲ γέγονα ἀνὴρ, τὰ τοῦ νηπίου κατήργηκα. Καὶ δι' ἑτέρου δὲ παραδείγματος τὸ αὐτὸ πάλιν δηλοῖ λέγων: Βλέπομεν γὰρ ἄρτι δι' ἐσόπτρου. βʹ. Εἶτα ἐπειδὴ τὸ ἔσοπτρον παρίστησι τὸ ὁρώμενον ὁπωσδήποτε, ἐπήγαγεν, Ἐν αἰνίγματι, μεθ' ὑπερβολῆς δεικνὺς μερικωτάτην τὴν παροῦσαν γνῶσιν. Τότε δὲ πρόσωπον πρὸς πρόσωπον: οὐχ ὡς πρόσωπον ἔχοντος τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἀλλ' ἵνα εἴπῃ σαφέστερον καὶ τρανότερον. Ὁρᾷς κατ' ἐπίδοσιν πάντα μανθάνοντας; Ἄρτι γινώσκω ἐκ μέρους, τότε δὲ ἐπιγνώσομαι καθὼς καὶ ἐπεγνώσθην. Εἶδες πῶς διπλῇ τὸ φύσημα αὐτῶν κατέσπασεν; ὅτι καὶ μερικὴ ἡ γνῶσις, καὶ οὐδὲ ταύτην οἴκοθεν ἔχουσιν. Οὐ γὰρ ἐγὼ αὐτὸν ἔγνων, ἀλλ' αὐτός με ἐγνώρισε, φησίν. Ὥσπερ οὖν αὐτός με ἔγνω πρότερος νῦν, καὶ αὐτός μοι ἐπέδραμεν, οὕτως ἐγὼ αὐτῷ ἐπιδραμοῦμαι τότε πολλῷ μειζόνως, ἢ νῦν. Καὶ γὰρ ὁ ἐν σκότῳ καθήμενος, ἕως μὲν ἂν μὴ βλέπῃ τὸν ἥλιον, οὐκ αὐτὸς ἐπιτρέχει τῷ κάλλει τῆς ἀκτῖνος, ἀλλ' ἐκείνη δείκνυσιν ἑαυτὴν, ἐπειδὰν λάμψῃ: ὅταν δὲ αὐτῆς δέξηται τὴν αὐγὴν, τότε καὶ αὐτὸς λοιπὸν διώκει τὸ φῶς. Τοῦτο οὖν ἐστι τὸ, Καθὼς καὶ ἐπεγνώσθην: οὐχ ὅτι οὕτως αὐτὸν εἰσόμεθα, καθὼς αὐτὸς ἡμᾶς, ἀλλ' ὅτι ὥσπερ αὐτὸς ἡμῖν ἐπέδραμε νῦν, οὕτω καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀνθεξόμεθα αὐτοῦ τότε, καὶ πολλὰ τῶν νῦν ἀποῤῥήτων εἰσόμεθα, καὶ τῆς μακαριωτάτης ἐκείνης ἀπολαύσομεν ὁμιλίας καὶ σοφίας. Εἰ γὰρ ὁ τοσαῦτα εἰδὼς Παῦλος νήπιος, ἐννόησον ἡλίκα ἐκεῖνα: εἰ ταῦτα ἔσοπτρον καὶ αἴνιγμα, λογίζου μοι πάλιν ἐντεῦθεν τὸ πρόσωπον ἡλίκον ἐστίν. Ἵνα δέ σοι μικρόν τι παρανοίξω τῆς διαφορᾶς ταύτης, καὶ ἀκτῖνά τινα ἀμυδρὰν τοῦ νοήματος ἐναφῶ σου τῇ ψυχῇ τούτου, ἀναμνήσθητί μοι τῶν ἐν τῷ νόμῳ νῦν, ἡνίκα ἡ χάρις ἔλαμψε. Καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνα πρὸ τῆς χάριτος μεγάλα τινὰ καὶ θαυμαστὰ ἐφαίνετο: ἀλλ' ὅμως ἄκουσον τί φησι περὶ αὐτῶν μετὰ τὴν χάριν ὁ Παῦλος, ὅτι Οὐ δεδόξασται τὸ δεδοξασμένον ἐν τούτῳ τῷ μέρει, ἕνεκεν τῆς ὑπερβαλλούσης δόξης. Ἵνα δὲ καὶ σαφέστερον ὃ λέγω γένηται, ἐφ' ἑνός τινος τῶν τότε τελουμένων τὸν λόγον μεταχειρίσωμεν, καὶ τότε ὄψει τὸ μέσον ὅσον: καὶ, εἰ βούλει, τὸ Πάσχα εἰς μέσον ἀγάγωμεν ἐκεῖνο καὶ τοῦτο, καὶ τότε εἴσῃ τὴν ὑπεροχήν. Ἐπετέλουν μὲν γὰρ καὶ Ἰουδαῖοι, ἐπετέλουν δὲ οὕτως, ὡς ἐν ἐσόπτρῳ καὶ ἐν αἰνίγματι: τὰ δὲ ἀπόῤῥητα ταῦτα μυστήρια οὐδὲ εἰς νοῦν ποτε ἔλαβον, οὐδὲ ᾔδεσαν τίνα ἦν, ἃ ἐκεῖνα προανεφώνει: ἀλλὰ πρόβατον ἑώρων σφαττόμενον, καὶ αἷμα ἀλόγου, καὶ θύρας χριομένας τούτῳ: ὅτι δὲ ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ σαρκωθεὶς σφαγήσεται, καὶ τὴν οἰκουμένην ἐλευθερώσει πᾶσαν, καὶ δώσει καὶ Ἕλλησι καὶ βαρβάροις τοῦ αἵματος ἀπογεύσασθαι τούτου, καὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀνοίξει πᾶσι, καὶ τὰ ἐκεῖ προσθήσει τῷ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένει, καὶ τὴν αἱμαχθεῖσαν σάρκα λαβὼν ὑπὲρ τὸν οὐρανὸν, καὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, καὶ πάσας ἁπλῶς τὰς ἄνω τῶν ἀγγέλων καὶ ἀρχαγγέλων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων δυνάμεων στρατιὰς ἀναβιβάσει, καὶ ἐπ' αὐτοῦ τοῦ θρόνου τοῦ βασιλικοῦ ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ Πατρὸς αὐτὴν καθιεῖ δόξῃ λάμπουσαν ἀῤῥήτῳ: ταῦτα δὴ οὔτε ἐκείνων τις, οὔτε τῶν ἄλλων οὐδεὶς ἀνθρώπων, οὔτε προέγνω οὔτε εἰς νοῦν ἠδυνήθη βαλέσθαι ποτέ. Ἀλλὰ τί φασιν οἱ πάντα τολμηροί; Τὸ, Ἄρτι γινώσκω ἐκ μέρους, περὶ οἰκονομιῶν εἰρῆσθαι: τὴν γὰρ περὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ γνῶσιν ἀπηρτισμένην αὐτὸν ἔχειν. Καὶ πῶς νήπιον ἑαυτὸν καλεῖ; πῶς δι' ἐσόπτρου βλέπει; πῶς ἐν αἰνίγματι, εἰ τὸ πᾶν ἔχει τῆς γνώσεως; τί δὲ ὥσπερ ἐξαίρετον ἀνατίθησιν αὐτὸ τῷ Πνεύματι, καὶ οὐδεμιᾷ ἄλλῃ δυνάμει τῆς κτίσεως, λέγων: Τίς γὰρ οἶδε τὰ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, εἰ μὴ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τὸ ἐν αὐτῷ; Οὕτω καὶ τὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ οὐδεὶς οἶδεν, εἰ μὴ τὸ Πνεῦμα τοῦ Θεοῦ. Καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς πάλιν ἑαυτοῦ μόνου τοῦτο εἶναί φησιν, οὕτω λέγων: Οὐχ ὅτι τὸν Πατέρα τις ἑώρακεν, εἰ μὴ ὁ ὢν παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ, οὗτος ἑώρακε τὸν Πατέρα: ὅρασιν τὴν γνῶσιν λέγων τὴν σαφεστάτην καὶ ἀπηρτισμένην. Πῶς δὲ ὁ τὴν οὐσίαν εἰδὼς, τὰς οἰκονομίας ἀγνοήσει; ἐκείνη γὰρ μείζων ταύτης ἡ γνῶσις. Ἀγνοοῦμεν οὖν, φησὶ, τὸν Θεόν; Ἄπαγε: ἀλλ' ὅτι μὲν ἔστιν, ἴσμεν: τί ποτε δέ ἐστι τὴν οὐσίαν, οὐκέτι. Καὶ ἵνα γνῷς ὅτι οὐ περὶ τῶν οἰκονομιῶν εἴρηκε τὸ, Ἄρτι γινώσκω ἐκ μέρους, ἄκουσον τῶν ἑξῆς: ἐπήγαγεν οὖν: Τότε δὲ ἐπιγνώσομαι, καθὼς καὶ ἐπεγνώσθην. Οὐ δήπου δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν οἰκονομιῶν ἐπεγνώσθη, ἀλλ' ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ. Μηδεὶς τοίνυν μικρὰν, μηδὲ ἁπλῆν νομιζέτω εἶναι ταύτην τὴν παρανομίαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ διπλῆν καὶ τριπλῆν καὶ πολλαπλασίονα. Οὐ γὰρ δὴ τοῦτο μόνον ἐστὶ τὸ ἄτοπον, ὅτι ταῦτα ἀλαζονεύονται εἰδέναι, ἃ τοῦ Πνεύματός ἐστι μόνου, καὶ τοῦ μονογενοῦς Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἀλλ' ὅτι καὶ Παύλου οὐδὲ τὸ μερικὸν τοῦτο τῆς γνώσεως ἄνευ τῆς ἄνωθεν ἀποκαλύψεως δυνηθέντος μαθεῖν, αὐτοὶ τὸ πᾶν ἐκ τῶν οἰκείων λογισμῶν κατειληφέναι φασίν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἔχουσιν οὐδαμοῦ τὴν Γραφὴν περὶ τούτων ἡμῖν διειλεγμένην δεῖξαι. Ἀλλὰ γὰρ τὴν μανίαν αὐτῶν ἀφέντες, τῶν ἑξῆς ἐχώμεθα περὶ τῆς ἀγάπης λόγων. Οὐδὲ γὰρ τούτοις ἠρκέσθη, ἀλλ' ἐπάγει πάλιν λέγων: Νυνὶ δὲ μένει πίστις, ἐλπὶς, ἀγάπη, τὰ τρία ταῦτα: μείζων δὲ τούτων ἡ ἀγάπη. γʹ. Ἡ μὲν γὰρ πίστις καὶ ἡ ἐλπὶς τῶν πιστευθέντων καὶ τῶν ἐλπισθέντων παραγενομένων ἀγαθῶν, παύεται. Καὶ τοῦτο δηλῶν ὁ Παῦλος ἔλεγεν: Ἐλπὶς γὰρ βλεπομένη, οὐκ ἔστιν ἐλπίς: ὃ γὰρ βλέπει τις, τί καὶ ἐλπίζει; καὶ πάλιν, Ἔστι δὲ πίστις ἐλπιζομένων ὑπόστασις, πραγμάτων ἔλεγχος οὐ βλεπομένων. Ὥστε αὗται μὲν παύονται φανέντων ἐκείνων: ἡ δὲ ἀγάπη τότε μάλιστα αἴρεται, καὶ γίνεται σφοδροτέρα. Ἕτερον πάλιν ἐγκώμιον τῆς ἀγάπης: οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀρκεῖται τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄλλο φιλονεικεῖ πάλιν εὑρεῖν. Σκόπει δέ: Εἶπεν αὐτὴν χάρισμα εἶναι μέγα καὶ ὁδὸν τούτων καθ' ὑπερβολήν: εἶπε χωρὶς αὐτῆς μηδὲν μέγα ὠφελεῖν τὰ χαρίσματα, ὑπέγραψεν αὐτῆς διὰ πολλῶν τὴν εἰκόνα: βούλεται πάλιν καὶ ἑτέρως αὐτὴν ἐπᾶραι, καὶ δεῖξαι μεγάλην οὖσαν ἐκ τοῦ διαμένειν: διὸ καὶ ἔλεγε, Νυνὶ δὲ μένει πίστις, ἐλπὶς, ἀγάπη, τὰ τρία ταῦτα: μείζων δὲ τούτων ἡ ἀγάπη. Πῶς οὖν μείζων ἡ ἀγάπη; Τῷ ἐκεῖνα διαβαίνειν. Εἰ τοίνυν τοσαύτη ἡ ἰσχὺς τῆς ἀγάπης, εἰκότως ἐπάγει λέγων, Διώκετε τὴν ἀγάπην. Καὶ γὰρ διώξεως χρεία καὶ δρόμου τινὸς σφοδροῦ ἐπ' αὐτήν: οὕτως ἡμῶν ἀπέπτη, καὶ τοσαῦτα τὰ ὑποσκελίζοντα τὸν ἐκεῖσε δρόμον. Διὸ καὶ πολλῆς ἡμῖν δεῖ τῆς σφοδρότητος, ὥστε αὐτὴν καταλαβεῖν. Ὅπερ ἐνδεικνύμενος ὁ Παῦλος οὐκ εἶπεν, Ἀκολουθεῖτε τῇ ἀγάπῃ, ἀλλὰ, Διώκετε αὐτὴν, διεγείρων ἡμᾶς καὶ ἀνάπτων πρὸς τὴν ἐκείνης ἀντίληψιν. Καὶ γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς ἐξαρχῆς μυρία ὑπὲρ τοῦ ταύτην ἡμῖν ἐμφυτεῦσαι ἐμηχανήσατο: καὶ γὰρ μίαν ἅπασιν ἔδωκε κεφαλὴν, τὸν Ἀδάμ. Διὰ τί γὰρ μὴ ἐκ γῆς γινόμεθα πάντες; διὰ τί μὴ τέλειοι, ὡς ἐκεῖνος; Ἵνα καὶ οἱ τόκοι καὶ αἱ παιδοτροφίαι, καὶ τὸ ἐξ ἀλλήλων φύεσθαι, συνδήσωσι πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἡμᾶς. Διὰ τοῦτο οὐδὲ τὴν γυναῖκα ἐποίησεν ἀπὸ γῆς. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ οὐκ ἤρκει δυσωπῆσαι πρὸς ὁμόνοιαν ἡμᾶς ὁμοίως, τὸ τῆς αὐτῆς οὐσίας εἶναι, εἰ μὴ καὶ τὸν αὐτὸν ἔχοιμεν πρόγονον, καὶ τοῦτο κατεσκεύασεν. Εἰ γὰρ νῦν τόποις διεστηκότες μόνοις, ἀλλοτρίους εἶναι νομίζομεν ἑαυτοὺς ἀλλήλων: εἰ δύο τὸ γένος ἡμῶν ἔσχεν ἀρχὰς, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἂν τοῦτο ἐγένετο. Διὰ δὴ τοῦτο, ὥσπερ ἀπό τινος μιᾶς κεφαλῆς, τὸ πᾶν ἔδησε σῶμα τοῦ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένους. Καὶ ἐπειδήπερ ἐξαρχῆς δύο τινὲς ἐδόκουν εἶναι, ὅρα πῶς αὐτοὺς συγκολλᾷ πάλιν καὶ εἰς ἓν συνάγει διὰ τοῦ γάμου: Ἀντὶ τούτου γὰρ καταλείψει, φησὶν, ἄνθρωπος τὸν πατέρα αὑτοῦ καὶ τὴν μητέρα, καὶ προσκολληθήσεται πρὸς τὴν γυναῖκα αὑτοῦ, καὶ ἔσονται οἱ δύο εἰς σάρκα μίαν. Καὶ οὐκ εἶπεν, Ἡ γυνὴ, ἀλλ' Ὁ ἄνθρωπος, ἐπειδὴ καὶ μείζων ἡ ἐπιθυμία ἐν ἐκείνῳ. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ μείζονα αὐτὴν διὰ τοῦτο ἐποίησεν, ἵνα τὸ ὑπερέχον κατακάμψῃ τῇ τυραννίδι τούτου τοῦ ἔρωτος, καὶ ὑποτάξῃ τῷ ἀσθενεστέρῳ. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ καὶ γάμον ἔδει εἰσαχθῆναι, τὸν ἐξ οὗ γέγονε, τοῦτον ἄνδρα ἐποίησε τῇ γυναικί. Πάντα γὰρ ἀγάπης τῷ Θεῷ δεύτερα. Εἰ γὰρ οὕτω γενομένων ὁ πρῶτος εὐθέως οὕτως ἐμάνη, καὶ τοσαύτην μάχην ὁ διάβολος καὶ βασκανίαν ἐνέσπειρε, τί οὐκ ἂν εἰργάσατο, εἰ μὴ ἀπὸ μιᾶς ῥίζης ἐβλάστησαν; Εἶτα ἵνα τὸ μὲν ὑποτάττηται, τὸ δὲ ἄρχῃ τὸ γὰρ ὁμότιμον οἶδε πολλάκις μάχην εἰσάγειν: οὐκ ἀφῆκε δημοκρατίαν εἶναι, ἀλλὰ βασιλείαν, καὶ καθάπερ ἐν στρατοπέδῳ, ταύτην ἄν τις ἴδοι τὴν διάταξιν καθ' ἑκάστην οἰκίαν. Ἔστι γοῦν ἐν τάξει μὲν βασιλέως ὁ ἀνὴρ, ἐν τάξει δὲ ὑπάρχου ἡ γυνὴ καὶ στρατηγοῦ: καὶ οἱ παῖδες δὲ ἀρχὴν κεκλήρωνται τρίτην: εἶτα μετὰ ταῦτα ἀρχὴ τετάρτη ἡ τῶν οἰκετῶν: καὶ γὰρ καὶ οὗτοι κρατοῦσι τῶν ἐλαττόνων, καὶ εἷς τις πολλάκις τοῖς πᾶσιν ἐφέστηκε, τὴν τοῦ δεσπότου τάξιν διατηρῶν, πλὴν ὡς οἰκέτης. Καὶ μετὰ ταύτης ἑτέρα πάλιν ἀρχὴ καὶ ἐν αὐτοῖς ἡ τῶν γυναικῶν, ἡ τῶν παίδων, καὶ ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς παισὶ πάλιν ἑτέρα κατὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν καὶ κατὰ τὴν φύσιν: οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς παιδίοις ὁμοίως τὸ θῆλυ κρατεῖ. Καὶ πανταχοῦ δι' ὀλίγου καὶ πυκνὰς ἐποίησε τὰς ἀρχὰς ὁ Θεὸς, ἵνα πάντα ἐν ὁμονοίᾳ μένῃ καὶ εὐταξίᾳ πολλῇ. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ πρὶν εἰς πλῆθος ἐξενεχθῆναι τὸ γένος, δύο μόνων ὄντων τῶν πρώτων, τῷ μὲν ἄρχειν, τῇ δὲ ἄρχεσθαι ἐκέλευσε. Καὶ ἵνα μὴ ὡς ἐλάττονος καταφρονῇ πάλιν καὶ ἀποσχίζηται, ὅρα πῶς αὐτὴν ἐτίμησέ τε καὶ ἥνωσε καὶ πρὸ τῆς δημιουργίας. Ποιήσωμεν γὰρ αὐτῷ, φησὶ, βοηθόν: δεικνὺς ὅτι εἰς χρείαν αὐτοῦ γέγονε, καὶ ταύτῃ συνάγων αὐτὸν πρὸς τὴν δι' αὐτὸν γεγενημένην. Καὶ γὰρ πρὸς ταῦτα οἰκειότερον διακείμεθα τὰ δι' ἡμᾶς πραχθέντα. Ἵνα δὲ μὴ ἐπαίρηται πάλιν ἐκείνη, ὡς εἰς βοήθειαν αὐτῷ δοθεῖσα, καὶ τὸν δεσμὸν ἀποῤῥήξῃ τοῦτον, ἀπὸ τῆς πλευρᾶς αὐτὴν ποιεῖ, δεικνὺς ὅτι μέρος τοῦ παντός ἐστιν αὕτη τοῦ σώματος. Ἵνα δὲ μηδὲ ὁ ἀνὴρ ἐντεῦθεν ἐπαίρηται, οὐκέτι ἀφίησιν εἶναι μόνου, ὃ μόνου τὸ πρότερον ἐγένετο, ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον ἐποίησε τούτῳ, τὴν παιδοποιίαν εἰσαγαγὼν, κἂν τούτῳ προτιμήσας μὲν τὸν ἄνδρα, οὐ μὴν τὸ πᾶν ἀφεὶς εἶναι αὐτοῦ. δʹ. Εἶδες πόσους συνδέσμους ἀγάπης ὁ Θεὸς εἰργάσατο; Ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς φύσεως κατέθηκε τῇ ὁμονοίᾳ τὰ ἐνέχυρα. Καὶ γὰρ τὸ τῆς αὐτῆς οὐσίας εἶναι, εἰς τοῦτο ἄγει: πᾶν γὰρ ζῶον ἀγαπᾷ τὸ ὅμοιον αὐτῷ: καὶ τὸ ἐξ ἀνδρὸς τὴν γυναῖκα εἶναι, καὶ τὸ ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων πάλιν τοὺς παῖδας. Ὅθεν καὶ πολλοὶ φύονται διαθέσεως τρόποι. Τὸν μὲν γὰρ ὡς πατέρα ἀγαπῶμεν, τὸν δὲ ὡς πάππον: καὶ τὴν μὲν ὡς μητέρα, τὴν δὲ ὡς τιθηνόν: καὶ τὸν μὲν ὡς υἱὸν καὶ ἔγγονον καὶ ἐξ ἐγγόνων πάλιν, τὴν δὲ ὡς θυγατέρα καὶ θυγατριδῆν: καὶ τὸν μὲν ὡς ἀδελφὸν, τὸν δὲ ὡς ἀδελφιδοῦν: καὶ τὴν μὲν ὡς ἀδελφὴν, τὴν δὲ ὡς ἀδελφιδῆν. Καὶ τί γὰρ δεῖ πάντα καταλέγειν τὰ τῆς συγγενείας ὀνόματα; Ἐπενόησε δὲ καὶ ἑτέραν διαθέσεως ὑπόθεσιν: ἀπαγορεύσας γὰρ τοὺς τῶν συγγενῶν γάμους, ἐπ' ἀλλοτρίους ἡμᾶς ἐξήγαγε, κἀκείνους πάλιν πρὸς ἡμᾶς εἵλκυσεν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς φυσικῆς ταύτης συγγενείας οὐκ ἦν ἐκείνους ἡμῖν συναφθῆναι, ἀπὸ τοῦ γάμου πάλιν συνῆψεν, ὁλοκλήρους οἰκίας διὰ τῆς μιᾶς νύμφης συνάγων, καὶ γένη γένεσιν ὅλα ἀναμιγνύς. Μὴ γάμει γὰρ, φησὶ, τὴν ἀδελφὴν τὴν σὴν, μηδὲ τὴν ἀδελφὴν τοῦ πατρὸς, μηδὲ ἄλλην κόρην τὴν τοιαύτην συγγένειαν πρὸς σὲ κεκτημένην, ἣ διακωλύει τὸν γάμον, ὀνόματι θεὶς τῶν τοιούτων συγγενῶν τὰ εἴδη. Ἀρκεῖ σοι πρὸς τὴν ἐκείνων διάθεσιν τὸ λῦσαι τὰς αὐτὰς ὠδῖνας, τὸ ἑτέρως σοι προσήκειν τὰς ἄλλας. Τί στενοχωρεῖς τῆς ἀγάπης τὸ πλάτος; τί περιττῶς ὑπόθεσιν ἀναλίσκεις εἰς αὐτὴν φιλίας, δι' ἧς δύνασαι καὶ ἑτέραν πορίσασθαι φιλίας ἀφορμὴν, ἔξωθεν γυναῖκα ἀγαγὼν, καὶ δι' ἐκείνης συγγενῶν ὁρμαθὸν, καὶ μητέρα, καὶ πατέρα, καὶ ἀδελφοὺς, καὶ τοὺς τούτων ἐπιτηδείους; Εἶδες πόσοις τρόποις ἡμᾶς συνέδησεν; Ἀλλ' ὅμως οὐδὲ ταῦτα αὐτῷ ἤρκεσεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀλλήλων χρῄζειν παρεσκεύασεν, ἵνα καὶ οὕτως ἡμᾶς συναγάγῃ, ἐπειδὴ μάλιστα τὰς φιλίας αἱ χρεῖαι ποιοῦσι. Διὰ δὴ τοῦτο οὐδὲ πάντα ἀφῆκε πανταχοῦ γίνεσθαι, ἵνα κἀντεῦθεν ἀλλήλοις ἀναμίγνυσθαι ἀναγκάσῃ. Καταστήσας δὲ ἡμᾶς ἐν χρείᾳ ἀλλήλων, εὔκολον πάλιν τὴν ἐπιμιξίαν ἐποίησεν: ἐπεὶ εἰ μὴ τοῦτο ἦν, εἰς ἑτέραν ἀηδίαν τὸ πρᾶγμα περιΐστατο καὶ δυσχέρειαν. Εἰ γὰρ ἰατροῦ δεόμενον ἢ τέκτονος ἢ ἑτέρου δημιουργοῦ, μακρὰν ἔδει στέλλεσθαι ἀποδημίαν, τὸ πᾶν ἀπολώλει. Διὰ δὴ τοῦτο καὶ πόλεις κατεσκεύασε, καὶ πάντας ὁμοῦ συνήγαγεν. Ἵνα δὴ καὶ τοῖς πόῤῥωθεν ῥᾳδίως ἐπιχωριάζωμεν, θάλατταν εἰς μέσον ἥπλωσε, καὶ ἀνέμων ταχύτητα ἔδωκε, ῥᾳδίας ἐντεῦθεν τὰς ἀποδημίας ποιῶν. Παρὰ δὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ ἐν ἑνὶ πάντας συνήγαγε χωρίῳ, καὶ οὐ πρότερον διέσπειρεν, ἕως εἰς κακὸν ἐχρήσαντο τῇ ὁμονοίᾳ οἱ πρῶτοι λαβόντες τὸ δῶρον: ἀλλὰ πάντοθεν ἡμᾶς συνήγαγε, καὶ ἀπὸ φύσεως καὶ ἀπὸ συγγενείας καὶ ἀπὸ γλώττης καὶ ἀπὸ τόπου. Καὶ ὥσπερ οὐκ ἐβούλετο ἐκπεσεῖν ἡμᾶς τοῦ παραδείσου (εἰ γὰρ ἐβούλετο, οὐδ' ἂν ἐκεῖ κατέθετο ὃν ἐποίησεν ἄνθρωπον τὴν ἀρχὴν), ἀλλ' ὁ παρακούσας αἴτιος: οὕτως οὐδὲ ἀλλογλώσσους εἶναι ἠθέλησεν: ἐπεὶ κἂν ἐξ ἀρχῆς τοῦτο ἐποίησε: νῦν δὲ πᾶσα ἡ γῆ χεῖλος ἓν ἦν, καὶ φωνὴ μία πᾶσι. Διὰ δὴ τοῦτο οὐδὲ ἡνίκα τὴν γῆν ἀφανισθῆναι ἔδει, οὐδὲ τότε ἡμᾶς ἐξ ἄλλης ἐποίησεν ὕλης, οὐδὲ μετέθηκε τὸν δίκαιον, ἀλλ' ἀφεὶς αὐτὸν ἐν μέσῳ τῷ κλυδωνίῳ, ὥσπερ τινὰ σπινθῆρα τῆς οἰκουμένης, ἀνῆψε πάλιν ἡμῶν τὸ γένος ἐκεῖθεν ἀπὸ τοῦ μακαρίου Νῶε. Καὶ ἐξ ἀρχῆς μὲν μίαν ἐποίησεν ἀρχὴν, τὸν ἄνδρα ἐπιστήσας τῇ γυναικί: ἐπειδὴ δὲ εἰς πολλὴν ἐξώκειλεν ἀταξίαν τὸ γένος ἡμῶν, καὶ ἑτέρας κατέστησε, τὰς τῶν δεσποτῶν, τὰς τῶν ἀρχόντων: καὶ τοῦτο δὲ δι' ἀγάπην. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἡ κακία διαλυτικὸν καὶ ἀναιρετικὸν ἡμῶν τοῦ γένους, ὥσπερ τινὰς ἰατροὺς ἐν μέσαις ταῖς πόλεσιν ἐκάθισε τοὺς δικάζοντας, ἵν' ὥσπερ τινὰ λοιμὸν τῆς ἀγάπης τὴν κακίαν ἀπελαύνοντες, πάντας εἰς ἓν συναγάγωσιν. Ἵνα δὲ μὴ μόνον ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν ἑκάστῃ οἰκίᾳ πολλὴ ἡ ὁμόνοια ᾖ, τὸν μὲν ἄνδρα τῇ ἀρχῇ καὶ τῇ ὑπεροχῇ τιμήσας, τὴν δὲ γυναῖκα τῇ ἐπιθυμίᾳ καθοπλίσας, καὶ τὸ τῆς παιδοποιίας δὲ δῶρον εἰς μέσον ἀμφοτέροις καταθεὶς, καὶ ἕτερα μετὰ τούτων συναγωγὰ τῆς ἀγάπης κατεσκεύασεν. Οὔτε γὰρ πάντα ἐπέτρεψε τῷ ἀνδρὶ, οὔτε πάντα τῇ γυναικὶ, ἀλλὰ καὶ ταῦτα διεῖλεν ἑκάστῳ, τῇ μὲν τὴν οἰκίαν, τῷ δὲ τὴν ἀγορὰν ἐγχειρίσας, καὶ τῷ μὲν τὸ τρέφειν, γεωργεῖ γάρ: τῇ δὲ τὸ περιβάλλειν, ἱστὸς γὰρ καὶ ἠλακάτη τῆς γυναικός: αὐτὸς γὰρ ἔδωκε τῇ γυναικὶ ὑφάσματος σοφίαν. Ἀλλ' ἀπόλοιτο ἡ φιλαργυρία, οὐκ ἀφιεῖσα ταύτην φαίνεσθαι τὴν διάκρισιν. Ἡ γὰρ βλακεία τῶν πολλῶν καὶ τοὺς ἄνδρας εἰς τοὺς ἱστοὺς ἐπεισήγαγε, καὶ κερκίδας αὐτοῖς ἐνεχείρισε καὶ κρόκην καὶ στήμονας. Ἀλλ' ὅμως καὶ οὕτω διαλάμπει τῆς θείας οἰκονομίας ἡ πρόνοια. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ τῆς γυναικὸς ἐν ἄλλοις ἀναγκαιοτέροις σφόδρα δεόμεθα, καὶ τῶν ἐλαττόνων ἐν τοῖς συνέχουσι τὸν βίον ἡμῶν χρῄζομεν: καὶ τοσαύτη τῆς χρείας ἐστὶν ἡ ἀνάγκη, ὅτι κἂν πάντων ἀνθρώπων πλουσιώτερος ᾖ τις, οὐδὲ οὕτω ταύτης ἀπήλλακται τῆς συναφείας, καὶ τοῦ δεῖσθαι τοῦ καταδεεστέρου. Οὐ γὰρ δὴ τῶν πλουσίων οἱ πένητες δέονται μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ πλούσιοι τῶν πενήτων, καὶ οὗτοι μᾶλλον ἐκείνων, ἢ ἐκεῖνοι τούτων. εʹ. Καὶ ἵνα τοῦτο σαφέστερον ἴδῃς, ποιήσωμεν, εἰ δοκεῖ, δύο πόλεις, τὴν μὲν πλουσίων μόνον, τὴν δὲ πενήτων: καὶ μήτε ἐν τῇ τῶν πλουτούντων ἔστω τις πένης, μήτε ἐν τῇ τῶν πενήτων ἔστω τις πλούσιος ἀνὴρ, ἀλλ' ἐκκαθάρωμεν ἀκριβῶς ἑκατέρας, καὶ ἴδωμεν ποία μᾶλλον ἀρκέσαι ἑαυτῇ δυνήσεται. Ἐὰν γὰρ εὕρωμεν τὴν τῶν πενήτων δυναμένην, εὔδηλον ὅτι οἱ πλούσιοι τούτων μᾶλλον δεήσονται. Οὐκοῦν ἐν μὲν ἐκείνῃ τῇ τῶν εὐπόρων οὐδεὶς ἔσται δημιουργὸς, οὐκ οἰκοδόμος, οὐ τέκτων, οὐχ ὑποδηματοῤῥάφος, οὐκ ἀρτοποιὸς, οὐ γεωργὸς, οὐ χαλκοτύπος, οὐ σχοινοστρόφος, οὐκ ἄλλο τῶν τοιούτων οὐδέν. Τίς γὰρ ἂν ἕλοιτο τῶν πλουτούντων ταῦτα μετιέναι ποτὲ, ὅπου γε καὶ αὐτοὶ οἱ ταῦτα μεταχειρίζοντες, ὅταν εὐπορήσωσιν, οὐκ ἀνέχονται τῆς ἀπὸ τῶν ἔργων τούτων ταλαιπωρίας; Πῶς οὖν ἡμῖν ἡ πόλις στήσεται αὕτη; Δόντες, φησὶν, ἀργύριον οἱ πλουτοῦντες, ταῦτα ὠνήσονται παρὰ τῶν πενήτων. Οὐκοῦν οὐκ ἀρκέσουσιν ἑαυτοῖς, εἴ γε ἐκείνων δέονται. Πῶς δὲ οἰκίας οἰκοδομήσονται; ἢ καὶ τοῦτο ὠνήσονται; ἀλλ' οὐκ ἂν ἔχοι τοῦτο φύσις. Οὐκοῦν ἀνάγκη τοὺς τεχνίτας ἐκεῖ καλεῖν, καὶ διαφθείρειν τὸν νόμον, ὃν ἐθήκαμεν ἐξ ἀρχῆς τὴν πόλιν οἰκίζοντες: μέμνησθε γὰρ, ὅτε ἐλέγομεν, μηδεὶς ἔστω πένης ἔνδον. Ἀλλ' ἰδοὺ ἡ χρεία, καὶ μὴ βουλομένων ἡμῶν, ἐκάλεσεν αὐτοὺς καὶ εἰσήγαγεν. Ὅθεν δῆλον, ὡς ἀδύνατον χωρὶς πενήτων συστῆναι πόλιν. Εἰ γὰρ μένοι ἡ πόλις μηδένα παραδεχομένη τούτων, οὐκέτι ἔσται πόλις, ἀλλ' ἀπολεῖται. Οὐκοῦν οὐκ ἀρκέσει ἑαυτῇ, εἰ μὴ καθάπερ τινὰς σωτῆρας τοὺς πένητας παρ' ἑαυτῇ συναγάγοι. Ἴδωμεν δὲ καὶ τὴν τῶν πενήτων πόλιν, εἰ καὶ αὕτη ὁμοίως ἐνδεῶς διακείσεται τῶν πλουτούντων ἐστερημένη. Καὶ πρότερον διακαθάρωμεν τῷ λόγῳ τὸν πλοῦτον, καὶ δείξωμεν αὐτὸν σαφῶς. Τί ποτ' οὖν ἐστι πλοῦτος; Χρυσὸς καὶ ἄργυρος, καὶ λίθοι τίμιοι, καὶ ἱμάτια σηρικὰ καὶ ἁλουργὰ καὶ διάχρυσα. Ἐπεὶ οὖν ἐφάνη τί ποτέ ἐστιν ὁ πλοῦτος, ἀπελάσωμεν αὐτὸν τῆς τῶν πενήτων πόλεως, εἰ μέλλοιμεν καθαρῶς πόλιν πενήτων ποιεῖν, καὶ μηδὲ ὄναρ ἐκεῖ φαινέσθω χρυσίον, μηδὲ ἱμάτια τοιαῦτα: εἰ δὲ βούλει, μηδὲ ἄργυρος, μηδὲ τὰ ἐξ ἀργύρου σκεύη. Τί οὖν; παρὰ τοῦτο ἐνδεῶς ζήσεται τὰ τῆς πόλεως ταύτης, εἰπέ μοι; Οὐδέν. Ἄν τε γὰρ οἰκοδομεῖν δέῃ, οὐ χρυσοῦ καὶ ἀργύρου δεῖ καὶ μαργαριτῶν, ἀλλὰ τέχνης καὶ χειρῶν, χειρῶν δὲ οὐχ ἁπλῶς, ἀλλὰ τετυλωμένων, καὶ δακτύλων ἀπεσκληκότων, καὶ ἰσχύος πολλῆς, καὶ ξύλων καὶ λίθων: ἄν τε ὑφαίνειν πάλιν ἱμάτιον, οὐ χρυσοῦ πάλιν ἡμῖν δὲ καὶ ἀργύρου, ἀλλὰ χειρῶν πάλιν καὶ τέχνης καὶ γυναικῶν ἐργαζομένων. Τί δὲ, ἐὰν γεωργεῖν δέῃ καὶ σκάπτειν τὴν γῆν; πλουτούντων ἢ πενομένων χρεία; Παντί που δῆλον, ὅτι πενήτων. Καὶ σίδηρον δὲ ὅταν δέῃ χαλκεύειν, καὶ ἄλλο τι τῶν τοιούτων ποιεῖν, τοῦ δήμου τούτου μάλιστα ἡμῖν δεῖ. Ποῦ οὖν δεησόμεθα τῶν πλουτούντων λοιπόν: πλὴν εἰ μὴ καθελεῖν δέον τὴν πόλιν ταύτην; Εἰ γὰρ ἐπεισελθόντων ἐκείνων εἰς τὴν τοῦ χρυσίου καὶ τὴν τῶν μαργαριτῶν ἐμπέσοιεν ἐπιθυμίαν, οὗτοι οἱ φιλόσοφοι (φιλοσόφους γὰρ ἐγὼ καλῶ τοὺς οὐδὲν περιττὸν ἐπιζητοῦντας), ἀργίᾳ δόντες ἑαυτοὺς καὶ τρυφῇ, πάντα ἀπολοῦσι λοιπόν. Καὶ εἰ μὴ χρήσιμος ὁ πλοῦτος, φησὶ, τίνος ἕνεκεν δέδοται παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ; Καὶ πόθεν δῆλον, ὅτι παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ τὸ πλουτεῖν; Ἡ Γραφή φησιν, Ἐμὸν τὸ ἀργύριον, καὶ ἐμὸν τὸ χρυσίον, καὶ ᾧ ἐὰν βούλομαι, δώσω αὐτό. Ἐνταῦθα εἰ μὴ πρᾶγμα ἐποίουν αἰσχρὸν, καὶ ἐγέλασα νῦν πλατὺν γέλωτα, τῶν ταῦτα λεγόντων καταγελῶν, ὅτι καθάπερ παιδία μικρὰ τραπέζης ἀπολαύοντα βασιλικῆς, μετ' ἐκείνης τῆς τροφῆς καὶ τὸ προστυχὸν ἅπαν ἐπεμβάλλουσι τῷ στόματι: οὕτω καὶ οὗτοι μετὰ τῶν θείων Γραφῶν καὶ τὰ παρ' ἑαυτῶν συνεισάγουσι. Τὸ μὲν γὰρ, Ἐμὸν τὸ ἀργύριον, καὶ ἐμὸν τὸ χρυσίον, οἶδα εἰρημένον τῷ προφήτῃ: τὸ δὲ, Ὧ| ἐὰν θέλω, δώσω αὐτὸ, οὐκέτι προσκείμενον, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τῶν συρφετῶν τούτων ἐπεισενηνεγμένον. Καὶ ἐκεῖνο δὲ τίνος ἕνεκεν εἴρηται ἐρῶ. Ὁ γὰρ προφήτης Ἀγγαῖος ἐπειδὴ συνεχῶς ἐπηγγέλλετο τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις μετὰ τὴν ἐπάνοδον τὴν ἐκ Βαβυλῶνος τὸν ναὸν δείξειν ἐπὶ τοῦ σχήματος τοῦ προτέρου, καὶ ἠπίστουν τῷ λεγομένῳ τινὲς καὶ σχεδὸν ἀδύνατον εἶναι ἐνόμιζον, εἰ μετὰ τὴν τέφραν καὶ τὴν κόνιν τοιοῦτος πάλιν φανεῖται ὁ οἶκος: ἐκεῖνος ἐκλύων αὐτῶν τὴν ἀπιστίαν, ἐκ προσώπου τοῦ Θεοῦ ταῦτα λέγει, ὡς ἂν εἰ ἔλεγε: Τί δεδοίκατε; τί δὲ ἀπιστεῖτε; Ἐμὸν τὸ ἀργύριον, καὶ ἐμὸν τὸ χρυσίον, καὶ οὐ δέομαι, παρ' ἑτέρων δανεισάμενος, οὕτω καλλωπίσαι τὸν οἶκον. Καὶ ὅτι τοῦτό ἐστιν, ἐπήγαγε, Καὶ ἔσται ἡ δόξα τοῦ οἴκου τούτου ἡ ἐσχάτη ὑπὲρ τὴν πρώτην. Μὴ τοίνυν ἀραχνῶν ὑφάσματα ἐπεισάγωμεν τῷ πέπλῳ τῷ βασιλικῷ. Εἰ γὰρ, ἐν ἁλουργίδι εἴ τις ἁλοίη κρόκην παράσημον ἐμπλέκων, τὴν ἐσχάτην δώσει δίκην, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἐπὶ τῶν πνευματικῶν: οὐδὲ γὰρ τὸ τυχὸν ἐντεῦθεν ἁμάρτημα γίνεται. Καὶ τί λέγω παρὰ προσθήκην καὶ ἀφαίρεσιν; παρὰ στιγμὴν μόνην, καὶ παρὰ ὑπόκρισιν μόνην ἀναγνώσεως πολλὰ πολλάκις ἄτοπα ἐτέχθη νοήματα. Ϛʹ. Πόθεν οὖν οἱ πλουτοῦντες; φησί: καὶ γὰρ εἴρηται, Πλοῦτος καὶ πενία παρὰ Κυρίου. Ἐρώμεθα οὖν τοὺς ταῦτα ἡμῖν ἀνθυποφέροντας, Ἆρα πᾶς πλοῦτος καὶ πᾶσα πενία παρὰ Κυρίου; Καὶ τίς ἂν τοῦτο εἴποι; Καὶ γὰρ ὁρῶμεν, καὶ ἐξ ἁρπαγῆς καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς περὶ τάφους κακουργίας καὶ ἀπὸ γοητείας καὶ ἐξ ἑτέρων τοιούτων προφάσεων πολὺν πολλοῖς συναγόμενον πλοῦτον, καὶ τοὺς ἔχοντας οὐδὲ ζῇν ἀξίους ὄντας. Τί οὖν, εἰπέ μοι, τοῦτον παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ τὸν πλοῦτον εἶναί φαμεν; Ἄπαγε: ἀλλὰ πόθεν; Ἐξ ἁμαρτίας. Καὶ γὰρ ἡ πόρνη τὸ σῶμα ἐνυβρίσασα πλουτεῖ, καὶ εὔμορφος νέος πολλάκις τὴν ὥραν ἀποδόμενος μετ' ἀσχημοσύνης κέκτηται χρυσίον, καὶ ὁ τυμβωρύχος τοὺς τάφους ἀναῤῥήξας συνήγαγε πλοῦτον ἄδικον, καὶ ὁ λῃστὴς τοὺς τοίχους διορύξας. Οὐκοῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἅπας ὁ πλοῦτος; Τί οὖν, φησὶν, ἐροῦμεν πρὸς τὴν ῥῆσιν ταύτην; Μάθε πρῶτον καὶ πενίαν οὐκ ἀπὸ Θεοῦ γινομένην, καὶ τότε καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν ῥῆσιν αὐτὴν βαδιούμεθα. Ὅταν γάρ τις ἄσωτος ὢν νέος, ἢ εἰς πόρνας ἀναλώσῃ τὸν πλοῦτον, ἢ εἰς γόητας, ἢ εἰς ἑτέρας τινὰς τοιαύτας ἐπιθυμίας, καὶ γένηται πένης, οὐκ εὔδηλον, ὅτι οὐκ ἀπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ γέγονε τοῦτο, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῆς οἰκείας ἀσωτίας; Πάλιν εἴ τις ὑπὸ ἀργίας γένοιτο πένης, εἴ τις ὑπὸ ἀνοίας εἰς πτωχείαν κατενεχθείη, εἴ τις ἐπικινδύνοις καὶ παρανόμοις ἐπιχειρῶν πράγμασιν, οὐκ εὔδηλον πάντως, ὅτι οὐδὲ τούτων τις καὶ τῶν τοιούτων εἰς τὴν πτωχείαν αὐτὴν ἀπὸ Θεοῦ κατηνέχθη; Ψεύδεται οὖν ἡ Γραφή; Μὴ γένοιτο, ἀλλ' ἀνοηταίνουσιν οἱ μὴ μετὰ τῆς προσηκούσης ἀκριβείας ἐξετάζοντες τὰ γεγραμμένα ἅπαντα. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο ὡμολόγηται, ὅτι ἀψευδὴς ἡ Γραφὴ, καὶ τοῦτο ἀπεδείχθη, ὅτι οὐ πᾶς πλοῦτος παρὰ Θεοῦ, τῆς τῶν ἀπερισκέπτως ἀναγινωσκόντων ἀσθενείας ἡ ἀπορία. Καὶ ἔδει μὲν ἡμᾶς ἀφεῖναι, ἐν τούτῳ ἀπαλλάξαντας τὴν Γραφὴν τῶν ἐγκλημάτων, ἵνα ταύτην ἡμῖν δίκην δῶτε τῆς περὶ τὰς Γραφὰς ῥᾳθυμίας: ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ φείδομαι σφόδρα ὑμῶν, καὶ οὐ δύναμαι ἐπιπλέον θορυβουμένους ἰδεῖν καὶ διαταραττομένους, φέρε καὶ τὴν λύσιν ἐπαγάγωμεν, πρότερον τὸν εἰρηκότα εἰπόντες, καὶ πότε εἴρηται, καὶ πρὸς τίνας. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ὁμοίως ἅπασιν ὁ Θεὸς διαλέγεται, ὥσπερ οὐδὲ ἡμεῖς παιδίοις καὶ ἀνδράσιν ὁμοίως κεχρήμεθα. Πότε οὖν εἴρηται, καὶ ὑπὸ τίνος, καὶ πρὸς τίνας; Ὑπὸ τοῦ Σολομῶντος ἐπὶ τῆς Παλαιᾶς πρὸς τοὺς Ἰουδαίους τοὺς οὐδὲν ἕτερον εἰδότας ἢ τὰ αἰσθητὰ, καὶ ἀπὸ τούτων τοῦ Θεοῦ δοκιμάζοντας τὴν ἰσχύν. Οὗτοι γὰρ οἱ λέγοντές εἰσι: Μὴ καὶ ἄρτον δύναται δοῦναι; καὶ, Τί σημεῖον δεικνύεις ἡμῖν; Οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν ἔφαγον τὸ μάννα ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ. Ὧν ὁ θεὸς ἡ κοιλία. Ἐπεὶ οὖν ἀπὸ τούτων αὐτὸν ἐδοκίμαζον, λέγει πρὸς αὐτοὺς, δυνατὸν καὶ τοῦτο τῷ Θεῷ, καὶ πλουσίους ποιῆσαι καὶ πένητας: οὐχ ὅτι πάντως αὐτὸς ποιεῖ, ἀλλ' ὅτι δύναται, ὅταν θέλῃ: ὥσπερ ὅταν λέγῃ, Ὁ ἀπειλῶν τῇ θαλάσσῃ, καὶ ξηραίνων αὐτὴν, καὶ πάντας τοὺς ποταμοὺς ἐξερημῶν: καίτοι τοῦτο οὐδέποτε γέγονε. Πῶς οὖν αὐτὸ ὁ προφήτης φησίν; Οὐχ ὡς γινόμενον ἀεὶ, ἀλλ' ὡς δυνατὸν αὐτῷ ποιῆσαι. Ποίαν οὖν πενίαν δίδωσι, καὶ ποῖον πλοῦτον; Ἀναμνήσθητι τοῦ πατριάρχου, καὶ εἴσῃ τὸν παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ διδόμενον πλοῦτον. Καὶ γὰρ τὸν Ἀβραὰμ αὐτὸς πλούσιον ἐποίησε, καὶ μετ' ἐκεῖνον τὸν Ἰὼβ, καθὼς καὶ αὐτός φησιν: Εἰ τὰ μὲν ἀγαθὰ ἐδεξάμεθα παρὰ Κυρίου, τὰ δὲ κακὰ οὐχ ὑποίσομεν; Καὶ ὁ τοῦ Ἰακὼβ πλοῦτος ἐκεῖθεν τὴν ἀρχὴν εἶχεν. Ἔστι δὲ καὶ πενία παρ' αὐτοῦ ἡ ἐπαινετὴ, οἵαν προεξένει τότε τῷ πλουσίῳ ἐκείνῳ, λέγων: Εἰ θέλεις τέλειος εἶναι, πώλησόν σου τὰ ὑπάρχοντα, καὶ δὸς πτωχοῖς, καὶ δεῦρο ἀκολούθει μοι: καὶ τοῖς μαθηταῖς πάλιν νομοθετῶν καὶ λέγων, Μὴ κτήσασθε χρυσὸν, μηδὲ ἄργυρον, μηδὲ δύο χιτῶνας. Μὴ τοίνυν λέγε, ὅτι πάντα πλοῦτον αὐτὸς δίδωσι: καὶ γὰρ ἐδείχθη καὶ ἀπὸ φόνων καὶ ἀπὸ ἁρπαγῆς καὶ ἀπὸ μυρίων ἑτέρων προφάσεων συλλεγόμενος οὗτος. Ἀλλὰ πάλιν εἰς τὸ πρότερον ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος περιΐσταται ζήτημα. Εἰ γὰρ μηδὲν ἡμῖν χρήσιμοι οἱ πλουτοῦντες, διὰ τί γεγένηνται; τί οὖν ἂν εἴποιμεν; Ὅτι οὗτοι οὐ χρήσιμοι, οἱ ἑαυτοὺς οὕτω ποιοῦντες πλουσίους, ὡς οἵ γε παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ γενόμενοι, καὶ σφόδρα χρήσιμοι. Καὶ τοῦτο ἀπ' αὐτῶν τῶν παρ' ἐκείνων γινομένων μάνθανε. Καὶ γὰρ ὁ Ἀβραὰμ τοῖς ξένοις καὶ τοῖς δεομένοις ἅπασι τὸν πλοῦτον ἐκέκτητο. Ὁ γὰρ τριῶν παραγενομένων, ὡς ἐνόμιζεν, ἀνθρώπων, μόσχον θύσας, καὶ τρία μέτρα σεμιδάλεως φυράσας, καὶ πρὸς τῇ θύρᾳ καθήμενος ἐν καιρῷ μεσημβρίας, ἐννόησον μεθ' ὅσης δαψιλείας καὶ προθυμίας τὰ αὑτοῦ πᾶσιν ἀνήλισκε, μετὰ τῶν χρημάτων καὶ τὴν τοῦ σώματος παρεχόμενος ὑπηρεσίαν, καὶ ταῦτα ἐν γήρᾳ τοσούτῳ, καὶ λιμὴν τῶν ξένων καὶ τῶν ἐν χρείαις καθεστηκότων ὢν, καὶ οὐδὲν ἴδιον κεκτημένος, οὐδὲ αὐτὸν τὸν υἱόν: καὶ γὰρ τοῦ Θεοῦ κελεύσαντος, καὶ τοῦτον ἐπέδωκε: μετὰ δὲ τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ ἑαυτὸν ἐπέδωκε καὶ τὴν οἰκίαν ἅπασαν, ἡνίκα τὸν ἀδελφιδοῦν ἐξαρπάσαι ἔσπευδε. Καὶ ταῦτα οὐ χρημάτων ἕνεκεν ἐποίει, ἀλλὰ φιλανθρωπίας μόνης. Ὅτε γοῦν τῶν λαφύρων αὐτὸν ἐποίουν κύριον οἱ δι' αὐτοῦ σωθέντες, μέχρι σπαρτίου καὶ σφαιρωτῆρος ἅπαντα διεκρούσατο. ζʹ. Τοιοῦτος καὶ ὁ μακάριος ἦν Ἰώβ. Καὶ γὰρ Ἡ θύρα μου, φησὶ, παντὶ ἐλθόντι ἠνέῳκτο. Ἐγὼ ἤμην ὀφθαλμὸς τυφλῶν, ποῦς δὲ χωλῶν: ἐγὼ ἤμην πατὴρ ἀδυνάτων: ἔξω δὲ οὐκ ηὐλίζετο ξένος: ἀδύνατοι δὲ, ἤν ποτε χρείαν εἶχον, οὐκ ἀπέτυχον, οὐδὲ εἴασα ἐξελθεῖν ἀδύνατον τὴν θύραν μου κόλπῳ κενῷ. Καὶ πολλῷ πλείονα δὲ τούτων, ἵνα μὴ πάντα καταλέγωμεν νῦν, διετέλει πράττων, εἰς τοὺς δεομένους ἅπαντα τὸν πλοῦτον καταναλίσκων. Βούλει καὶ τοὺς οὐ παρὰ Θεοῦ γινομένους πλουσίους ἰδεῖν, ἵνα μάθῃς πῶς κέχρηνται τῷ πλούτῳ; Ὅρα τὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ Λαζάρου, τὸν οὐδὲ τῶν ψιχίων μεταδιδόντα: ὅρα τὸν Ἀχαὰβ τὸν καὶ τὸν ἀμπελῶνα ἁρπάζοντα: ὅρα τὸν Γιεζῆ, ὅρα τοὺς τοιούτους ἅπαντας. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ δικαίως κεκτημένοι, ἅτε παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ λαβόντες, εἰς τὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ προστάγματα ἀναλίσκουσιν: οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ κτᾶσθαι προσκρούσαντες τῷ Θεῷ, καὶ ἐν τῷ δαπανᾷν τὸ αὐτὸ ποιοῦσιν, εἰς πόρνας καὶ παρασίτους ἀναλίσκοντες, ἢ κατορύττοντες καὶ ἀποκλείοντες, εἰς πτωχὸν δὲ οὐδὲν δαπανῶντες. Καὶ τίνος ἕνεκεν, φησὶν, ὁ Θεὸς ἀφίησι πλουτεῖν τοὺς τοιούτους; Ὅτι μακρόθυμός ἐστιν, ὅτι βούλεται ἡμᾶς εἰς μετάνοιαν ἀγαγεῖν, ὅτι γέενναν ἡτοίμασεν, ὅτι ἔστησεν ἡμέραν ἐν ᾗ μέλλει κρίνειν τὴν οἰκουμένην. Εἰ δὲ εὐθέως τοὺς πλουτοῦντας κακῶς ἐκόλαζεν, οὐκ ἂν ὁ Ζακχαῖος ἔσχε προθεσμίαν μετανοίας, ὥστε καὶ τετραπλασίονα ἀποδοῦναι, ἅπερ ἥρπασε, καὶ τὰ ἡμίση προσθεῖναι τῶν ἑαυτοῦ: οὐκ ἂν ὁ Ματθαῖος μεταβαλέσθαι καὶ γενέσθαι ἀπόστολος, προαναρπαγεὶς τοῦ προσήκοντος καιροῦ: οὐκ ἂν ἕτεροι πολλοὶ τοιοῦτοι. Διὰ ταῦτα ἀνέχεται εἰς μετάνοιαν καλῶν ἅπαντας. Εἰ δὲ μὴ βούλοιντο, ἀλλὰ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἐπιμένοιεν, ἀκούσονται τοῦ Παύλου λέγοντος, ὅτι Κατὰ τὴν σκληρότητα αὐτῶν καὶ ἀμετανόητον καρδίαν θησαυρίζουσιν ἑαυτοῖς ὀργὴν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὀργῆς καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως καὶ δικαιοκρισίας τοῦ Θεοῦ: ἥντινα ὀργὴν ἵνα φύγωμεν, πλουτῶμεν τὸν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ πλοῦτον, καὶ τὴν ἐπαινετὴν διώκωμεν πενίαν. Οὕτω γὰρ καὶ τῶν μελλόντων ἐπιτευξόμεθα ἀγαθῶν: ὧν γένοιτο πάντας ἡμᾶς ἐπιτυχεῖν, χάριτι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, μεθ' οὗ τῷ Πατρὶ ἅμα τῷ ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι δόξα, κράτος, τιμὴ, νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ, καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.