John Chrysostom, Homilies on the Acts of the Apostles

Dost thou perceive the type? What is this Pentecost? The time when the sickle was to be put to the harvest, and the ingathering was made. See now the reality, when the time was come to put in the sickle of the word: for here, as the sickle, keen-edged, came the Spirit down. For hear the words of Christ: “Lift up your eyes,” He said, “and look on the fields, for they are white already to harvest.” (John iv. 35.) And again, “The harvest truly is great, but the laborers are few.” (Matt. ix. 38.) But as the first-fruits of this harvest, He himself took [our nature], and bore it up on high. Himself first put in the sickle. Therefore90 i.e. in reference to the harvest. The modern text has, “therefore He calls this the harvest:” missing the author’s meaning, i.e. the allusion to the parable of the sower. also He calls the Word the Seed. “When,” it says, “the day of Pentecost was fully come” (Luke viii. 5, 11): that is, when at the Pentecost, while about it, in short.91 τουτέστι, πρὸς τῇ πεντηκοστῇ περὶ αὐτὴν ὡς εἰπεῖν Πρὸς, as in the phrase, εἶναι v. γίνεσθαι πρός τινι. Hom. in Matt. 289. B. Field, not. and similarly περὶ as in εἶναι περί τι. Only Œcumen. has preserved the true reading, in his comment πρὸς τῇ π.; περὶ αὐτὴν ἤδη τὴν ἑορτήν. A. B. C. read, πρὸ τῆς πεντηκοστῆς περὶ αὐτὴν ὡς εἰπεῖν: so Cat. but with περὶ for πρὸ. The others, οὐ πρὸ τῆς π., ἀλλὰ περὶ αὐτὴν, ὡς εἰπεῖν. For it was essential that the present events likewise should take place during the feast, that those who had witnessed the crucifixion of Christ, might also behold these. “And suddenly there came a sound from heaven.” (v. 2.) Why did this not come to pass without sensible tokens? For this reason. If even when the fact was such, men said, “They are full of new wine,” what would they not have said, had it been otherwise? And it is not merely, “there came a sound,” but, “from heaven.” And the suddenness also startled them, and92 In the mss. and Edd. the order of the following sentences is confused. It is here restored by bringing the clause, καὶ πάντας ἐκεῖ συνήγαγεν into what appears to be its proper connection, and supplying the text to the comment πολλὴν τὴν ῥυμην λέγει τοῦ Πνεύματος. brought all together to the spot. “As of a rushing mighty wind:” this betokens the exceeding vehemence of the Spirit. “And it filled all the house:” insomuch that those present both believed, and (Edd. τούτους) in this manner were shown to be worthy. Nor is this all; but what is more awful still, “And there appeared unto them,” it says, “cloven tongues like as of fire.” (v. 3.) Observe how it is always, “like as;” and rightly: that you may have no gross sensible notions of the Spirit. Also, “as it were of a blast:” therefore it was not a wind. “Like as of fire.” For when the Spirit was to be made known to John, then it came upon the head of Christ as in the form of a dove: but now, when a whole multitude was to be converted, it is “like as of fire. And it sat upon each of them.” This means, that it remained and rested upon them.” For the sitting is significant of settledness and continuance.

Was it upon the twelve that it came? Not so; but upon the hundred and twenty. For Peter would not have quoted to no purpose the testimony of the prophet, saying, “And it shall come to pass in the last days, saith the Lord God, I will pour out of My spirit upon all flesh: and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams.” (Joel ii. 28.) “And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost.” (v. 4.) For, that the effect may not be to frighten only, therefore is it both “with the Holy Ghost, and with fire. And began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance.” (Matt. iii. 11.) They receive no other sign, but this first; for it was new to them, and there was no need of any other sign. “And it sat upon each of them,” says the writer. Observe now, how there is no longer any occasion for that person to grieve, who was not elected as was Matthias, “And they were all filled,” he says; not merely received the grace of the Spirit, but “were filled. And began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance.” It would not have been said, All, the Apostles also being there present, unless the rest also were partakers. For were it not so, having above made mention of the Apostles distinctively and by name, he would not now have put them all in one with the rest. For if, where it was only to be mentioned that they were present, he makes mention of the Apostles apart, much more would he have done so in the case here supposed.93 i.e. if the gift descended only upon the Twelve, there would have been specific and distinctive mention of them in this narrative, as there was in the former chapter; and with much more reason here than there. The writer would not have said merely, They were all together: it sat upon each one of them: they were all filled: if he had meant that the Spirit came only upon the Apostles. Observe, how when one is continuing in prayer, when one is in charity, then it is that the Spirit draws near. It put them in mind also of another vision: for as fire did He appear also in the bush. “As the Spirit gave them utterance, ἀποφθέγγεσθαι (Exod. iii. 2.) For the things spoken by them were ἀποφθέγματα, profound utterances. “And,” it says, “there were dwelling at Jerusalem Jews, devout men.” (v. 5.) The fact of their dwelling there was a sign of piety: that being of so many nations they should have left country, and home, and relations, and be abiding there. For, it says, “There were dwelling at Jerusalem Jews, devout men, out of every nation under heaven. Now when this was noised abroad, the multitude came together, and were confounded. (v. 6.) Since the event had taken place in a house, of course they came together from without. The multitude was confounded: was all in commotion. They marvelled; “Because that every man heard them speak in his own language. And they were amazed,” it says, “and marvelled, saying one to another, Behold, are not all these which speak Galileans?” (v. 7–13.) They immediately turned their eyes towards the Apostles. “And how” (it follows) “hear we every man in our own tongue, wherein we were born? Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judea, and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia, Phrygia, and Pamphylia, in Egypt, and in the parts of Libya about Cyrene:” mark how they run from east to west:94 i.e. Mark how the enumeration, “Parthians, and Medes,” etc., goes from east to west. This comment having been transposed to the end of v. 12, was misunderstood: and E. has instead of it, “Do you see how it was, that, as if they had wings, they sped their way through the whole world?” “and strangers of Rome, Jews and proselytes, Cretes and Arabians, we do hear them speak in our tongues the wonderful works of God. And, they were all amazed, and were in doubt, saying one to another, What meaneth this? Others mocking said, These men are full of new wine.” O the excessive folly! O the excessive malignity! Why it was not even the season for that; for it was Pentecost. For this was what made it worse: that when those were confessing—men that were Jews, that were Romans, that were proselytes, yea perhaps that had crucified Him—yet these, after so great signs, say, “They are full of new wine!”

But let us look over what has been said from the beginning. (Recapitulation.) “And when the day of Pentecost,” etc. “It filled,” he says, “the house.” That wind πνοὴ was a very pool of water. This betokened the copiousness, as the fire did the vehemence. This nowhere happened in the case of the Prophets: for to uninebriated souls such accesses are not attended with much disturbance; but “when they have well drunken,” then indeed it is as here, but with the Prophets it is otherwise.95 Τὰ γὰρ τοιαῦτα νηφουσῶν μὲν ψυχῶν προσπίπτοντα, οὐ πολὺ* ἔχει τὸν θόρυβον· ὅταν δὲ μεθύσωσιν τότε μὲν οὕτως, τοῖς προφή* ταις δὲ ἑτέρως. In the modern text, which here also is followed by Erasm. and Edd. it is, ἀλλὰ τότε μὲν οὕτως ἐκείνοις, τοῖς προφήταις δὲ ἑτέρως. “But here indeed it is on this wise with them (the disciples), but with the Prophets otherwise.”—The expression “uninebriated” relates to the Old Testament: no such fire there, no mighty rushing wind, no vehement commotion: this comes of “the new wine” of the Spirit; ὅταν μεθύσωσιν, with allusion to John ii. 10. (Ez. iii. 3.) The roll of a book96 So de Sancta Pentecoste, Hom. i. t. ii. 465. “Why does Ezekiel receive the gift of prophecy not by the likeness of fire, but by a book, while the Apostles receive the gifts by fire? For concerning him we read, that one gave him in his mouth a roll of a book, etc.: but concerning the Apostles not so, but “there appeared unto them tongues as of fire.” Why is it a book and writing there, here tongue and fire? Because there the Prophet went his way to accuse sins, and to bewail Jewish calamities: whereas these went forth to consume the sins of the whole world: therefore he received a writing, to call to mind the coming calamities: these fire, to burn up the sins of the world, and utterly abolish them. For as fire falling among thorns will with ease destroy them, even so the grace of the Spirit consumed the sins of men.” is given him, and Ezekiel ate what he was about to utter. “And it became in his mouth,” it is said, “as honey for sweetness.” (And97 This, which we have marked as parenthesis, seems to be out of its place: it interrupts what is said about Ezekiel, and besides is not relevant to the matter immediately in hand, ᾽Ενταῦθα δὲ αὐτὸ τὸ Πν. τὸ ῞Α. κ. τ. λ. would come in more suitably after the mention of the fire in the bush, in which God appeared to Moses. And so Œcumenius seems to have taken it. “But it is in the likeness of fire, because the Spirit also is God, and to prove by this also that the Spirit is of one Nature (ὁμοφυὲς) with the Father, Who appears in this manner to Moses at the bush.” again the hand of God touches the tongue of another Prophet; but here it is the Holy Ghost Himself: (Jer. i. 9) so equal is He in honor with the Father and the Son.) And again, on the other hand, Ezekiel calls it “Lamentations, and mourning, and woe.” (Ez. ii. 10.) To them it might well be in the form of a book; for they still needed similitudes. Those had to deal with only one nation, and with their own people; but these with the whole world, and with men whom they never knew. Also Elisha receives the grace through the medium of a mantle (2 Kings xiii.); another by oil, as David (1 Sam. xvi. 13); and Moses by fire, as we read of him at the bush. (Exod. iii. 2.) But in the present case it is not so; for the fire itself sat upon them. (But wherefore did the fire not appear so as to fill the house? Because they would have been terrified.) But the story shows, that it is the same here as there.98 ῞Οτι τοῦτο ἐκεῖνό ἐστι: i.e. The Spirit here given to the disciples, is the same that was given to those: but more intense in operation; therefore it appears not merely under the emblem of cloven tongues, but as tongues of fire. For you are not to stop at this, that “there appeared unto them cloven tongues,” but note that they were “of fire.” Such a fire as this is able to kindle infinite fuel. Also, it is well said, Cloven, for they were from one root; that you may learn, that it was an operation sent from the Comforter.99 Chrys. seems to understand by διαμεριζόμεναι (v. 3), divided, distributed among the members of the company, rather than of a cloven form, a forked appearance, as indicating the shape of the fire-like tongues. The former is the preferable interpretation. (So the Rev. Vers. vs. A.V.). The latter view cannot explain the singular verb which follows, ἐκάθισεν.—G.B.S.

But observe how those men also were first shown to be worthy, and then received the Spirit as worthy. Thus, for instance, David:100 ἵνα δειχθῇ αὐτοῦ γυμνὴ ἡ πίστις. Not, ut palam fieret fides ejus, fides ejus, Ben. but,quo ipsius nuda simplexque fides declararetur,” Erasm. The meaning seems to be: David after the victory over Goliath, when the hearts of the people were turned to him, and he might have taken possession of the kingdom to which he was anointed, yet did not seek worldly greatness, but chose rather to suffer persecutions, etc.: as developed in the Homilies de Davide et Saule, t. iv. 752. Below, for ἀνατρεφόμενον (“Samuel brought up in the temple,”) A. has ἀναστρεφόμενον, which we have adopted. what he did among the sheepfolds, the same he did after his victory and trophy; that it might be shown how simple and absolute was his faith. Again, see Moses despising royalty, and forsaking all, and after forty years taking the lead of the people (Exod. ii. 11); and Samuel occupied there in the temple (1 Sam. iii. 3); Elisha leaving all (1 Kings xix. 21); Ezekiel again, made manifest by what happened thereafter.101 So C and Cat. B. transposes Elisha and Ezekiel, A. omits the clause. Chrys. elsewhere makes it a special praise of Ezekiel, that he chose rather to accompany his people into captivity, than to remain in his own land: Interp. in Isai. i. t. 1. 2. and ad Stagyr. ii. t. ii. 228. In this manner then (he would say here), Ez. “left all,” and having thus given proof of his worth, received the gift of prophecy. The modern text reads: “Ezekiel again. And that the case was thus, is manifest from what followed. For indeed these also forsook all that they had. Therefore they then received the Spirit, when they had given proof of their own virtue.”—By these (οὗτοι) we must understand the Old Test. saints just mentioned. It should rather have been ἐκεῖνοι, but Chrys. is negligent in the use of these pronouns. See Hom. in Matt. Field. Adnot. p. 709, B. In this manner, you see, did these also leave all that they had. They learnt also what human infirmity is, by what they suffered; they learnt that it was not in vain they had done these good works. (1 Sam. ix. and xi. 6.) Even Saul, having first obtained witness that he was good, thereafter received the Spirit. But in the same manner as here did none of them receive. Thus Moses was the greatest of the Prophets, yet he, when others were to receive the Spirit, himself suffered diminution.102 ᾽Ηλαττοῦτο. Alluding to Numb. xi. 17. “I will take of the Spirit that is upon thee, and will put it upon them.” But here it is not so; but just as fire kindles as many flames as it will, so here the largeness of the Spirit was shown, in that each one received a fountain of the Spirit; as indeed He Himself had foretold, that those who believe in Him, should have “a well of water springing up into everlasting life.” (John iv. 14.) And good reason that it should be so. For they did not go forth to argue with Pharaoh, but to wrestle with the devil. But the wonder is this, that when sent they made no objections; they said not, they were “weak in voice, and of a slow tongue.” (Exod. iv. 10.) For Moses had taught them better. They said not, they were too young. (Jer. i. 6.) Jeremiah had made them wise. And yet they had heard of many fearful things, and much greater than were theirs of old time; but they feared to object.—And because they were angels of light, and ministers of things above [“Suddenly there came from heaven,” etc.] To them of old, no one “from heaven” appears, while they as yet follow after a vocation on earth; but now that Man has gone up on high, the Spirit also descends mightily from on high. “As it were a rushing mighty wind;” making it manifest by this, that nothing shall be able to withstand them, but they shall blow away all adversaries like a heap of dust. “And it filled all the house.” The house also was a symbol of the world. “And it sat upon each of them,” [etc.] and “the multitude came together, and were confounded.” Observe their piety; they pronounce no hasty judgment, but are perplexed: whereas those reckless ones pronounce at once, saying, “These men are full of new wine.” Now it was in order that they might have it in their power,103 ῞Ινα δὲ ἐξῇ. (Cat. ἵνα δείξῃ.) Œcumen. ἵνα ἔχωσι, “that they may have it in their power, according to the law of their fathers, to appear thrice in the year, etc.” The modern text has, ἐπεὶ ἐξῆν…διὰ τοῦτο. “Because it was permitted…therefore.” in compliance with the Law, to appear thrice in the year in the Temple, that they dwelt there, these “devout men from all nations.” Observe here, the writer has no intention of flattering them. For he does not say that they pronounced any opinion: but what? “Now when this was noised abroad, the multitude came together, and were confounded.” And well they might be; for they supposed the matter was now coming to an issue against them, on account of the outrage committed against Christ. Conscience also agitated their souls, the very blood being yet upon their hands, and every thing alarmed them. “Behold, are not all these which speak Galileans?” For indeed this was confessed. [“And how hear we”] so much did the sound alarm them. [“Every man in our own tongue,” etc.] for it found the greater part of the world assembled there. [“Parthians and Medes,” etc.] This nerved the Apostles: for, what it was to speak in the Parthian tongue, they knew not but now learnt from what those said. Here is mention made of nations that were hostile to them, Cretans, Arabians, Egyptians, Persians: and that they would conquer them all was here made manifest. But as to their being in those countries, they were there in captivity, many of them: or else, the doctrines of the Law had become disseminated [among] the Gentiles in those countries.104 ᾽Εκεῖ δὲ ἐν αἰχμαλωσία ἦσαν πολλοὶ ἢ καὶ ἐκεῖ διέσπαρτο τὰ ἔθνη τὰ τῶν δογμάτων. A. B. C. N. As τὰ τῶν δ taken as apposition to τὰ ἔθνη yields no satisfactory sense, we adopt from the modern text πρὸς before τὰ ἔθνη, and make, as there, τὰ τῶν δ. the nom. to διέσπαρτο. And as in the next sentence Chrys. distinguishes citizens, foreign (Jews), and proselytes, and there is no mention of the last, unless it be in the clause ἢ καὶ ἐκεῖ διέσπαρτο, we infer that τὰ τῶν δ. means the Law of Moses. “Or also in those countries (Parthia, Media, etc. in consequence of the dispersion of the Jews) the Law and its religion had been disseminated among the Gentiles. So that from all quarters, etc.” Thus it is explained how there came to be present at Jerusalem “devout men” from Parthia and those other countries: there were many Jews there in captivity, and also proselytes of the Law from among the Gentiles.—In the modern text the passage is thus altered: “But, inasmuch as the Jews were in captivity, it is likely that there were then present with them many of the Gentiles: ἢ ὅτι καὶ πρὸς τὰ ἔθνη τὰ τῶν δογμάτῶν ἤδη κατέσπαρτο, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο πολλοὶ καὶ ἐξ αὐτῶν παρῆσαν ἐκεῖ. Or, because τὰ τῶν δ. had become disseminated among the Gentiles also, and therefore many also of them were there present, κατὰ μνημὴν ὦν ἤκουσαν. Here τὰ τῶν δογμάτων is taken to mean ‘the doctrines of the Christian Faith:’ as Erasmus renders the passage, Sive quod ad gentes quoque fidei dogmata seminata fuerint, et hanc ob causam complures ex iis aderant ut memorarent quæ audierant. It can hardly be supposed that St. Chrysostom meant to represent that some of these Parthians, Medes, etc. were Gentiles who had heard in their own country the tidings of the Faith of Christ, and therefore were present at Jerusalem: yet this is what he is made to say in this text. So then the testimony comes from all quarters: from citizens, from foreigners, from proselytes. “We do hear them speak in our tongues the wonderful works of God.” For it was not only that they spoke (in their tongues), but the things they spoke were wonderful.105 It is impossible to gain from this language any clear view of the author’s opinion of the gift of tongues. The uncertainty of the text here still further embarrasses the subject. That the narrative means that they received at Pentecost a miraculous gift of speaking foreign languages, is now almost unanimously maintained by modern scholars. The difficult question as to the gift of tongues as referred to in 1 Cor. xiv. should not lead to a weakening or explaining away of such unmistakable expressions as ἑτέραις γλώσσαις (4), ἡμετέραις γλώσσαις (11), and τῇ ἰδί& 139· διαλέκτῳ (6, 8). Cf. Mark xvi. 17.—G.B.S. Well then might they be in doubt: for never had the like occurred. Observe the ingenuousness of these men. They were amazed and were in doubt, saying, “What meaneth this?” But “others mocking said, ‘These men are full of new wine’” (John viii. 48), and therefore mocked. O the effrontery! And what wonder is it? Since even of the Lord Himself, when casting out devils, they said that He had a devil! For so it is; wherever impudent assurance exists, it has but one object in view, to speak at all hazards, it cares not what; not that the man should say something real and relevant to the matter of discourse, but that he should speak no matter what. [“They are full of new wine.”] Quite a thing of course (is not it?),106 Πάνυ γε (οὐ γάρ;) ἄνθρωποι κ. τ. λ. See above, p. 47. note u. and 66, note c. The modern text has, Πάνυ γε· ὅτι ἄνθρωποι κ. τ. λ. Below, “Since this was improbable, therefore, to impose upon the hearers, and show that the men are drunken, they ascribe, etc.” But in the old text it is, ὅτι οὐκ ἂν ἐμεθύσθησαν, meaning, “because [so early in the day] they would not have been drinking much,” (this is the force of the tense μεθυσθῆναι as in John ii. 10) “therefore they ascribe all to the quality (of the wine);” because as Œcumen. says, explaining this remark of Chrys., the fumes of γλεῦκος mount more quickly to the brain, etc. Erasmus, seemingly referring this to μεμεστωμένοι, translates hebetudini crapulæque rem totam ascribunt: Ben. even more strangely, ‘agendi et loquendi modo totum ascribunt. that men in the midst of such dangers, and dreading the worst, and in such despondency, have the courage to utter such things! And observe: since this was unlikely; because they would not have been drinking much [at that early hour], they ascribe the whole matter to the quality (of the wine), and say, “They are full” of it. “But Peter, standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice, and said unto them.” In a former place107 ᾽Εκεῖ: referring to ch. i. as expounded in Hom. iii. So Œcumen, in loc. ῎Ανω μὲν τὴν κηδεμονίαν ἐπιδείκνυται, ἐν οἷς τῷ πλήθει ἐπιτρέπει τὴν ἐκλογὴν κ. τ. λ. you saw his provident forethought, here you see his manly courage. For if they were astonished and amazed, was it not as wonderful that he should be able in the midst of such a multitude to find language, he, an unlettered and ignorant man? If a man is troubled when he speaks among friends, much more might he be troubled among enemies and bloodthirsty men. That they are not drunken, he shows immediately by his very voice, that they are not beside themselves, as the soothsayers: and this too, that they were not constrained by some compulsory force. What is meant by, “with the eleven?” They expressed themselves through one common voice, and he was the mouth of all. The eleven stood by as witnesses to what he said. “He lifted up his voice,” it is said. That is, he spoke with great confidence, that they might perceive the grace of the Spirit. He who had not endured the questioning of a poor girl, now in the midst of the people, all breathing murder, discourses with such confidence, that this very thing becomes an unquestionable proof of the Resurrection: in the midst of men who could deride and make a joke of such things as these! What effrontery, think you, must go to that! what impiety, what shamelessness!108 Here the modern text (Edd.) enlarges by the additions “to account the wonder of the tongues the work of drunkenness? But not a whit did this annoy the Apostles; nor did it make them less bold at hearing such scoffing. By the presence of the Spirit they were now transformed, and were become superior to all bodily considerations.” For wherever the Holy Spirit is present, He makes men of gold out of men of clay. Look, I pray you, at Peter now: examine well that timid one, and devoid of understanding; as Christ said, “Are ye also yet without understanding?” (Matt. xv. 16) the man, who after that marvellous confession was called “Satan.” (Ib. xvi. 23.) Consider also the unanimity of the Apostles. They themselves ceded to him the office of speaking; for it was not necessary that all should speak. “And he lifted up his voice,” and spoke out to them with great boldness. Such a thing it is to be a spiritual man! Only let us also bring ourselves into a state meet for the grace from above, and all becomes easy. For as a man of fire falling into the midst of straw would take no harm, but do it to others: not he could take any harm, but they, in assailing him, destroy themselves. For the case here was just as if one carrying hay should attack one bearing fire: even so did the Apostles encounter these their adversaries with great boldness.

For what did it harm them, though they were so great a multitude? Did they not spend all their rage? did they not turn the distress upon themselves? Of all mankind were ever any so possessed with both rage and terror, as those became possessed? Were they not in an agony, and were dismayed, and trembled? For hear what they say, “Do ye wish to bring this man’s blood upon us?” (Acts v. 28.) Did they109 The change of subject (from the Jews to the Apostles) is not expressed in the original. To remedy the confusion occasioned by this negligence, the modern text (Edd.) transposes this part: viz. after the sentence ending, “so great a multitude:” it has, “For tell me: did they not fight—in a picture?” And then, “What? I pray you; did they not exhaust, etc.” Clearly the other is the original order. It is shown, first, how the Jews were utterly worsted, and how awfully the whole posture of affairs was reversed for them; and then, how victoriously the preachers of the new Faith maintained their ground against the whole world. (the Apostles) not fight against poverty and hunger: against ignominy and infamy (for they were accounted deceivers): did they not fight110 Edd. “Were they not subjected to the ridicule and mockery of those present? For in their case both these befel together: for some derided them, others mocked.” Which is weak enough; but the original text could not be retained, because on the supposition that all this relates to the Jews then present, the mention of “wrath” and “punishment” would be irrelevant. against ridicule and wrath and mockery?—for in their case the contraries met: some laughed at them, others punished them;—were they not made a mark for the wrathful passions, and for the merriment,111 Εὐθυμίαις, i.e. “bursts of self-complacent mirth” (e.g. at Athens), opposed to θυμοῖς “explosions of wrath.” Ben. without specifying the authority, notes a various reading, ἀθυμίαις, which is found in none of the Paris copies, and is quite unmeaning. Edd. μανίαις. of whole cities? exposed to factions and conspiracies: to fire, and sword, and wild beasts? Did not war beset them from every quarter, in ten thousand forms? And were they any more affected in their minds by all these things, than they would have been at seeing them in a dream or in a picture?112 Ben. interprets: “So unlooked for were these trials, that the Apostles seemed to themselves to be dreaming or beholding these things in a picture.” But when the true order of the text is restored, no such far-fetched comment is needed. With bare body they took the field against all the armed, though against them all men had arbitrary power [against them, were]: terrors of rulers, force of arms, in cities and strong walls:113 The text is defective here, ἀρχόντων φόβοι, ὅπλων ἰσχύς· πόλεσι καὶ τείχεσιν ὀχυροῖς. The text of the Edd. has: “And the wonder is, that with bare body they took the field against armed men, against rulers having power over them: without experience,” etc. without experience, without skill of the tongue, and in the condition of quite ordinary men, matched against juggling conjurors, against impostors, against the whole throng of sophists, of rhetoricians, of philosophers grown mouldy in the Academy and the walks of the Peripatetics, against all these they fought the battle out. And the man whose occupation had been about lakes, so mastered them, as if it cost him not so much ado as even a contest with dumb fishes: for just as if the opponents he had to outwit were indeed more mute than fishes, so easily did he get the better of them! And Plato, that talked a deal of nonsense in his day, is silent now, while this man utters his voice everywhere; not among his own countrymen alone, but also among Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and in India, and in every part of the earth, and to the extremities of the world. Where now is Greece, with her big pretentions? Where the name of Athens? Where the ravings of the philosophers? He of Galilee, he of Bethsaida, he, the uncouth rustic, has overcome them all. Are you not ashamed—confess it—at the very name of the country of him who has defeated you? But if you hear his own name too, and learn that he was called Cephas, much more will you hide your faces. This, this has undone you quite; because you esteem this a reproach, and account glibness of tongue a praise, and want of glibness a disgrace. You have not followed the road you ought to have chosen, but leaving the royal road, so easy, so smooth, you have trodden one rough, and steep, and laborious. And therefore you have not attained unto the kingdom of heaven.

Why then, it is asked, did not Christ exercise His influence upon Plato, and upon Pythagoras? Because the mind of Peter was much more philosophical114 St. Chrysostom’s habitual use of the term philosophy is thus explained in the index of Mr. Field’s edition of the Com. on St. Matt. “Philosophy, according to the custom of Chrys. is not Christian piety, not the exercise of any virtue, not a pious and chaste life, not virtue in general, but that part of virtue, which consists in subduing the carnal appetites and affections. Thus to Christian philosophy are to be referred: forbearance and long suffering; humblemindedness; contempt of wealth; an austere and monastic life; every other mortification (ἀπάθεια). Its contraries are: emulation (ζηλοτυπία, see below), envy and vainglory, and all other passions.” than their minds. They were in truth children shifted about on all sides by vain glory; but this man was a philosopher, one apt to receive grace. If you laugh at these words, it is no wonder; for those aforetime laughed, and said, the men were full of new wine. But afterwards, when they suffered those bitter calamities, exceeding all others in misery; when they saw their city falling in ruins, and the fire blazing, and the walls hurled to the ground, and those manifold frantic horrors, which no one can find words to express, they did not laugh then. And you will laugh then, if you have the mind to laugh, when the time of hell is close at hand, when the fire is kindled for your souls. But why do I speak of the future? Shall I show you what Peter is, and what Plato, the philosopher? Let us for the present examine their respective habits, let us see what were the pursuits of each. The one wasted his time about a set of idle and useless dogmas, and philosophical, as he says,115 καὶ φιλόσοφα, φησὶν, ἵνα: “And ‘philosophical,’ forsooth:” but perhaps it should be καὶ ἐφιλοσόφησεν ἵνα: “this was the upshot of his philosophizing.” ῾Η τοῦ φιλοσόφου ψυχή: “the soul of the philosopher himself (Α τοῦ διδασκάλου), viz. equally with the souls of other men, becomes, for instance, a fly,” etc. Comp. infra: “our soul passes into flies and dogs,” etc. and Hom. in Ev. Joann. t. viii. 8. D. “they say that the souls of men become flies, gnats, shrubs.”—Edd. “For what is the benefit from learning that the soul of the philosopher,” etc. The next sentence (ὄντως μυῖα—οὐκ εἰς μυῖαν μετέπιπτεν (sc. ἡ ψυχὴ), ἀλλ᾽ ἐπέβαινε (sc. μυῖα τῇ ἐν Πλατ. οἰκόυσῃ) ψυχῇ seems to mean, ‘He talks of the soul becoming a fly: and truly the soul in Plato might be claimed by a fly:’ ἐπεβ. τῇ ψ. as e.g. is ἐπιβαίνειν τῇ ἐπαρχί& 139· to step into possession of, etc. Ποίας γὰρ ταῦτα οὐ μυίας; Edd. ματαιολογίας; adding, Πόφεν δὴ τοιαῦτα ληρεῖν ἐπεβάλετο; “What could put it into his head to rave in this fashion?” that we may learn that the soul of our philosopher becomes a fly.116 The author’s depreciation of Plato contrasts unfavorably with the more generous estimates of a long line of Church Fathers from Justin to Augustin.—G.B.S. Most truly said, a fly! not indeed changed into one, but a fly must have entered upon possession of the soul which dwelt in Plato; for what but a fly is worthy of such ideas! The man was full of irony, and of jealous feelings against every one else, as if he made it his ambition to introduce nothing useful, either out of his own head or other people’s. Thus he adopted the metempsychosis from another, and from himself produced the Republic, in which he enacted those laws full of gross turpitude. Let the women, he says, be in common, and let the virgins go naked, and let them wrestle before the eyes of their lovers, and let there also be common fathers, and let the children begotten be common. But with us, not nature makes common fathers, but the philosophy of Peter does this; as for that other, it made away with all paternity.117 ᾽Επεὶ ἐκεῖνό γε καὶ ἀνῇρει. Erasmus translates, Quandoquidem et illud quod Plato docuit, sustulit: whence Ben. Nam illud Platonis hic (Petrus) sustulit: i.e. for Peter’s doctrine (of chastity) has made an end of that lewd dogma of Plato’s. But the following sentence rather implies that the meaning is as above given. For Plato’s system only tended to make the real father next to unknown, while the false one was introduced. It plunged the soul into a kind of intoxication and filthy wallowing. Let all, he says, have intercourse with the women without fear. The reason why I do not examine the maxims of poets, is, that I may not be charged with ripping up fables. And yet I am speaking of fables much more ridiculous than even those. Where have the poets devised aught so portentous as this? But (not to enter into the discussion of his other maxims), what say you to these—when he equips the females with arms, and helmets, and greaves, and says that the human race has no occasion to differ from the canine! Since dogs, he says, the female and the male, do just the same things in common, so let the women do the same works as the men, and let all be turned upside down. For the devil has always endeavored by their means118 Δι᾽ αὐτῶν, Ben. per illas, which they seem to refer to γυναῖκες. Erasm. per illos, which is doubtless right: by means of the philosophers, as below, ἐν ταῖς ἐκείνων ψυχαῖς. to show that our race is not more honorable than that of brutes; and, in fact, some have gone to such a pitch of (κενοδοξίας) absurdity, as to affirm that the irrational creatures are endued with reason. And see in how many various ways he has run riot in the minds of those men! For whereas their leading men affirmed that our soul passes into flies, and dogs, and brute creatures; those who came after them, being ashamed of this, fell into another kind of turpitude, and invested the brute creatures with all rational science, and made out that the creatures—which were called into existence on our account—are in all respects more honorable than we! They even attribute to them foreknowledge and piety. The crow, they say, knows God, and the raven likewise, and they possess gifts of prophecy, and foretell the future; there is justice among them, and polity, and laws. Perhaps you do not credit the things I am telling you. And well may you not, nurtured as you have been with sound doctrine; since also, if a man were fed with this fare, he would never believe that there exists a human being who finds pleasure in eating dung. The dog119 Καὶ ζηλοῖ παῤ αὐτοῖς ὁ κύων κατὰ Πλάτωνα. Edd. have this after “polity and laws,” where it is clearly out of place, whatever it means. also among them is jealous, according to Plato. But when we tell them that these things are fables, and are full of absurdity, ‘You do not enter (ἐνοήσατε) into the higher meaning,’ say they. No, we do not enter into this your surpassing nonsense, and may we never do so: for it requires (of course!120 Edd. Σφόδρα γε· οὐ γὰρ φρενὸς βαθείας. Read Σφόδρα γε (οὐ γάρ); φρ. β. as above, p. 22, note 1, and 28, note 1.) an excessively profound mind, to inform me, what all this impiety and confusion would be at. Are you talking, senseless men, in the language of crows, as the children are wont (in play)? For you are in very deed children, even as they. But Peter never thought of saying any of these things: he uttered a voice, like a great light shining out in the dark, a voice which scattered the mist and darkness of the whole world. Again, his deportment, how gentle it was, how considerate (ἐπιεικὲς); how far above all vainglory; how he looked towards heaven without all self-elation, and this, even when raising up the dead! But if it had come to be in the power of any one of those senseless people (in mere fantasy of course) to do anything like it, would he not straightway have looked for an altar and a temple to be reared to him, and have wanted to be equal with the gods? since in fact when no such sign is forthcoming, they are forever indulging such fantastic conceits. And what, pray you, is that Minerva of theirs, and Apollo, and Juno? They are different kinds of demons among them. And there is a king of theirs, who thinks fit to die for the mere purpose of being accounted equal with the gods. But not so the men here: no, just the contrary. Hear how they speak on the occasion of the lame man’s cure. “Ye men of Israel, why look ye so earnestly on us, as though by our own power or holiness we had made him to walk? (ch. iii. 12.) We also are men of like passions with you. (Ibid. xiv. 14.) But with those, great is the self-elation, great the bragging; all for the sake of men’s honors, nothing for the pure love of truth and virtue. (φιλοσοφίας ἔνεκεν.) For where an action is done for glory, all is worthless. For though a man possess all, yet if he have not the mastery over this (lust), he forfeits all claim to true philosophy, he is in bondage to the more tyrannical and shameful passion. Contempt of glory; this it is that is sufficient to teach all that is good, and to banish from the soul every pernicious passion. I exhort you therefore to use the most strenuous endeavors to pluck out this passion by the very roots; by no other means can you have good esteem with God, and draw down upon you the benevolent regard of that Eye which never sleepeth. Wherefore, let us use all earnestness to obtain the enjoyment of that heavenly influence, and thus both escape the trial of present evils, and attain unto the future blessings, through the grace and loving-kindness of our Lord Jesus Christ, with Whom to the Father and the Holy Ghost be glory, power, honor, now and ever, and to all ages. Amen.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ Δʹ. Καὶ ἐν τῷ συμπληροῦσθαι τὴν ἡμέραν τῆς Πεν τηκοστῆς, ἦσαν ὁμοθυμαδὸν ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό: καὶ ἐγένετο ἄφνω ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἦχος. αʹ. Τίς ἐστιν αὕτη ἡ Πεντηκοστή; Ὅτε τὸ δρέπανον ἐπιβάλλειν ἔδει τῷ ἀμητῷ: ὅτε τοὺς καρποὺς συνάγειν ἐχρῆν. Εἶδες τὸν τύπον; Βλέπε πάλιν τὴν ἀλήθειαν. Ὅτε τὸ δρέπανον ἐπιβάλλειν ἔδει τοῦ λόγου, ὅτε τὸν ἀμητὸν συλλέγειν, τότε καθάπερ δρέπανον τὸ Πνεῦμα ἠκονημένον ἐφίπταται. Ἄκουε γὰρ τοῦ Χριστοῦ λέγοντος: Ἐπάρατε τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ὑμῶν, καὶ θεάσασθε τὰς χώρας, ὅτι λευκαί εἰσι πρὸς θερισμὸν ἤδη: καὶ πάλιν, Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολὺς, οἱ δὲ ἐργάται ὀλίγοι. Ὥστε αὐτὸς ἐπέβαλε τὸ δρέπανον πρότερος. Αὐτὸς γὰρ ἀνήγαγεν εἰς οὐρανοὺς ἀπαρχὴν, τὸ ἡμῶν προσλαβών. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ θερισμὸν τὸ τοιοῦτον καλεῖ. Ἐν τῷ συμπληροῦσθαι, φησὶ, τὴν ἡμέραν τῆς Πεντηκοστῆς, τουτέστιν, οὐ πρὸ τῆς Πεντηκοστῆς, ἀλλὰ περὶ αὐτὴν, ὡς εἰπεῖν, τὴν Πεντηκοστήν. Ἔδει γὰρ ἑορτῆς οὔσης πάλιν ταῦτα γίνεσθαι, ἵν' οἱ παρόντες τῷ σταυρῷ τοῦ Χριστοῦ, οὗτοι καὶ ταῦτα ἴδωσι. Καὶ ἐγένετο ἄφνω ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἦχος. Διατί μὴ χωρὶς αἰσθητῶν ὑποδειγμάτων τοῦτο γέγονεν; Ὅτι εἰ καὶ τούτου γενομένου ἔλεγον, ὅτι Γλεύκους μεμεστωμένοι εἰσὶν, εἰ μὴ τοῦτο ἐγένετο, τί οὐκ ἂν εἶπον; Οὐχ ἁπλῶς δὲ ὁ ἦχος γέγονεν, ἀλλ' Ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ. Καὶ τὸ αἰφνίδιον δὲ διανέστησεν αὐτούς. Καὶ ἐπλήρωσεν ὅλον τὸν οἶκον. Πολλὴν τὴν ῥύμην λέγει τοῦ Πνεύματος. Ὅρα. Πάντας ἐκεῖ συνήγαγεν, ὥστε καὶ τοὺς παρόντας πιστεῦσαι, καὶ τούτους ἀξίους δειχθῆναι. Καὶ οὐ τοῦτο μόνον, ἀλλὰ τὸ πολλῷ τούτου φρικωδέστερον ἐπάγων: Καὶ ὤφθησαν αὐτοῖς διαμεριζόμεναι γλῶσσαι ὡσεὶ πυρὸς, φησί. Καλῶς πανταχοῦ τὸ, Ὡς, πρόσκειται, ἵνα μηδὲν αἰσθητὸν περὶ τοῦ Πνεύματος νομίσῃς. Ὡσεὶ πυρὸς, φησὶ, καὶ ὡσεὶ πνοῆς. Οὐκ ἄρα ἄνεμος ἦν ἁπλῶς εἰς ἀέρα χεόμενος. Ὅτε μὲν γὰρ Ἰωάννῃ ἔδει γνωρισθῆναι τὸ Πνεῦμα, ὡς ἐν εἴδει περιστερᾶς ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν ἦλθε τοῦ Χριστοῦ: νῦν δὲ ὅτε πλῆθος ὅλον ἐπιστραφῆναι ἐχρῆν, ὡσεὶ πυρός. Καὶ ἐκάθισεν ἐφ' ἕνα ἕκαστον αὐτῶν: τουτέστι, παρέμεινεν, ἐπανεπαύσατο: τὸ γὰρ καθίσαι τοῦ ἑδραίου ἐστὶ σημαντικὸν καὶ τοῦ μεῖναι. Τί δαί; ἆρα ἐπὶ τοὺς δώδεκα μόνους ἦλθεν, οὐχὶ δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς λοιπούς; Οὐδαμῶς ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς ἑκατὸν εἴκοσιν. Οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἁπλῶς παρήγαγε τὴν μαρτυρίαν τοῦ προφήτου ὁ Πέτρος, λέγων: Καὶ ἔσται ἐν ταῖς ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις, λέγει Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς, ἐκχεῶ ἀπὸ τοῦ Πνεύματός μου ἐπὶ πᾶσαν σάρκα: καὶ προφητεύσουσιν οἱ υἱοὶ ὑμῶν, καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες ὑμῶν, καὶ οἱ νεανίσκοι ὑμῶν ὁράσεις ὄψονται, καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι ὑμῶν ἐνύπνια ἐνυπνιασθήσονται. Καὶ σκόπει: ἵνα γὰρ μὴ ἐκπλήξῃ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ χάριτος πληρώσῃ, διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἐν Πνεύματι ἁγίῳ καὶ πυρί: ἐπάγει γὰρ, Καὶ ἐπλήσθησαν ἅπαντες ἁγίου Πνεύματος, καὶ ἤρξαντο λαλεῖν ἑτέραις γλώσσαις, καθὼς τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐδίδου αὐτοῖς ἀποφθέγγεσθαι. Οὐ λαμβάνουσιν ἕτερον σημεῖον, ἀλλὰ τοῦτο πρῶτον: ξένον γὰρ ἦν, καὶ οὐ χρεία ἦν ἑτέρου σημείου. Ἐκάθισε, φησὶν, ἐφ' ἕνα ἕκαστον αὐτῶν. Οὐκοῦν καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν καταλειφθέντα. Διὰ τοῦτο οὐδὲ ἀλγεῖ λοιπὸν μὴ αἱρεθεὶς, ὡς ὁ Ματθίας. Καὶ ἐπλήσθησαν, φησὶν, ἅπαντες. Οὐχ ἁπλῶς ἔλαβον τοῦ Πνεύματος τὴν χάριν, ἀλλ' ἐπλήσθησαν. Καὶ ἤρξαντο λαλεῖν ἑτέραις γλώσσαις, καθὼς τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐδίδου αὐτοῖς ἀποφθέγγεσθαι. Οὐκ ἂν εἶπε, Πάντες, καὶ ἀποστόλων ὄντων ἐκεῖ, εἰ μὴ καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι μετέσχον. Ἄλλως δὲ οὐδὲ ἄνω κατ' ἰδίαν αὐτοὺς προειπὼν καὶ ὀνομαστὶ, νῦν ἂν συνῆψεν ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ πράγματι. Εἰ γὰρ ὅπου εἰπεῖν ἦν, ὅτι παρῆσαν, κατ' ἰδίαν τῶν ἀποστόλων μνημονεύει, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἐνταῦθα. Σκόπει δέ μοι, πῶς, ὅταν προσκαρτερῶσι τῇ δεήσει, ὅταν ἀγάπην ἔχωσι, τότε τὸ Πνεῦμα παραγίνεται. Ἀνέμνησε δὲ αὐτοὺς καὶ ἑτέρας ὄψεως, εἰπὼν, Ὡσεὶ πυρός. Ὡς πῦρ γὰρ ἐφάνη καὶ ἐν τῇ βάτῳ. Καθὼς τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐδίδου αὐτοῖς ἀποφθέγγεσθαι. Ἀποφθέγματα γὰρ ἦν τὰ παρ' αὐτῶν λεγόμενα. Ἦσαν δὲ, φησὶν, ἐν Ἱερουσαλὴμ κατοικοῦντες Ἰουδαῖοι ἄνδρες εὐλαβεῖς. Τὸ κατοικεῖν, εὐλαβείας ἦν σημεῖον. Πῶς; Ἀπὸ τοσούτων γὰρ ἐθνῶν ὄντες, καὶ πατρίδας ἀφέντες, καὶ οἰκίας, καὶ συγγενεῖς, ᾤκουν ἐκεῖ. Ἦσαν γὰρ, φησὶν, ἐν Ἱερουσαλὴμ κατοικοῦντες Ἰουδαῖοι ἄνδρες εὐλαβεῖς, ἀπὸ παντὸς ἔθνους τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν. Γενομένης δὲ τῆς φωνῆς ταύτης, συνῆλθε τὸ πλῆθος, καὶ συνεχύθῃ. Ἐπειδὴ ἐν οἰκίᾳ ἐγένετο τὸ γενόμενον, εἰκότως ἔξωθεν συνέδραμον. Συνεχύθη τὸ πλῆθος. Τί ἐστι, Συνεχύθη τὸ πλῆθος; Ἐταράχθη, ἐθαύμασεν. Εἶτα δηλῶν, ὅτι ἐθαύμαζον, ἐπάγει, Ὅτι ἤκουον εἷς ἕκαστος αὐτῶν τῇ ἰδίᾳ διαλέκτῳ λαλούντων αὐτῶν. Καὶ συνῆλθε τὸ πλῆθος, καὶ πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς ἔλεγον: Οὐκ ἰδοὺ πάντες οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ λαλοῦντες Γαλιλαῖοι; Πρὸς τοὺς ἀποστόλους εὐθέως ἑώρων. Καὶ πῶς, φησὶν, ἡμεῖς ἀκούομεν ἕκαστος τῇ ἰδίᾳ διαλέκτῳ ἡμῶν, ἐν ᾗ ἐγεννήθημεν, Πάρθοι, καὶ Μῆδοι, καὶ Ἐλαμῖται, καὶ οἱ κατοικοῦντες τὴν Μεσοποταμίαν, Ἰουδαίαν τε καὶ Καππαδοκίαν, Πόντον καὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν, Φρυγίαν τε καὶ Παμφυλίαν, Αἴγυπτον καὶ τὰ μέρη τῆς Λιβύης τῆς κατὰ Κυρήνην, καὶ οἱ ἐπιδημοῦντες Ῥωμαῖοι, Ἰουδαῖοί τε καὶ προσήλυτοι, Κρῆτες καὶ Ἄραβες, ἀκούομεν λαλούντων αὐτῶν ταῖς ἡμετέραις γλώσσαις τὰ μεγαλεῖα τοῦ Θεοῦ; Ἐξίσταντο δὲ πάντες, καὶ διηπόρουν πρὸς ἀλλήλους, λέγοντες: Τί θέλει τοῦτο εἶναι; Ὁρᾷς ἐξ ἀνατολῶν εἰς δυσμὰς αὐτοὺς τρέχοντας; Ἕτεροι δὲ, φησὶ, διαχλευάζοντες ἔλεγον: Γλεύκους μεμεστωμένοι εἰσίν. βʹ. Ὢ τῆς ἀνοίας! ὢ τῆς κακίας τῆς πολλῆς! Καίτοι οὐδὲ καιρὸς ἦν οὗτος τοῦ γλεύκους: Πεντηκοστὴ γὰρ ἦν. Καὶ τὸ δεινότερον, ὅτι πάντων ὁμολογούντων, Ῥωμαίων ὄντων, προσηλύτων ὄντων, τῶν σταυρωσάντων ἴσως, ἐκεῖνοι μετὰ τοσαῦτα λέγουσιν, ὅτι Γλεύκους μεμεστωμένοι εἰσίν. Ἀλλ' ἴδωμεν ἄνωθεν τὰ εἰρημένα. Ἐπλήρωσε, φησὶ, τὸν οἶκον. Ἡ πνοὴ καθάπερ κολυμβήθρα γέγονεν ὕδατος. Τῆς δαψιλείας δὲ τοῦτο τεκμήριον καὶ τῆς σφοδρότητος τὸ πῦρ. Οὐδαμοῦ τοιοῦτο γέγονεν ἐπὶ τῶν προφητῶν: ἀλλὰ τότε μὲν οὕτως ἐκείνοις, τοῖς προφήταις δὲ ἑτέρως. Κεφαλὶς γὰρ βιβλίου δίδοται τῷ Ἰεζεκιὴλ, καὶ ἐσθίει ἃ ἔμελλε λέγειν: Ἐγένετο γὰρ, φησὶν, ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ ὡς μέλι γλυκάζον. Καὶ πάλιν ἡ χεὶρ ἅπτεται τοῦ Θεοῦ τῆς γλώσσης ἑτέρου προφήτου. Ἐνταῦθα δὲ αὐτὸ τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον: οὕτως ὁμότιμον τυγχάνει Πατρὶ καὶ Υἱῷ. Καὶ πάλιν ἑτέρωθι ἄλλως: Κατάλεγμα, καὶ μέλος, καὶ οὐαί. Ἐκείνοις μὲν οὖν εἰκότως ἐν βιβλίῳ: ἔτι γὰρ αὐτοῖς παραδειγμάτων ἔδει: πρὸς ἓν ἔθνος εἶχον ἐκεῖνοι μόνον, καὶ τοὺς οἰκείους: οὗτοι δὲ καὶ πρὸς τὴν οἰκουμένην ἅπασαν, καὶ τοὺς οὐδέποτε γνωρισθέντας. Ἑλισσαῖος δὲ διὰ μηλωτῆς λαμβάνει τὴν χάριν, ἄλλος δι' ἐλαίου, ὡς ὁ Δαυῒδ, Μωϋσῆς δὲ, διὰ πυρὸς τῆς βάτου καλεῖται. Ἀλλ' ἐνταῦθα οὐχ οὕτως, ἀλλ' αὐτὸ τὸ πῦρ ἐνεκάθισε. Διατί δὲ μὴ ἐφάνη πῦρ τὸν οἶκον πληροῦν; Ὅτι ἐξέστησαν ἄν. Ἀλλὰ δείκνυσιν ὅτι τοῦτο ἐκεῖνό ἐστι. Μὴ γὰρ τῷ λέγειν, ὅτι Ὤφθησαν αὐτοῖς διαμεριζόμεναι γλῶσσαι, πρόσχῃς: ἀλλ' ὅτι πυρός. Τοσοῦτον πῦρ μυρίαν ὕλην ἀνάψαι δύναται. Καὶ καλῶς εἶπε, Διαμεριζόμεναι. Ἐκ μιᾶς γὰρ ἦν ῥίζης: ἵνα μάθῃς; ὅτι ἐνέργειά ἐστιν ἀπὸ τοῦ Παρακλήτου πεμφθεῖσα. Ὅρα δὲ καὶ ἐκείνους πρῶτον δειχθέντας ἀξίους, καὶ τότε Πνεύματος καταξιωθέντας: οἷον ὥσπερ ὁ Δαυΐδ: ἅπερ γὰρ ἐν ταῖς ποίμναις εἰργάζετο, ταῦτα καὶ μετὰ τὴν νίκην καὶ τὸ τρόπαιον, ἵνα δειχθῇ αὐτοῦ γυμνὴ ἡ πίστις. Ὅρα πάλιν τὸν Μωϋσέα καὶ αὐτὸν καταφρονοῦντα βασιλείων, καὶ μετὰ τεσσαράκοντα ἔτη τῆς δημαγωγίας ἁπτόμενον: τὸν Σαμουὴλ ἀνατρεφόμενον ἐν τῷ ναῷ: τὸν Ἐλισσαῖον πάντα ἀφιέντα: τὸν Ἰεζεκιὴλ πάλιν. Ὅτι δὲ οὕτω συνέβαινε, καὶ ἐκ τῶν μετὰ ταῦτα δῆλον: καὶ γὰρ καὶ οὗτοι πάντα εἴασαν τὰ αὐτῶν. Διὰ τοῦτο τότε τὸ Πνεῦμα λαμβάνουσιν, ὅτε τὴν οἰκείαν ἀρετὴν ἐπεδείξαντο. Ἔμαθον καὶ τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην ἀσθένειαν, δι' ὧν ἔπαθον: ἔμαθον, ὅτι οὐκ εἰκῆ ταῦτα κατώρθωσαν. Οὕτω καὶ Σαοὺλ πρότερον μαρτυρηθεὶς ἀγαθὸς εἶναι, τότε τὸ Πνεῦμα ἔλαβεν. Ἀλλ' οὕτως οὐδεὶς, οὐδὲ ὁ μείζων τῶν προφητῶν Μωϋσῆς. Ἐκεῖνος γὰρ ὅτε ἔδει ἑτέρους γενέσθαι πνευματικοὺς, ἠλαττοῦτο αὐτός. Ἀλλ' ἐνταῦθα οὐχ οὕτως: ἀλλ' ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τοῦ πυρὸς, ὅσους ἄν τις θέλοι λύχνους ἀνάπτει, τὸ πῦρ οὐδὲν ἐλαττῶν: οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀποστόλων συνέβαινε τότε. Καὶ γὰρ διὰ τοῦ πυρὸς οὐ μόνον τὸ δαψιλὲς τῆς χάριτος ἐδείκνυτο, ἀλλὰ καὶ πηγὴν ἕκαστος ἐλάμβανε Πνεύματος: ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ αὐτὸς πηγὴν ὕδατος ἁλλομένου εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον ἔφησεν ἕξειν τοὺς πιστεύοντας ἐπ' αὐτόν: καὶ μάλα εἰκότως. Οὐ γὰρ τῷ Φαραὼ διαλεξόμενοι ἀπῄεσαν, ἀλλὰ τῷ διαβόλῳ παλαίσοντες. Καὶ τὸ δὴ θαυμαστότερον, ὅτι πεμπόμενοι οὐδὲν ἀντεῖπον, οὐδὲ εἶπον ἰσχνόφωνοι εἶναι, καὶ βραδύγλωσσοι: Μωϋσῆς γὰρ αὐτοὺς εἰς τοῦτο ἐπαίδευσεν. Οὐκ εἶπον εἶναι νεώτεροι: Ἱερεμίας γὰρ αὐτοὺς ἐσωφρόνισε. Καίτοι πολλὰ ἤκουσαν φοβερὰ, καὶ πολλῷ μείζονα ἐκείνων: ἀλλ' ὅμως ἐφοβοῦντο ἀντειπεῖν. Ἐκ τούτου δῆλον, ὅτι καὶ φωτὸς ἄγγελοι ἦσαν, καὶ τῶν ἄνωθεν πραγμάτων ὑπηρέται. Καὶ ἐκείνοις μὲν οὐδεὶς ἀπ' οὐρανοῦ φαίνεται τὰ ἐν τῇ γῇ διώκουσιν ἔτι: ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἀνῆλθεν ἄνθρωπος ἄνω, καὶ Πνεῦμα ἄνωθεν φέρεται, Ὡσεὶ φερομένης, φησὶ, πνοῆς βιαίας. Διὰ τούτου δῆλον ποιεῖ, ὅτι οὐδὲν αὐτοῖς ἀντιστῆναι δυνήσεται, ἀλλ' ὥσπερ χοῦν τοὺς ὑπεναντίους λικμήσουσι. Καὶ ἐπλήρωσεν ὅλον τὸν οἶκον. Ἡ οἰκία τοῦ κόσμου σύμβολον ἦν. Καὶ ἐκάθισεν ἐφ' ἕνα ἕκαστον αὐτῶν. Καὶ συνῆλθε τὸ πλῆθος, καὶ συνεχύθη. Ὁρᾷς τὴν τούτων εὐλάβειαν, καὶ πῶς οὐκ εὐθέως ἀποφαίνονται, ἀλλ' ἐν ἀπορίᾳ εἰσίν; Ἐκεῖνοι δὲ οἱ ἀγνώμονες ἀποφαίνονται λέγοντες, ὅτι Γλεύκους εἰσὶ μεμεστωμένοι. Ἐπεὶ ἐξῆν αὐτοῖς κατὰ τὸν νόμον τρὶς τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ φαίνεσθαι ἐν τῷ ναῷ, διὰ τοῦτο ᾤκουν ἐκεῖ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἐθνῶν εὐλαβεῖς ἄνδρες. Ὅρα ἐντεῦθεν τὸν γράφοντα, πῶς αὐτοὺς οὐ κολακεύει. Οὐ γὰρ εἶπεν, ὅτι ἀπεφήναντο: ἀλλὰ τί; Γενομένης δὲ τῆς φωνῆς ταύτης συνῆλθε τὸ πλῆθος, καὶ συνεχύθη. Εἰκότως: ἐνόμιζον γὰρ αὐτοῖς τέλος ἔχειν τὸ πρᾶγμα διὰ τὴν γενομένην τόλμαν κατὰ τοῦ Χριστοῦ. Ἄλλως δὲ καὶ τὸ συνειδὸς κατέσειεν αὐτῶν τὰς ψυχὰς, ἐν χερσὶν οὔσης ἔτι τῆς σφαγῆς, καὶ πάντα αὐτοὺς ἐπτόει. Οὐκ ἰδοὺ, φησὶ, πάντες οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ λαλοῦντες Γαλιλαῖοι; Καλῶς οὕτως εἶπε: καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο εἶναι ὡμολογοῦντο. Οὕτως αὐτοὺς ἐπτόησεν ὁ ἦχος, ὅτι καὶ τὸ πλέον τῆς οἰκουμένης ἐνταῦθα κατέλαβε. Τοῦτο δὲ αὐτοὺς ἐνεύρου τοὺς ἀποστόλους, ὅτι τί ποτε Παρθιστὶ ἦν φθέγγεσθαι οὐκ ᾔδεσαν, ἀλλὰ παρ' ἐκείνων τότε ἐμάνθανον. Ἐθνῶν δὲ μέμνηται πολεμίων αὐτοῖς, Κρητῶν, Ἀράβων, Αἰγυπτίων, Περσῶν, δηλῶν ὅτι πάντων τούτων κρατήσουσιν. γʹ. Ἅτε δὲ ὄντων ἐν αἰχμαλωσίᾳ τῶν Ἰουδαίων, εἰκὸς αὐτοῖς συμπαρεῖναι τηνικαῦτα πολλοὺς τῶν ἐθνῶν: ἢ ὅτι καὶ πρὸς τὰ ἔθνη τὰ τῶν δογμάτων ἤδη κατέσπαρτο. Καὶ διὰ τοῦτο πολλοὶ καὶ ἐξ αὐτῶν παρῆσαν ἐκεῖ κατὰ μνήμην, ὧν ἤκουσαν. Πάντοθεν τοίνυν ἀναντίῤῥητος ἡ μαρτυρία, παρὰ τῶν πολιτῶν, παρὰ τῶν ξένων, παρὰ τῶν προσηλύτων. Ἀκούομεν λαλούντων αὐτῶν ταῖς ἡμετέραις γλώσσαις τὰ μεγαλεῖα τοῦ Θεοῦ. Οὐ γὰρ ἁπλῶς ἐλάλουν, ἀλλά τινα θαυμαστὰ ἔλεγον. Εἰκότως τοίνυν ἠπόρουν: οὐδέποτε γὰρ γέγονέ τι τοιοῦτον. Ὅρα εὐγνωμοσύνην ἀνθρώπων. Ἐξίσταντο καὶ διηπόρουν λέγοντες: Τί θέλει τοῦτο εἶναι; Ἕτεροι δὲ διαχλευάζοντες ἔλεγον, ὅτι Γλεύκους μεμεστωμένοι εἰσίν. Ὢ τῆς ἀναισχυντίας! εἰ διὰ τοῦτο ἐχλεύαζον. Καὶ τί θαυμαστόν; ὅπου γε καὶ αὐτὸν τὸν Δεσπότην δαίμονας ἐλαύνοντα, δαίμονα ἔχειν λέγουσιν. Ἔνθα γὰρ ἂν ᾖ ἰταμότης, ἓν ζητεῖ μόνον, εἰπεῖν ὅ τι δήποτε, οὐχ ὅπως τι λόγου πρᾶγμα ἐχόμενον εἴποι, ἀλλ' ὅπως εἴποι ὅ τι δήποτε. Γλεύκους μεμεστωμένοι εἰσί. Πάνυ γε: ὅτι ἄνθρωποι ἐν τοσούτοις κινδύνοις, περὶ τῶν ἐσχάτων τρέμοντες, ἐν τοσαύτῃ ὄντες ἀθυμίᾳ, τοιαῦτα φθέγγεσθαι τολμῶσι. Καὶ ὅρα: ἐπειδὴ τοῦτο ἀπίθανον ἦν, παραλογιζόμενοι τοὺς ἀκούοντας, καὶ δεικνύντες, ὅτι ἐμεθύσθησαν, τῇ ποιότητι τὸ πᾶν ἐπιγράφουσι, καί φασι: Γλεύκους μεμεστωμένοι εἰσί. Σταθεὶς δὲ ὁ Πέτρος σὺν τοῖς ἔνδεκα, ἐπῆρε τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀπεφθέγξατο αὐτοῖς. Ὁρᾷς ἐκεῖ τὴν κηδεμονίαν, ἐνταῦθα δὲ τὴν ἀνδρείαν. Εἰ γὰρ ἐθαύμαζον, εἰ γὰρ ἐξεπλήττοντο, οὐχὶ καὶ οὕτω θαυμαστὸν ἦν, τὸ δυνηθῆναι μεταξὺ τοσούτων ῥῆξαι φωνὴν ἄνθρωπον ἀγράμματον καὶ ἰδιώτην; Εἰ γὰρ ἐν οἰκείοις τις λέγων ταράττεται, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἐπὶ ἐχθρῶν καὶ φονώντων. Ὅτι δὲ οὐ μεθύουσιν, εὐθέως ἀπὸ τῆς φωνῆς ἐδήλωσεν: ὅτι οὐκ ἐξεστήκασι, καθάπερ οἱ μάντεις, ὅτι οὐκ ἀνάγκῃ κατείχοντο. Τί δέ ἐστι, Σὺν τοῖς ἕνδεκα; Κοινὴν προεβάλλοντο φωνὴν, φησὶ, καὶ πάντων αὐτὸς ἦν τὸ στόμα. Παρεστήκασι δὲ οἱ ἕνδεκα μαρτυροῦντες τοῖς λεγομένοις. Ἐπῆρε τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ, φησί: τουτέστι, Μετὰ πολλῆς εἶπε τῆς παῤῥησίας. Τοῦτο δὲ ποιεῖ, ἵνα μάθωσι τοῦ Πνεύματος τὴν χάριν. Ὁ γὰρ μὴ ἐνεγκὼν ἐρώτησιν κορασίου εὐτελοῦς, οὗτος ἐν μέσῳ δήμων, φονώντων ἁπάντων, μετὰ τοσαύτης διαλέγεται παῤῥησίας, ὡς ἀναμφισβήτητον τῆς ἀναστάσεως γενέσθαι τοῦτο τεκμήριον: μεταξὺ γὰρ γελώντων ἀνθρώπων, καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα διαχλευαζόντων παῤῥησιάζεται. Πόσης εἶναι νομίζεις ἰταμότητος τοῦτο, πόσης ἀσεβείας, πόσης ἀναισχυντίας, τὸ μέθης λογίζεσθαι ἔργον τῶν γλωσσῶν τὸ παράδοξον; Ἀλλ' οὐδὲν τοῦτο τοὺς ἀποστόλους ἐλύπησεν, οὐδ' ἀτολμοτέρους εἰργάσατο τότε τὰ τῆς χλεύης ἀκούοντας. Τῇ γὰρ παρουσίᾳ τοῦ Πνεύματος ἤδη μετεσκευάσθησαν, καὶ ἀνώτεροι τῶν σωματικῶν πάντων ὑπῆρχον. Ἔνθα δὲ ἂν παραγένηται τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον, χρυσοῦς ἀντὶ πηλίνων ἐργάζεται. Ὅρα μοι λοιπὸν τὸν Πέτρον, καὶ ἐξέταζε τὸν δειλὸν, τὸν ἀσύνετον, καθάπερ ὁ Χριστός φησιν: Ἀκμὴν καὶ ὑμεῖς ἀσύνετοί ἐστε: τὸν μετὰ τὴν ὁμολογίαν ἐκείνην τὴν θαυμαστὴν Σατᾶν κληθέντα. Σκόπει δὲ καὶ τῶν ἀποστόλων τὴν ὁμόνοιαν. Αὐτοὶ παραχωροῦσιν αὐτῷ τῆς δημηγορίας: οὐ γὰρ ἔδει πάντας φθέγγεσθαι. Καὶ ἐπῆρε, φησὶ, τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀπεφθέγξατο αὐτοῖς μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς παῤῥησίας. Τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν ἄνδρα εἶναι πνευματικόν. Μόνον καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀξίους ἑαυτοὺς καταστήσωμεν τῆς ἄνωθεν χάριτος, καὶ πάντα εὔκολα ἔσται. Καθάπερ γὰρ πύρινος ἄνθρωπος εἰς μέσην καλάμην ἐμπεσὼν, οὐδὲν ἂν πάθοι δεινὸν, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον ἐργάσεται: οὐ γὰρ αὐτός τι πάσχει, ἀλλ' αὐτοὶ ἑαυτοὺς οἱ πυκτεύοντες διαφθείρουσιν: οὕτω καὶ νῦν ἐγένετο. Μᾶλλον δὲ ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις πῦρ ἐπιφερομένῳ χόρτον ἔχων πυκτεύοι: οὕτω δὴ καὶ οὗτοι τούτους προσίεσαν μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς ἀνδρείας. Τί γὰρ αὐτοὺς ἔβλαψε τὸ τοσοῦτον πλῆθος; Εἰπὲ γάρ μοι, οὐχὶ πενίᾳ ἐμάχοντο καὶ λιμῷ; οὐχὶ ἀτιμίᾳ καὶ δόξῃ πονηρᾷ; (πλάνοι γὰρ εἶναι ἐνομίζοντο:) οὐχὶ γέλωτι καὶ χλεύῃ τῶν παρόντων ὑπέκειντο; Ἐπ' αὐτῶν γὰρ τὰ ἑκάτερα συνέπιπτεν: οἱ μὲν γὰρ αὐτοὺς ἐγέλων, οἱ δὲ καὶ ἐχλεύαζον. Οὐχὶ θυμοῖς, οὐχὶ μανίαις ὁλοκλήρων πόλεων, οὐχὶ στάσεσι καὶ ἐπιβουλαῖς προέκειντο; οὐχὶ πυρὶ καὶ σιδήρῳ, καὶ θηρίοις; οὐχὶ πάντοθεν αὐτοὺς μυρίος περιειστήκει πόλεμος; οὐχὶ ὡς ὄναρ ταῦτα ὁρῶντες τὰ δεινὰ ἢ ἐν γραφῇ, οὕτω διέκειντο; Τί δαί; οὐκ ἀνάλωσαν αὐτῶν τοὺς θυμούς; οὐκ εἰς ἑαυτοὺς τὴν ἀπορίαν περιέτρεψαν; οὐχὶ καὶ θυμῷ, καὶ δέει πάντων μάλιστα ἐκεῖνοι συνείχοντο; οὐχὶ ἐναγώνιοι ἦσαν, καὶ ἐφοβοῦντο, καὶ ἔτρεμον; Ἄκουε γὰρ αὐτῶν λεγόντων: Θέλετε ἐπαγαγεῖν ἐφ' ἡμᾶς τὸ αἷμα τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου. Καὶ τὸ θαυμαστὸν, ὅτι γυμνῷ τῷ σώματι παρετάττοντο πρὸς ὡπλισμένους, πρὸς ἄρχοντας κατὰ αὐτῶν ἔχοντας ἐξουσίαν, ἄπειροι, ἄγλωττοι, καὶ ἰδιωτικώτερον διακείμενοι, πρὸς γόητας, πρὸς πλάνους, πρὸς σοφιστῶν, πρὸς ῥητόρων, πρὸς φιλοσόφων πλῆθος, τῶν κατασαπέντων ἐν Ἀκαδημίᾳ καὶ Περιπάτοις, ἐνίσταντό τε καὶ ἀπεμάχοντο. Καὶ ὁ περὶ λίμνας ἠσχολημένος οὕτως αὐτῶν ἐκράτησεν, ὡς οὐδὲ εἰ πρὸς ἰχθῦς ἀγλώττους ὁ ἀγὼν ἦν αὐτῷ: καθάπερ γὰρ ὄντως ἁλιεὺς ἰχθύων ἀφωνοτέρων, οὕτω τούτων περιεγένετο. Καὶ ὁ μὲν πολλὰ ληρήσας Πλάτων, σεσίγηκεν: οὗτος δὲ φθέγγεται, οὐχὶ παρ' οἰκείοις μόνοις, ἀλλὰ καὶ παρὰ Πάρθοις, παρὰ Μήδοις, παρὰ Ἐλαμίταις, καὶ ἐν Ἰνδίᾳ, καὶ πανταχοῦ γῆς, καὶ εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς οἰκουμένης. Ποῦ νῦν τῆς Ἑλλάδος ὁ τῦφος; ποῦ τῶν Ἀθηνῶν τὸ ὄνομα; ποῦ τῶν φιλοσόφων ὁ λῆρος; Ὁ ἀπὸ Γαλιλαίας, ὁ ἀπὸ Βηθσαϊδᾶ, ὁ ἀγροῖκος, πάντων ἐκείνων περιεγένετο. Οὐκ αἰσχύνεσθε, εἰπέ μοι, ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι τῆς πατρίδος τοῦ νενικηκότος ὑμᾶς; Ἂν δὲ καὶ τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἀκούσητε, καὶ ὅτι Κηφᾶς ἐλέγετο, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἐγκαλύψεσθε. Τοῦτο γὰρ ὑμᾶς, τοῦτο ἀπολώλεκεν, ὅτι τοῦτο ὄνειδος εἶναι νομίζετε, καὶ εὐγλωττίαν ἐγκώμιον, καὶ ἀπειρίαν εὐγλωττίας, ὄνειδος. Οὐκ ἤλθετε ἣν ἐλθεῖν ὑμᾶς ἔδει, ἀλλὰ τὴν βασιλικὴν ἀφέντες ὁδὸν τὴν εὔκολον καὶ λείαν, τὴν τραχεῖαν καὶ ἀνάντη καὶ χαλεπὴν ἐβαδίσατε. Διὰ τοῦτο οὐδὲ ἐφθάσατε πρὸς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν. δʹ. Τί οὖν οὐκ εἰς Πλάτωνα ἐνήργησεν ὁ Χριστὸς, οὐδὲ εἰς Πυθαγόραν, φησίν; Ὅτι πολλῷ φιλοσοφωτέρα ἦν ἡ Πέτρου ψυχὴ τῶν ψυχῶν ἐκείνων. Ἐκεῖνοι μὲν γὰρ παῖδες ὄντως ἦσαν, ὑπὸ τῆς κενῆς δόξης περιτρεπόμενοι πανταχοῦ: οὗτος δὲ ἀνὴρ φιλόσοφος, καὶ δεκτικὸς τῆς χάριτος. Εἰ δὲ γελᾷς ταῦτα ἀκούων, οὐ θαυμαστόν: ἐπεὶ καὶ οἱ τότε ἐγέλων, καὶ γλεύκους αὐτοὺς ἔλεγον εἶναι μεστούς: ἀλλ' ὕστερον, ὅτε ἐπεπόνθεσαν τὰ πικρὰ ἐκεῖνα, καὶ πάντων χαλεπώτερα, ὅτε τὴν πόλιν κατερειπομένην εἶδον, καὶ τὸ πῦρ ἀναπτόμενον, καὶ τὰ τείχη ῥιπτούμενα χαμαὶ, καὶ τὰς ποικίλας βακχείας ἐκείνας, ἃς οὐδεὶς παραστῆσαι δύναται λόγῳ, οὐκ ἔτι ἐγέλων Οὕτω καὶ ὑμεῖς τότε οὐ γελάσεσθε, ὅταν ὁ τῆς κρίσεως ἐπιστῇ καιρὸς, ὅταν τὸ τῆς γεέννης ἀναφθῇ πῦρ. Ἀλλὰ τί περὶ μελλόντων λέγω; Βούλει δείξω τίς ἐστι Πέτρος, τίς δὲ Πλάτων; Τὰ γὰρ ἤθη τέως αὐτῶν, εἰ δοκεῖ, ἐξετάσωμεν, καὶ ἴδωμεν τίσιν ἐπεχείρησαν ἑκάτεροι. Οὗτος μὲν οὖν πάντα τὸν χρόνον ἀνάλωσε περὶ δόγματα στρεφόμενος ἀνόνητα καὶ περιττά. Τί γὰρ ὄφελος ἐκ τοῦ μαθεῖν, ὅτι μυῖα ἡ ψυχὴ τοῦ φιλοσόφου γίνεται; Ὄντως μυῖα, οὐκ εἰς μυῖαν μετέπιπτεν, ἀλλ' ἐπέβαινε τῇ ἐν Πλάτωνι οἰκούσῃ ψυχῇ. Ποίας ταῦτα οὐ ματαιολογίας; πόθεν δὴ τοιαῦτα ληρεῖν ἐπεβάλετο; Εἰρωνείας μεστὸς ἦν ὁ ἀνὴρ, καὶ ζηλοτύπως πρὸς ἅπαντας διακείμενος. Ὥσπερ οὖν φιλονεικῶν, μήτε οἴκοθεν, μήτε παρ' ἑτέρου χρήσιμόν τι εἰσαγαγεῖν: οὕτω παρὰ μὲν ἑτέρου τὴν μετεμψύχωσιν ἐδέξατο, παρὰ δὲ ἑαυτοῦ τὴν πολιτείαν εἰσήγαγεν, ἔνθα τὰ πολλῆς αἰσχρότητος γέμοντα ἐνομοθέτησε. Κοιναὶ, φησὶν, αἱ γυναῖκες ἔστωσαν, καὶ γεγυμνωμέναι παρθένοι, ἐπ' ὄψεσι τῶν ἐραστῶν παλαιέτωσαν, καὶ κοινοὶ πατέρες ἔστωσαν, καὶ οἱ τικτόμενοι παῖδες. Ποίαν οὐχ ὑπερβάλλει ταῦτα ἄνοιαν; Ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν ἐκείνου τοιαῦτα. Ἐνταῦθα δὲ οὐχ ἡ φύσις ποιεῖ κοινοὺς πατέρας, ἀλλ' ἡ Πέτρου φιλοσοφία: ἐπεὶ ἐκεῖνό γε καὶ ἀνῄρει. Οὐδὲν γὰρ ἕτερον ἐποίει, ἀλλ' ἢ τὸν ὄντα ἀγνοεῖσθαι μονονουχὶ, καὶ τὸν οὐκ ὄντα εἰσάγεσθαι. Εἰς μέθην τινὰ καὶ συρφετὸν ἐνέβαλε τὴν ψυχήν. Πάντες, φησὶν, ἀδεῶς κεχρήσθωσαν ταῖς γυναιξί. Διὰ τοῦτο οὐκ ἐξετάζω ποιητῶν δόγματα, ἵνα μή μέ τις εἴποι μύθους ἐξετάζειν: ἀλλ' ἑτέρους λέγω μύθους ἐκείνων πολλῷ καταγελαστοτέρους. Ποῦ τοιοῦτόν τι ἐτερατεύσαντο ποιηταί; Ἀλλ' ὁ κορυφαῖος τῶν φιλοσόφων, ὡς ἐδόκει, καὶ ὅπλα ταῖς γυναιξὶ περιτίθησι, καὶ κράνη, καὶ κνημῖδας, καὶ κυνῶν οὐδὲν διαφέρειν λέγει τὸ ἀνθρώπινον γένος. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἡ κύων ἡ θήλεια, φησὶ, καὶ ὁ ἄῤῥην κοινωνοῦσιν ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις, κοινωνείτωσαν καὶ αἱ γυναῖκες, καὶ πάντα ἀνατρεπέσθω. Ἀεὶ γὰρ δι' αὐτῶν ἐσπούδασεν ὁ διάβολος, μηδὲν ἐντιμότερον τῶν ἀλόγων τὸ ἡμέτερον δεῖξαι γένος: ὅπου γέ τινες εἰς τοῦτο κενοδοξίας ἦλθον, ὡς εἰπεῖν, ὅτι καὶ τὰ ἄλογα λογικὰ τυγχάνει. Καὶ ὅρα, πῶς ποικίλως ἐβάκχευσεν ἐν ταῖς ἐκείνων ψυχαῖς. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ κορυφαῖοι αὐτῶν ἔφησαν τὴν ἡμετέραν ψυχὴν εἰς μυίας, καὶ κύνας, καὶ ἄλογα μεθίστασθαι: οἱ δὲ μετ' ἐκείνους τοῦτο αἰσχυνθέντες, εἰς ἑτέραν αἰσχύνην κατέπεσον, πάσης λογικῆς ἐπιστήμης μεταδόντες τοῖς ἀλόγοις, καὶ πανταχοῦ δείξαντες ἡμῶν τὰ δι' ἡμᾶς γενόμενα ἐντιμότερα. Οὐ τοῦτο δὲ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ προγνώσεις εἶναι παρ' αὐτοῖς, καὶ εὐσέβειαν λέγουσιν. Ὁ κόραξ, φησὶν, οἶδε τὸν Θεὸν, καὶ ἡ κορώνη, καὶ προφητείας ἔχουσι χαρίσματα, καὶ τὰ μέλλοντα προλέγουσι, καὶ δικαιοσύνη παρ' αὐτοῖς, καὶ πολιτεία, καὶ νόμοι, καὶ ζηλοῖ παρ' αὐτοῖς ὁ κύων κατὰ Πλάτωνα. Τάχα ἀπιστεῖτε τοῖς λεγομένοις; Εἰκότως, ἅτε τοῖς ὑγιέσιν ἐντεθραμμένοι δόγμασιν: ἐπεὶ καὶ εἴ τις τραφείη ταύτῃ τῇ τροφῇ, ἀπιστήσειεν ἂν, ὅτι ἔστιν ἄνθρωπος κόπρου γευόμενος ἡδέως. Ὅταν οὖν λέγωμεν αὐτοῖς, ὅτι μῦθοι ταῦτα καὶ ἀνοίας μεστὰ, οὐκ ἐνοήσατε, φασί. Μηδὲ νοήσωμέν ποτε τὸν τοσοῦτον ὑμῶν γέλωτα. Σφόδρα γε: οὐ γὰρ φρενὸς βαθείας δεῖ, ἵνα μάθωμεν, τί βούλεται ἡ τοσαύτη ἀσέβεια καὶ σύγχυσις. Μὴ κορακιστὶ φθέγγεσθε, ὦ ἀνόητοι, καθάπερ τὰ παιδία; Παῖδες γὰρ ὄντως ἐστὲ, καθάπερ ἐκεῖνα. Ἀλλὰ Πέτρος οὐδὲν τοιοῦτον ἔφησεν: ἀλλ' ἀφῆκε φωνὴν, ἣ καθάπερ ἐν σκότῳ τινὶ φῶς ἀπολάμψασα μέγα, τὴν ἀχλὺν διεσκέδασε τῆς οἰκουμένης. Ἀλλὰ τὸ ἦθος αὐτοῦ πῶς ἥμερον ἦν, πῶς ἐπιεικές: πῶς πάσης ἀνωτέρω δόξης ἵστατο κενῆς: πῶς εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν ἑώρα ἄτυφος ὢν, καὶ ταῦτα νεκροὺς ἀνιστῶν. Εἰ δὲ ἐξεγένετο ἐκείνων τινὶ τῶν ἀνοήτων, φαντασίᾳ γοῦν τοιοῦτόν τι ἐργάζεσθαι, ἆρ' οὐκ ἂν εὐθέως βωμὸν ἐζήτησε καὶ ναὸν, καὶ ἰσόθεός τις εἶναι ἠθέλησεν; ὅπου γε οὐδενὸς τούτων ὄντος τοιαῦτα φαντάζονται ἀεί. Τί γὰρ βούλεται αὐτοῖς Ἀθηνᾶ, καὶ Ἀπόλλων, καὶ Ἥρα; Γένη παρ' αὐτοῖς ἐστι δαιμόνων. Καὶ βασιλεύς ἐστι παρ' αὐτοῖς διὰ τοῦτο ἀξιῶν ἀποθανεῖν, ἵνα ἰσόθεος νομίζοιτο. Ἀλλ' οὗτοι οὐχ οὕτως, ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον. Ἄκουε γὰρ αὐτῶν λεγόντων ἐπὶ τῆς θεραπείας τοῦ χωλοῦ: Ἄνδρες Ἰσραηλῖται, τί ἡμῖν προσέχετε, ὡς ἰδίᾳ δυνάμει ἢ εὐσεβείᾳ πεποιηκόσι τοῦ περιπατεῖν αὐτόν; Καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ: Καὶ ἡμεῖς ὁμοιοπαθεῖς ὑμῖν ἐσμεν ἄνθρωποι. Ἐκεῖ δὲ πολὺς ὁ τῦφος, πολλὴ ἡ ἀλαζονεία: πάντα διὰ τὰς παρὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων τιμὰς, οὐδὲν φιλοσοφίας ἕνεκεν. Ὅταν γάρ τι διὰ δόξαν γίνηται, πάντα μένουσιν εὐτελῆ. Κἂν γὰρ πάντα τις ἔχῃ, τούτου δὲ μὴ κρατῇ, πάσης φιλοσοφίας ἐξέπεσε, τῷ τυραννικωτέρῳ κατεχόμενος, καὶ αἰσχροτέρῳ πάθει. Ταύτης ἡ ὑπεροψία πάντα διδάξαι τὰ ἀγαθὰ ἱκανὴ, καὶ τῆς ψυχῆς ἐξορίσαι πᾶν πάθος ὀλέθριον. Διὸ παραινῶ καὶ ὑμῖν πολλὴν ποιεῖσθαι τὴν σπουδὴν, ὥστε τοῦτο τὸ πάθος πρόῤῥιζον ἐξελεῖν: οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν ἄλλως εὐδοκιμῆσαι παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ, καὶ τὴν παρὰ τοῦ ἀκοιμήτου ἐκείνου ὀφθαλμοῦ εὔνοιαν ἐπισπάσασθαι. Οὐκοῦν πᾶσαν σπουδὴν ποιώμεθα, ὥστε τῆς ἐκεῖθεν ἡμᾶς ῥοπῆς ἀπολαύειν, ἵνα καὶ τῶν παρόντων λυπηρῶν διαφύγωμεν τὴν πεῖραν, καὶ τῶν μελλόντων ἀγαθῶν καταξιωθῶμεν, χάριτι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, μεθ' οὗ τῷ Πατρὶ ἅμα τῷ ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι δόξα, κράτος, τιμὴ, νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ, καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.