John Chrysostom, On the Letter to the Hebrews

“God who at sundry times and in divers manners spake in time past unto the fathers by the Prophets, hath at the end of the days57 ἐ σχάτου τῶν ἡμερῶν ἐσχάτων τ. ἡ. (in these last days) Sav. Ben. here and throughout the Homily. The former is considered to be the true reading of the Sacred Text. It is throughout the reading of St. Chrys. as is clear from his argument. [It is the reading of all the uncials; the cursives and the versions are divided. The R.V. follows the correct text.—F.G.]spoken unto us by His Son whom He hath appointed heir of all things, by whom also He made the worlds.”

[1.] Truly, “where sin abounded, grace did much more abound.” ( Rom. v. 20.) This at least the blessed Paul intimates here also, in the very beginning of his Epistle to the Hebrews. For since as it was likely that afflicted, worn out by evils, and judging of things thereby, they would think themselves worse off than all other men,—he shows that herein they had rather been made partakers of greater, even very exceeding, grace; arousing the hearer at the very opening of his discourse. Wherefore he says, “God who at sundry times and in divers manners spake in times past unto the fathers by the Prophets, hath at the end of the days spoken unto us by His Son.”

Why did he [Paul] not oppose “himself” to “the prophets”? Certainly, he was much greater than they, inasmuch as a greater trust was committed to him. Yet he doth not so. Why? First, to avoid speaking great things concerning himself. Secondly, because his hearers were not yet perfect. And thirdly, because he rather wished to exalt them, and to show that their superiority was great. As if he had said, What so great matter is it that He sent prophets to our fathers? For to us [He has sent] His own only-begotten Son Himself.

And well did he begin thus, “At sundry times and in divers manners,” for he points out that not even the prophets themselves saw God; nevertheless, the Son saw Him. For the expressions, “at sundry times and in divers manners” are the same as “in different ways.” “For I” (saith He) “have multiplied visions, and used similitudes by the ministry of the Prophets.” ( Hos. xii. 10.) Wherefore the excellency consists not in this alone, that to them indeed prophets were sent, but to us the Son; but that none of them saw God, but the Only-begotten Son saw Him. He doth not indeed at once assert this, but by what he says afterwards he establishes it, when he speaks concerning His human nature; “For to which of the Angels said He, Thou art My Son,” ( ver. 5 ), and, “Sit thou on My right hand”? ( Ver. 13.)

And look on his great wisdom. First he shows the superiority from the prophets. Then having established this as acknowledged, he declares that to them indeed He spake by the prophets, but to us by the Only-begotten. Then [He spake] to them by Angels, and this again he establishes, with good reason (for angels also held converse with the Jews): yet even herein we have the superiority, inasmuch as the Master [spake] to us, but to them servants, and prophets, fellow-servants.

[2.] Well also said he, “at the end of the days,” for by this he both stirs them up and encourages them desponding of the future. For as he says also in another place, “The Lord is at hand, be careful for nothing” ( Philip. iv. 5, 6 ), and again, “For now is our salvation nearer than when we believed” ( Rom. xiii. 11 ): so also here. What then is it which he says? That whoever is spent in the conflict, when he hears of the end thereof, recovers his breath a little, knowing that it is the end indeed of his labors, but the beginning of his rest.

“Hath in the end of the days spoken unto us in [His] Son.” Behold again he uses the saying, “in [His] Son,”58 ἐ ν υἱῷ for “through the Son,”59 διὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ against those who assert that this phrase is proper to the Spirit.60 That is, the Macedonians or Pneumatomachi, who about the year 373 found great fault with St. Basil for using indifferently the two forms of doxology, sometimes μετὰ τοῦ Υἱοῦ σὺν τῷ Πνευματι τῷ ̔Αγίῳ, sometimes διὰ τοῦ Υἱοῦ ἐν τῷ Πνεύματι τῷ ̔Αγίῳ. They said that the latter, by which they meant to imply inferiority in the Third Person especially, was the only proper form. This gave occasion to St. Basil’s writing his Tract De Spiritu Sancto, in which he refutes them at large, proving among other things that ἐ ν is in Scripture often equivalent to σύν. c. 25 t. iii. 49. That ἐ ν is put for διὰ ; is also said by St. Chrys. Hom. on 1 Cor. i. 4 (p. 13, O.T.) and elsewhere. Dost thou see that the [word] “in” is “through”?61 [τὸ, ἐν, διά ἐστι.—F.G.]

And the expression, “In times past,” and this, “In the end of the days,” shadows forth some other meaning:—that when a long time had intervened, when we were on the edge of punishment, when the Gifts had failed, when there was no expectation of deliverance, when we were expecting to have less than all—then we have had more.

And see how considerately he hath spoken it. For he said not, “Christ spake” (albeit it was He who did speak), but inasmuch as their souls were weak, and they were not yet able to hear the things concerning Christ, he says, “God hath spoken by Him.” What meanest thou? did God speak through the Son? Yes. What then? Is it thus thou showest the superiority? for here thou hast but pointed out that both the New and the Old [Covenants] are of One and the same: and that this superiority is not great. Wherefore he henceforth follows on upon this argument, saying, “He spake unto us by [His] Son.”

(Note, how Paul makes common cause, and puts himself on a level with the disciples, saying, He spake “to us”: and yet He did not speak to him, but to the Apostles, and through them to the many. But he lifts them [the Hebrews] up, and declares that He spake also to them. And as yet he doth not at all reflect on the Jews. For almost all to whom the prophets spake, were a kind of evil and polluted persons. But as yet the discourse is not of these: but, hitherto of the gifts derived from God.)

“Whom He appointed,” saith he, “heir of all.” What is “whom He appointed heir of all”? He speaks here of the flesh [the human nature]. As He also says in the second Psalm, “Ask of Me, and I will give Thee the heathen for Thine inheritance.” ( Ps. ii. 8.) For no longer is “Jacob the portion of the Lord” nor “Israel His inheritance” ( Deut. xxxii. 9 ), but all men: that is to say, He hath made Him Lord of all: which Peter also said in the Acts, “God hath made Him both Lord and Christ.” ( Acts ii. 36.) But he has used the name “Heir,” declaring two things: His proper sonship62 τὸ γνήσιον τῆς υἱότητος and His indefeasible sovereignty. “Heir of all,” that is, of all the world.

[3.] Then again he brings back his discourse to its former point. “By whom also He made the worlds [the ages].”63 τοὺς αἰῶνας, “the ages;” “duration beyond time.” Where are those who say, There was [a time] when He was not?

Then, using degrees of ascent, he uttered that which is far greater than all this, saying,

Ver. 3, 4. “Who, (being the brightness of His glory, and the express image of His person, and upholding all things by the word of His power,) when He had by Himself purged our sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on high; being made64 [R.V. “having become.” — F.G.] so much better than the Angels as He hath by inheritance obtained a more excellent name than they.”

O! the wisdom of the Apostle! or rather, not the wisdom of Paul, but the grace of the Spirit is the thing to wonder at. For surely he uttered not these things of his own mind, nor in that way did he find his wisdom. (For whence could it be? From the knife, and the skins, or the workshop?) But it was from the working of God. For his own understanding did not give birth to these thoughts, which was then so mean and slender as in nowise to surpass the baser sort; (for how could it, seeing it spent itself wholly on bargains and skins?) but the grace of the Spirit shows forth its strength by whomsoever it will.

For just as one, wishing to lead up a little child to some lofty place, reaching up even to the top of Heaven, does this gently and by degrees, leading him upwards by the steps from below,—then when he has set him on high, and bidden him to gaze downwards, and sees him turning giddy and confused, and dizzy, taking hold of him, he leads him down to the lower stand, allowing him to take breath; then when he hath recovered it, leads him up again, and again brings him down;—just so did the blessed Paul likewise, both with the Hebrews and everywhere, having learnt it from his Master. For even He also did so; sometimes He led His hearers up on high, and sometimes He brought them down, not allowing them to remain very long.

See him, then, even here—by how many steps he led them up, and placed them near the very summit of religion, and then or ever they grow giddy, and are seized with dizziness, how he leads them again lower down, and allowing them to take breath, says, “He spake unto us by [His] Son,” “whom He appointed Heir of all things.”65 That is for the moment St. Paul does not argue the dignity of Christ from the title “Son” —from His being the true Son of God, and therefore God, but condescending to the weakness of his hearers, at first uses the word in a general sense, and establishes His Divinity by other considerations. For the name of Son is so far common. For where a true66 γνήσιος [Son] it is understood of, He is above all: but however that may be, for the present he proves that He is from above.

And see how he says it: “Whom He appointed,” saith he, “heir of all things.” The phrase, “He appointed Heir,” is humble. Then he placed them on the higher step, adding, “by whom also He made the worlds.” Then on a higher still, and after which there is no other, “who being the brightness of His glory, and the express image of His person.” Truly he has led them to unapproachable light, to the very brightness itself. And before they are blinded see how he gently leads them down again, saying, “and upholding all things by the word of His power, when He had by Himself purged our sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty.” He does not simply say, “He sat down,” but “after the purifying, He sat down,” for he hath touched on the Incarnation, and his utterance is again lowly.

Then again having said a little by the way (for he says, “on the right hand of the Majesty on high”), [he turns] again to what is lowly; “being made so much better than the angels, as He hath by inheritance obtained a more excellent name than they.” Henceforward then he treats here of that which is according to the flesh, since the phrase “being made better” doth not express His essence according to the Spirit, 67 κατὰ πνεῦμα is the reading adopted by Mr. Field, following herein an ancient Catena [compiled by Niketas Archbishop of Heraclea in Thrace who flourished in the 11th century] which has preserved it: κατὰ τὸν πατέρα is found in all other mss. and Editions, and was probably the reading in Mutianus’ text, who translates “essentiæ paternæ ” Of the use of πνεῦμα for the Divine Nature of the Son, see many instances brought together in the note to the Oxford Translation of St. Athanasius against the Arians, p. 196 d. [See also in Tertullian, O.T. note H. pp. 322 sqq.] (for that was not “made” but “begotten,”) but according to the flesh: for this was “made.” Nevertheless the discourse here is not about being called into68 οὐσιώσεως, “communication of Being.” Cf. in 1 Cor. Hom. v. § 4, p. 56, Oxf. Tr. existence. But just as John says, “He that cometh after me, is preferred before me” ( John i. 15, 30 ), that is, higher in honor and esteem; so also here, “being made so much better than the angels”—that is, higher in esteem and better and more glorious, “by how much He hath obtained by inheritance a more excellent name than they.” Seest thou that he is speaking of that which is according to the flesh? For this Name, 69 That is the Name Son. The passage is thus rightly pointed by Mr. Field in accordance with the addition of the explanatory word “Son” in [Niketas’] Catena (Supp.). According to the pointing of the other editions, the translation would be, “For this Name, God the Word, He ever had.” God the Word ever had; He did not afterwards “obtain it by inheritance”; nor did He afterwards become “better than the Angels, when He had purged our sins”; but He was always “better,” and better without all comparison.70 ἀ συγκρίτως For this is spoken of Him according to the flesh.

So truly it is our way also, when we talk of man, to speak things both high and low. Thus, when we say, “Man is nothing,” “Man is earth,” “Man is ashes,” we call the whole by the worse part. But when we say, “Man is an immortal animal,” and “Man is rational, and of kin to those on high,” we call again the whole by the better part. So also, in the case of Christ, sometimes Paul discourseth from the less and sometimes from the better; wishing both to establish the economy, and also to teach about the incorruptible nature.

[4.] Since then “He hath purged our sins,” let us continue pure; and let us receive no stain, but preserve the beauty which He hath implanted in us, and His comeliness undefiled and pure, “not having spot or wrinkle or any such thing.” ( Eph. v. 27.) Even little sins are “a spot and a wrinkle,” such a thing, I mean, as Reproach, Insult, Falsehood.

Nay, rather not even are these small, but on the contrary very great: yea so great as to deprive a man even of the kingdom of Heaven. How, and in what manner? “He that calleth his brother fool, is in danger” (He saith) “of hellfire.” ( Matt. v. 22.) But if it be so with him who calls a man “fool,” which seems to be the slightest of all things, and rather mere children’s talk; what sentence of punishment will not he incur, who calleth him malignant and crafty and envious, and casteth at him ten thousand other reproaches? What more fearful than this?

Now suffer, I beseech you, the word [of exhortation].71 Comp. Heb. xiii. 22. It seems as if the hearers were showing themselves surprised at the severity of what he was saying. For if he that “doeth” [aught] to “one of the least, doeth it to Him” ( Matt. xxv. 40 ), and he that “doeth it not to one of the least doeth it not to Him” ( Matt. xxv. 45 ), how is it not the same also in the matter of good or evil speaking? He that reviles his brother, reviles God: and he that honors his brother, honors God. Let us train therefore our tongue to speak good words. For “refrain,” it is said, “thy tongue from evil.” ( Ps. xxxiv. 13.) For God gave it not that we should speak evil, that we should revile, that we should calumniate one another; but to sing hymns to God withal, to speak those things which “give grace to the hearers” ( Eph. iv. 29 ), things for edification, things for profit.

Hast thou spoken evil of a man? What is thy gain, entangling thyself in mischief together with him? For thou hast obtained the reputation of a slanderer. For there is not any, no not any evil, which stops at him that suffers it, but it includes the doer also. As for instance, the envious person seems indeed to plot against another, but himself first reaps the fruit of his sin, wasting and wearing himself away, and being hated of all men. The cheat deprives another of his money; yea and himself too of men’s good will: and causes himself to be evil spoken of by all men. Now reputation is much better than money, for the one it is not easy to wash out, whereas it is easy to gain possession of the other. Or rather, the absence of the one doth no hurt to him that wanteth it; but the absence of the other makes you reproached and ridiculed, and an object of enmity and warfare to all.

The passionate man again first punishes and tears himself in pieces, and then him with whom he is angry.

Just so the evil speaker disgraces first himself and then him who is evil-spoken of: or, it may be, even this hath proved beyond his power, and while he departs with the credit of a foul and detestable kind of person, he causes the other to be loved the more. For when a man hearing a bad name given him, doth not requite the giver in the same kind, but praises and admires, he doth not praise the other, but himself. For I before observed that, as calumnies against our neighbors first touch those who de vise the mischief, so also good works done towards our neighbors, gladden first those who do them. The parent either of good, or evil, justly reaps the fruit of it first himself. And just as water, whether it be brackish or sweet, fills the vessels of those who resort to it, but lessens not the fountain which sends it forth; so surely also, both wickedness and virtue, from whatever person they proceed, prove either his joy or his ruin.

So far as to the things of this world; but what speech may recount the things of that world, either the goods or the evils? There is none. For as to the blessings, they surpass all thought, not speech only; for their opposites are expressed indeed in terms familiar to us. For fire, it is said, is there, and darkness, and bonds, and a worm that never dieth. But this represents not only the things which are spoken of, but others more intolerable. And to convince thee, consider at once this first: if it be fire, how is it also darkness? Seest thou how that fire is more intolerable than this? For it hath no light. If it be fire, how is it forever burning? Seest thou how something more intolerable than this happens? For it is not quenched. Yea, therefore it is called unquenchable. Let us then consider how great a misery it must be, to be forever burning, and to be in darkness, and to utter unnumbered groanings, and to gnash the teeth, and not even to be heard. For if here any one of those ingeniously brought up, should he be cast into prison, speaks of the mere ill savor, and the being laid in darkness, and the being bound with murderers, as more intolerable than any death: think what it is when we are burning with the murderers of the whole world, neither seeing nor being seen, but in so vast a multitude thinking that we are alone. For the darkness and gloom doth not allow our distinguishing those who are near to us, but each will burn as if he were thus suffering alone. Moreover, if darkness of itself afflicteth and terrifieth our souls, how then will it be when together with the darkness there are likewise so great pains and burnings?

Wherefore I entreat you to be ever revolving these things with yourselves, and to submit to the pain of the words, that we may not undergo the punishment of the things. For assuredly, all these things shall be, and those whose doings have deserved those chambers of torture no man shall rescue, not father, nor mother, nor brother. “For a brother redeemeth not,” He saith; “shall a man redeem?” ( Ps. xlix. 7 , LXX.), though he have much confidence, though he have great power with God. For it is He Himself who rewards every one according to his works, and upon these depends our salvation or punishment.

Let us make then to ourselves “friends of the mammon of unrighteousness” ( Luke xvi. 9 ), that is: Let us give alms; let us exhaust our possessions upon them, that so we may exhaust that fire: that we may quench it, that we may have boldness there. For there also it is not they who receive us, but our own work: for that it is not simply their being our friends which can save us, learn from what is added. For why did He not say, “Make to yourselves friends, that they may receive you into their everlasting habitations,” but added also the manner? For saying, “of the mammon of unrighteousness,” He points out that we must make friends of them by means of our possessions, showing that mere friendship will not protect us, unless we have good works, unless we spend righteously the wealth unrighteously gathered.

Moreover, this our discourse, of Almsgiving I mean, fits not only the rich, but also the needy. Yea even if there be any person who supporteth himself by begging, even for him is this word. For there is no one, so poverty-stricken, however exceeding poor he may be, as not to be able to provide “two mites.” ( Luke xxi. 2.) It is therefore possible that a person giving a small sum from small means, should surpass those who have large possessions and give more; as that widow did. For not by the measure of what is given, but by the means and willingness of the givers is the extent of the alms-deed estimated. In all cases the will is needed, in all, a right disposition; in all, love towards God. If with this we do all things, though having little we give little, God will not turn away His face, but will receive it as great and admirable: for He regards the will, not the gifts: and if He see that to be great, He assigneth His decrees and judges accordingly, and maketh them partakers of His everlasting benefits.

Which may God grant us all to obtain, by the grace and love of our Lord Jesus Christ, with whom to the Father together with the Holy Ghost, be glory, power, honor, now and for ever, and world without end. Amen.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ Αʹ. Πολυμερῶς καὶ πολυτρόπως πάλαι ὁ Θεὸς λαλήσας τοῖς πατράσιν ἐν τοῖς προφήταις, ἐπ' ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν τούτων ἐλάλησεν ἡμῖν ἐν Υἱῷ: ὃν ἔθηκε κληρονόμον πάντων, δι' οὗ καὶ τοὺς αἰῶνας ἐποίησεν. αʹ. Ὄντως ὅπου ἐπλεόνασεν ἡ ἁμαρτία, ὑπερεπερίσσευσεν ἡ χάρις. Τοῦτο γοῦν καὶ ἐνταῦθα ἐν τῷ προοιμίῳ αἰνίττεται ὁ μακάριος Παῦλος πρὸς Ἑβραίους ἐπιστέλλων. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ εἰκὸς ἦν αὐτοὺς τεταλαιπωρημένους καὶ τετρυχωμένους ὑπὸ τῶν κακῶν, καὶ ἀπὸ τούτων τὰ πράγματα κρίνοντας, λογίζεσθαι ἑαυτοὺς ἐλάττους πάντων τῶν ἄλλων, δείκνυσι ταύτῃ μᾶλλον μείζονος ἀπολελαυκότας χάριτος καὶ σφόδρα ὑπερεχούσης, ἀπ' αὐτῆς τοῦ λόγου τῆς εἰσβολῆς διεγείρων τὸν ἀκροατήν. Διὰ τοῦτό φησι: Πολυμερῶς καὶ πολυτρόπως πάλαι ὁ Θεὸς λαλήσας τοῖς πατράσιν ἐν τοῖς προφήταις, ἐπ' ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν τούτων ἐλάλησεν ἡμῖν ἐν Υἱῷ. Διὰ τί μὴ ἀντέθηκεν ἑαυτὸν τοῖς προφήταις; καίτοι γε πολλῷ μείζων ἦν ἐκείνων, ὅσῳ καὶ μείζονα ἐπεπίστευτο. Ἀλλ' οὐ ποιεῖ τοῦτο, Τί δήποτε: Πρῶτον μὲν τὸ περὶ ἑαυτοῦ μεγάλα λέγειν παραιτούμενος: δεύτερον δὲ, διὰ τὸ τοὺς ἀκροατὰς μηδέπω εἶναι τελείους: καὶ τρίτον, ἐπᾶραι μᾶλλον αὐτοὺς βουλόμενος, καὶ δεῖξαι πολλὴν οὖσαν τὴν ὑπεροχήν. Ὡς ἂν εἰ ἔλεγε: Τί μέγα ὅτι προφήτας ἔπεμψε πρὸς τοὺς πατέρας ἡμῶν; ἔπεμψε γὰρ πρὸς ἡμᾶς αὐτὸν τὸν Υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ. Καὶ καλῶς ἤρξατο οὕτως εἰπών: Πολυμερῶς καὶ πολυτρόπως: δείκνυσι γὰρ ὅτι οὐδὲ αὐτοὶ οἱ προφῆται τὸν Θεὸν εἶδον: ὁ μέντοι Υἱὸς εἶδε. Τὸ γὰρ, Πολυμερῶς καὶ πολυτρόπως, τουτέστι, διαφόρως. Ἐγὼ γὰρ, φησὶν, ὁράσεις ἐπλήθυνα, καὶ ἐν χερσὶ προφητῶν ὡμοιώθην. Ὥστε οὐ κατὰ τοῦτο μόνον ἡ ὑπεροχὴ, ὅτι ἐκείνοις μὲν προφῆται ἀπεστάλησαν, ἡμῖν δὲ ὁ Υἱὸς, ἀλλ' ὅτι ἐκείνων μὲν οὐδεὶς εἶδε τὸν Θεὸν, ὁ δὲ Υἱὸς ὁ μονογενὴς εἶδε. Καὶ εὐθέως μὲν αὐτὸ οὐ τίθησι, διὰ δὲ τῶν ἑξῆς αὐτὸ κατασκευάζει, ὅταν περὶ τῆς ἀνθρωπότητος λέγῃ: Πρὸς τίνα γὰρ τῶν ἀγγέλων εἴρηκεν: Υἱός μου εἶ σὺ, καὶ, Κάθου ἐκ δεξιῶν μου; Καὶ ὅρα τὴν σύνεσιν αὐτοῦ τὴν πολλήν: πρῶτον ἀπὸ προφητῶν δείκνυσι τὴν ὑπεροχήν: εἶτα ὡς ὁμολογούμενον ἐκεῖνο κατασκευάσας, ἀποφαίνεται λοιπὸν, ὅτι ἐκείνοις μὲν διὰ τῶν προφητῶν ἐλάλησεν, ἡμῖν δὲ διὰ τοῦ Μονογενοῦς. Εἰ δὲ καὶ δι' ἀγγέλων ἐκείνοις (καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἄγγελοι ὡμίλησαν Ἰουδαίοις): ἀλλὰ κἀν τούτῳ τὸ πλέον ἡμεῖς ἔχομεν, καὶ τοσοῦτον, ὅσον ἡμῖν μὲν Δεσπότης, ἐκείνοις δὲ δοῦλοι: καὶ ἄγγελοι γὰρ καὶ προφῆται ὁμόδουλοι. Καὶ καλῶς εἶπεν: Ἐπ' ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν: καὶ τοῦτο γὰρ αὐτοὺς διανίστησι, καὶ παρακαλεῖ ἀπειρηκότας λοιπόν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἀλλαχοῦ λέγει, ὅτι Ὁ Κύριος ἐγγὺς, μηδὲν μεριμνᾶτε: καὶ πάλιν, Νῦν γὰρ ἐγγύτερον ἡμῶν ἡ σωτηρία, ἢ ὅτε ἐπιστεύσαμεν: οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα. Τί οὖν ἐστιν ὃ λέγει; Ὅτι πᾶς ὁ ἐν τῷ ἀγῶνι καταναλωθεὶς, ἐπειδὰν ἀκούσῃ τοῦ ἀγῶνος τὸ τέλος, ἀναπνεῖ μικρὸν, εἰδὼς ὅτι τῶν πόνων μέν ἐστι τὸ τέλος, τῆς δὲ ἀναπαύσεως ἀρχή. Ἐπ' ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν τούτων ἐλάλησεν ἡμῖν ἐν Υἱῷ. Ἰδοὺ πάλιν τὸ, Ἐν Υἱῷ, διὰ τοῦ Υἱοῦ, φησὶ, πρὸς τοὺς λέγοντας τῷ Πνεύματι τοῦτο ἁρμόζειν. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι καὶ τὸ, ἐν, διὰ ἐστί; Καὶ τὸ, Πάλαι, καὶ τὸ, Ἐπ' ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν, πάλιν ἕτερόν τι αἰνίττεται. Ποῖον δὴ τοῦτο; Ὅτι πολλοῦ χρόνου γενομένου μέσου, ὅτε ἐμέλλομεν κολάζεσθαι, ὅτε ἐκλελοίπει τὰ χαρίσματα, ὅτε προσδοκία σωτηρίας οὐκ ἦν, ὅτε πανταχόθεν προσεδοκῶμεν ἔλαττον ἔχειν, τότε πλέον ἐσχήκαμεν. Καὶ θέα πῶς συνετῶς αὐτὸ εἴρηκεν: οὐ γὰρ εἶπεν, Ὁ Χριστὸς ἐλάλησε, καίτοι γε αὐτὸς ἦν ὁ λαλήσας: ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἀσθενεῖς αὐτῶν ἦσαν αἱ ψυχαὶ, καὶ οὐδέπω ἀκούειν ἠδύναντο τὰ περὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ, Ἐλάλησεν ἡμῖν ἐν Υἱῷ, φησί. Τί λέγεις; ὁ Θεὸς διὰ τοῦ Υἱοῦ ἐλάλησε; Ναί. Ποῦ οὖν ἡ ὑπεροχή; ἐνταῦθα μὲν γὰρ ἔδειξας, ὅτι καὶ ἡ Καινὴ καὶ ἡ Παλαιὰ ἑνός ἐστι καὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ, οὐ πολλὴν δὲ ταύτην ὑπεροχὴν οὖσαν. Διὰ τοῦτο λοιπὸν τούτῳ ἐπεξέρχεται τῷ λόγῳ, λέγων: Ἐλάλησεν ἡμῖν ἐν Υἱῷ. Ὅρα πῶς αὐτὸ κοινοποιεῖ, καὶ ἐξισοῖ τοῖς μαθηταῖς ἑαυτὸν ὁ Παῦλος, λέγων: Ἐλάλησεν ἡμῖν. Καίτοι γε αὐτῷ οὐκ ἐλάλησεν, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ἀποστόλοις, καὶ δι' αὐτῶν τοῖς πολλοῖς. Ἀλλ' ἐπαίρει αὐτοὺς, καὶ δείκνυσιν, ὅτι καὶ αὐτοῖς ἐλάλησεν, ἅμα δὲ καθάπτεταί πως τῶν Ἰουδαίων. Σχεδὸν γὰρ ἅπαντες, οἷς ἐλάλησαν οἱ προφῆται, μοχθηροί τινες ἦσαν καὶ μιαροί. Καὶ οὔπω περὶ τούτων ποιεῖται τὸν λόγον, τέως δὲ περὶ τῶν ὑπηργμένων παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ δωρεῶν. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἐπάγει: Ὃν ἔθηκε κληρονόμον ἁπάντων. Ἐνταῦθα τὴν σάρκα φησί: καθὼς καὶ ὁ Δαυῒδ ἐν τῷ δευτέρῳ ψαλμῷ λέγει: Αἴτησαι παρ' ἐμοῦ, καὶ δώσω σοι ἔθνη τὴν κληρονομίαν σου. Οὐκέτι γὰρ μερὶς Κυρίου Ἰακὼβ, οὐδὲ κλῆρος αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰσραὴλ, ἀλλὰ πάντες. Τί ἐστιν, Ὃν ἔθηκε κληρονόμον; Τουτέστι, τοῦτον Κύριον ἁπάντων ἐποίησεν. Ὃ καὶ ἐν ταῖς Πράξεσιν ὁ Πέτρος ἔφη: Καὶ Κύριον καὶ Χριστὸν αὐτὸν ὁ Θεὸς ἐποίησε. Τῷ δὲ τοῦ κληρονόμου ὀνόματι κέχρηται, δύο δηλῶν, καὶ τὸ τῆς υἱότητος γνήσιον, καὶ τὸ τῆς κυριότητος ἀναπόσπαστον. Κληρονόμον πάντων: τουτέστι, τοῦ κόσμου παντός. Εἶτα πάλιν ἐπὶ τὸ πρότερον ἐπανάγει τὸν λόγον: Δι' οὗ καὶ τοὺς αἰῶνας ἐποίησε. βʹ. Ποῦ εἰσιν οἱ λέγοντες, Ἦν ὅτε οὐκ ἦν; Εἶτα ἀναβαθμοῖς χρώμενος, τὸ πολλῷ τούτων μεῖζον ὕστερον φθέγγεται λέγων: Ὃς ὢν ἀπαύγασμα τῆς δόξης, καὶ χαρακτὴρ τῆς ὑποστάσεως αὐτοῦ, φέρων τε τὰ πάντα τῷ ῥήματι τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ, δι' ἑαυτοῦ καθαρισμὸν ποιησάμενος τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν, ἐκάθισεν ἐν δεξιᾷ τῆς μεγαλωσύνης ἐν ὑψηλοῖς: τοσούτῳ κρείττων γενόμενος τῶν ἀγγέλων, ὅσῳ διαφορώτερον παρ' αὐτοὺς κεκληρονόμηκεν ὄνομα. Βαβαὶ τῆς συνέσεως τῆς ἀποστολικῆς! μᾶλλον δὲ οὐ τὴν τοῦ Παύλου σύνεσιν, ἀλλὰ τὴν τοῦ Πνεύματός ἐστι θαυμάσαι χάριν ἐνταῦθα. Οὐ γὰρ δὴ ἐξ οἰκείας διανοίας ταῦτα ἐφθέγξατο, οὐδὲ τοσαύτην σοφίαν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ εὗρεν: πόθεν γάρ; ἀπὸ τῆς σμίλης γὰρ καὶ τῶν δερμάτων, ἢ τοῦ ἐργαστηρίου; ἀλλὰ θείας ἐνεργείας ἦν τὸ οὕτως εἰπεῖν. Οὐ γὰρ αὐτοῦ ταῦτα τὰ νοήματα ἔτικτεν ἡ διάνοια, τότε μὲν οὕτω ταπεινὴ καὶ εὐτελὴς οὖσα, ὡς τῶν ἀγοραίων μηδὲν ἔχειν πλέον: πῶς γὰρ ἡ περὶ συμβόλαια καὶ δέρματα καταναλωθεῖσα; ἀλλ' ἡ τοῦ Πνεύματος χάρις, ἢ δι' ὧν ἂν ἐθέλῃ τὴν ἰσχὺν αὐτῆς ἐπιδείκνυται. Καθάπερ γὰρ εἰς ὑψηλὸν τόπον τινὰ, καὶ πρὸς αὐτὴν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ φθάνοντα τὴν κορυφὴν, εἴ τις παιδίον μικρὸν ἀναγαγεῖν βούλοιτο, ἠρέμα καὶ κατὰ μικρὸν τοῦτο ποιεῖ, διὰ τῶν κάτωθεν βαθμῶν αὐτὸ ἀνάγων: εἶτα ἐπειδὰν ἄνω στήσῃ, καὶ κελεύσῃ κάτω προσέχειν, καὶ ἴδῃ ἰλιγγιῶν καὶ θορυβούμενον καὶ σκοτοδινιῶν, λαβόμενος αὐτοῦ κατάγει πάλιν ἐπὶ τὸ ταπεινότερον, παρέχων ἀναπνεῦσαι: εἶτα ὅταν ἀνακτήσηται αὐτὸ, πάλιν ἀνάγει, καὶ πάλιν κατάγει: οὕτω δὴ καὶ ὁ μακάριος Παῦλος ἐποίησε καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν Ἑβραίων καὶ πανταχοῦ, παρὰ τοῦ διδασκάλου τοῦτο μαθών. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ αὐτὸς οὕτως ἐποίησε, ποτὲ μὲν ἀνάγων εἰς ὕψος, ποτὲ δὲ κατάγων τοὺς ἀκροατὰς, καὶ οὐκ ἀφεὶς ἐπιπολὺ κατὰ τὸ αὐτὸ ἐγχρονίζειν. Ὅρα γοῦν αὐτὸν καὶ ἐνταῦθα, δι' ὅσων αὐτοὺς ἀναγαγὼν ἀναβαθμῶν, καὶ πρὸς αὐτὴν στήσας τὴν κορυφὴν τῆς εὐσεβείας, πρὶν ἰλιγγιᾶσαι καὶ σκοτοδινίᾳ ἁλῶναι, πῶς κατάγει πάλιν αὐτοὺς κατώτερον, καὶ διδοὺς ἀναπνεῦσαι, φησίν: Ἐλάλησεν ἡμῖν ἐν Υἱῷ: καὶ πάλιν, Ὃν ἔθηκε κληρονόμον πάντων. Τὸ γὰρ τοῦ Υἱοῦ ὄνομα τέως κοινόν. Ἔνθα μὲν γὰρ ἂν γνήσιος ὑπονοῆται, πάντων ἐστὶν ἀνώτερος: τέως δὲ ὅπως ἂν ᾖ, κατασκευάζει λοιπὸν καὶ δείκνυσιν ὅτι ἄνωθέν ἐστιν. Ὅρα δὲ καὶ πῶς πρῶτον ἐπὶ τὸν ταπεινότερον βαθμὸν ἵστησι λέγων: Ὃν ἔθηκε κληρονόμον πάντων: τὸ γὰρ, Κληρονόμον ἔθηκε, ταπεινόν: εἶτα ἐπὶ τὸν ἀνώτερον, ἐπαγαγών: Δι' οὗ καὶ τοὺς αἰῶνας ἐποίησεν: εἶτα ἐπὶ τὸν ὑψηλότερον, καὶ μεθ' ὃν οὐκ ἔστιν ἕτερος: Ὃς ὢν ἀπαύγασμα τῆς δόξης, καὶ χαρακτὴρ τῆς ὑποστάσεως αὐτοῦ. Ὄντως εἰς ἀπρόσιτον φῶς ἤγαγεν, εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ ἀπαύγασμα. Καὶ πρὶν ἢ σκοτωθῆναι, ὅρα πῶς πάλιν ἠρέμα κατάγει λέγων: Φέρων τε τὰ πάντα τῷ ῥήματι τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ, δι' ἑαυτοῦ καθαρισμὸν ποιησάμενος τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν, ἐκάθισεν ἐν δεξιᾷ τῆς μεγαλωσύνης. Οὐχ ἁπλῶς εἶπεν: Ἐκάθισεν, ἀλλὰ, Μετὰ τὸν καθαρισμὸν ἐκάθισεν. Ἐπελάβετο γὰρ τῆς σαρκώσεως: καὶ πάλιν ταπεινὰ φθέγγεται. Εἶτα πάλιν φθεγξάμενός τι ὑψηλὸν, Ἐν δεξιᾷ γὰρ, φησὶ, τῆς μεγαλωσύνης ἐν ὑψηλοῖς, πάλιν φθέγγεται τὸ ταπεινὸν διὰ τῆς ἐπαγωγῆς τῆς, Τοσούτῳ κρείττων γενόμενος τῶν ἀγγέλων, ὅσῳ διαφορώτερον παρ' αὐτοὺς κεκληρονόμηκεν ὄνομα. Ἐνταῦθα γὰρ καὶ περὶ τῆς κατὰ σάρκα οἰκονομίας διαλέγεται: τὸ γὰρ, Κρείττων γενόμενος, οὐκ οὐσίας δηλωτικόν ἐστι τῆς κατὰ Πατέρα: ἐκείνη γὰρ οὐκ ἐγένετο, ἀλλὰ γεγέννηται: ἀλλὰ τῆς κατὰ σάρκα: αὕτη γὰρ ἐγένετο. Ἀλλ' οὐ περὶ οὐσιώσεως νῦν ὁ λόγος αὐτῷ: ἀλλ' ὥσπερ Ἰωάννης λέγων: Ὁ ὀπίσω μου ἐρχόμενος, ἔμπροσθέν μου γέγονεν, ὅτι πρῶτός μου ἦν, τοῦτο δηλοῖ, ὅτι ἐντιμότερος καὶ λαμπρότερος: οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα Παῦλος εἰπών: Τοσούτῳ κρείττων γενόμενος ἀγγέλων, ὅτι βελτίων ἐδήλωσε καὶ εὐδοκιμώτερος, ὅσῳ διαφορώτερον παρ' αὐτοὺς κεκληρονόμηκεν ὄνομα. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι περὶ τοῦ κατὰ σάρκα ὁ λόγος ἦν; τοῦτο γὰρ τὸ ὄνομα, ὁ Θεὸς Λόγος, ἀεὶ εἶχεν, οὐχ ὕστερον ἐκληρονόμησεν, οὐδὲ τότε τῶν ἀγγέλων κρείττων ἐγένετο, ὅτε καθαρισμὸν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν ἐποιήσατο, ἀλλ' ἀεὶ κρείττων ἦν, καὶ κρείττων ἀσυγκρίτως. Περὶ δὲ τοῦ κατὰ σάρκα τοῦτο εἴρηται. Οὕτω γοῦν καὶ ἡμῖν ἔθος περὶ ἀνθρώπου διαλεγομένοις, καὶ ὑψηλὰ καὶ ταπεινὰ φθέγγεσθαι. Ὅταν μὲν γὰρ λέγωμεν, Οὐδὲν ἄνθρωπος, γῆ ἄνθρωπος, σποδὸς ἄνθρωπος, ἀπὸ τοῦ χείρονος τὸ πᾶν καλοῦμεν: ὅταν δὲ λέγωμεν, Ἀθάνατον ζῶον ὁ ἄνθρωπος, καὶ λογικὸς ὁ ἄνθρωπος, καὶ ὅτι τῶν ἄνω συγγενὴς, ἀπὸ τοῦ κρείττονος τὸ πᾶν πάλιν καλοῦμεν. Οὕτω καὶ περὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ, ποτὲ μὲν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐλάττονος, ποτὲ δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ κρείττονος διαλέγεται ὁ Παῦλος, καὶ τὴν οἰκονομίαν συστῆσαι βουλόμενος, καὶ περὶ τῆς ἀκηράτου διδάξαι φύσεως. γʹ. Ἐπεὶ οὖν καθαρισμὸν ἐποίησε τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν, μένωμεν καθαροὶ, καὶ μηδεμίαν δεξώμεθα κηλῖδα, ἀλλὰ τὸ κάλλος, ὅπερ ἡμῖν ἐνέθηκε, καὶ τὴν εὐπρέπειαν διαφυλάττειν οὕτω σπουδάζωμεν ἀμόλυντον καὶ καθαρὰν, ὥστε μηδένα σπῖλον ἔχειν ἢ ῥυτίδα, ἤ τι τῶν τοιούτων. Σπῖλος γάρ ἐστι καὶ ῥυτὶς καὶ τὰ μικρὰ τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων: οἷόν τι λέγω, λοιδορία, ὕβρις, ψεῦδος: μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδὲ ταῦτα μικρὰ, ἀλλὰ καὶ σφόδρα μεγάλα, καὶ οὕτω μεγάλα, ὡς καὶ τῆς βασιλείας ἀποστερεῖν τῶν οὐρανῶν. Πῶς καὶ τίνι τρόπῳ; Ὁ καλῶν τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὑτοῦ μωρὸν, ἔνοχός ἐστι, φησὶν, εἰς τὴν γέενναν τοῦ πυρός. Εἰ δὲ ὁ μωρὸν καλῶν, ὃ δοκεῖ πάντων εἶναι κουφότερον, καὶ παίδων ὁμιλία: ὁ κακοήθη καλῶν καὶ κακοῦργον καὶ βάσκανον, καὶ μυρίοις ἑτέροις βάλλων ὀνείδεσι, τίνα οὐχ ὑποστήσεται κολάσεως δίκην; τί φρικωδέστερον τούτου; Ἀλλ' ἀνάσχεσθε, παρακαλῶ, τοῦ λόγου. Εἰ γὰρ ὁ ποιῶν ἑνὶ τῶν ἐλαχίστων, αὐτῷ ποιεῖ, καὶ ὁ μὴ ποιῶν ἑνὶ τῶν ἐλαχίστων, αὐτῷ οὐ ποιεῖ: πῶς οὐχὶ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς εὐφημίας, καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς κατηγορίας ταὐτόν ἐστιν; Ὁ ὑβρίζων γὰρ τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὑτοῦ, τὸν Θεὸν ὕβρισε: καὶ ὁ τιμῶν τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὑτοῦ, τὸν Θεὸν τιμᾷ. δʹ. Παιδεύωμεν οὖν τὴν γλῶτταν εὔφημον εἶναι: Παῦσον γὰρ, φησὶ, τὴν γλῶσσάν σου ἀπὸ κακοῦ. Οὐ γὰρ διὰ τοῦτο αὐτὴν ἔδωκεν ὁ Θεὸς, ἵνα κατηγορῶμεν, ἵνα ὑβρίζωμεν, ἵνα ἀλλήλους διαβάλλωμεν: ἀλλ' ἵνα τὸν Θεὸν ὑμνῶμεν, ἵνα ταῦτα λαλῶμεν ἃ δίδωσι χάριν τοῖς ἀκούουσι, τὰ πρὸς οἰκοδομὴν, τὰ πρὸς ὠφέλειαν. Εἶπες τὸν δεῖνα κακῶς; τί κερδαίνεις καὶ σαυτὸν μετ' ἐκείνου βλάβῃ περιβάλλων; δόξαν γὰρ ἔλαβες κακηγόρου. Οὐ γάρ ἐστιν, οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδὲν κακὸν, ὃ μέχρι τοῦ πάσχοντος ἵσταται, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν ποιοῦντα περιλαμβάνει: οἷον, ὁ βάσκανος δοκεῖ μὲν ἐπιβουλεύειν ἑτέρῳ, πρότερος δὲ αὐτὸς ἀπολαύει τῆς ἀδικίας, τηκόμενος καὶ φθειρόμενος, καὶ παρὰ πάντων μισούμενος. Ὁ πλεονέκτης ἀποστερεῖ χρήματα ἕτερον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ φιλεῖσθαι ἑαυτόν: μᾶλλον δὲ παρὰ πάντων ποιεῖ κακηγορεῖσθαι. Πολλῷ δὲ κρείττων ἀγαθὴ δόξα χρημάτων: τὴν μὲν γὰρ οὐ ῥᾴδιον ἀπονίψασθαι, τὰ δὲ ῥᾴδιον ἀποκτήσασθαι: μᾶλλον δὲ, τὰ μὲν οὐ παρόντα οὐδὲν τὸν οὐκ ἔχοντα ἔβλαψεν: ἡ δὲ μὴ παροῦσα ἐπονείδιστον ποιεῖ καὶ καταγέλαστον, καὶ πᾶσιν ἐχθρὸν καὶ πολέμιον. Ὁ ὀργίλος πάλιν πρότερον ἑαυτὸν τιμωρεῖται σπαράττων, καὶ τότε ἐκεῖνον ᾧ ὀργίζεται. Οὕτως ὁ κακήγορος πρότερον ἑαυτὸν αἰσχύνει, καὶ τότε τὸν κακηγορούμενον: ἢ οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἴσως δεδύνηται, ἀλλ' ἀπῆλθεν οὗτος μὲν μιαροῦ τινος καὶ καταπτύστου δόξαν λαβὼν, ἐκεῖνον δὲ μᾶλλον φιλεῖσθαι παρασκευάζων. Ὅταν γὰρ ἀκούων κακῶς, μὴ τοῖς αὐτοῖς αὐτὸν ἀμύνηται, ἀλλ' ἐπαινῇ καὶ θαυμάζῃ: οὐκ ἐκεῖνον ἐπαινέσεται, ἀλλ' ἑαυτόν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ, ὅπερ ἔφθην εἰπὼν, αἱ κατὰ τῶν πλησίον κακηγορίαι τῶν ἐπιβουλευόντων ἅπτονται πρῶτον: οὕτω καὶ τὰ εἰς τοὺς πλησίον ἀγαθὰ τοὺς ἐργαζομένους εὐφραίνει πρῶτον. Ὁ γὰρ τίκτων καὶ τὸ καλὸν καὶ τὸ κακὸν, εἰκότως πρῶτος αὐτὸς ἀπολαύει: καὶ καθάπερ ὕδωρ πηγαῖον τό τε ἁλμυρὸν, τό τε πότιμον, καὶ τὰ τῶν προσαγόντων ἀγγεῖα πληροῖ, καὶ τὴν πηγὴν οὐκ ἐλαττοῖ τὴν ἐκφέρουσαν: οὕτω δὴ καὶ κακία καὶ ἀρετὴ, ὅθεν ἂν ἐξίῃ, ἐκεῖνον καὶ εὐφραίνει καὶ ἀπόλλυσι. Καὶ ταῦτα μὲν ἐνταῦθα. Τὰ δὲ ἐκεῖ τίς διηγήσεται λόγος, ἢ τὰ ἀγαθὰ, ἢ τὰ κακά; Οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδείς. Τὰ χρηστὰ μὲν γὰρ καὶ πάντα νοῦν ὑπερβαίνει, οὐχὶ λόγον μόνον: τὰ ἐναντία δὲ εἴρηται μὲν τοῖς ὀνόμασι τοῖς συντρόφοις ἡμῖν: πῦρ γὰρ, φησὶν, ἐστὶν ἐκεῖ καὶ σκότος καὶ δεσμὰ καὶ σκώληξ ἀτελεύτητος: οὐ ταῦτα δὲ μόνον παρίστησιν, ἅπερ εἴρηται, ἀλλ' ἕτερα χαλεπώτερα. Καὶ ἵνα μάθῃς, εὐθέως τοῦτο σκόπησον πρῶτον. Εἰπὲ γὰρ, εἰ πῦρ ἐστι, πῶς καὶ σκότος ἐστίν; Ὁρᾷς ὅτι χαλεπώτερον τούτου τὸ πῦρ ἐκεῖνο; οὐ γὰρ ἔχει φῶς. Εἰ πῦρ ἐστι, πῶς ἀεὶ κατακαίει; Ὁρᾷς ὅτι χαλεπώτερον τούτου τυγχάνει; οὐ γὰρ σβέννυται: διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο ἄσβεστον λέγεται. Ἐννοήσωμεν τοίνυν ὅσον ἐστὶ κακὸν κατακαίεσθαι διαπαντὸς, καὶ ἐν σκότῳ εἶναι, καὶ μυρία οἰμώζειν, καὶ βρύχειν τοὺς ὀδόντας, καὶ μηδὲ ἀκούεσθαι. Εἰ γὰρ εἰς δεσμωτήριόν τις ἐμβληθεὶς ἐνταῦθα τῶν εὐγενῶς τεθραμμένων, τὴν δυσωδίαν μόνον, καὶ τὸ ἐν σκότῳ κεῖσθαι, καὶ τὸ μετὰ ἀνδροφόνων δεδέσθαι, παντὸς θανάτου χαλεπώτερον εἶναί φησιν: ἐννόησον τί ἐστιν, ὅταν μετὰ τῶν τῆς οἰκουμένης ἀνδροφόνων κατακαιώμεθα, μήτε ὁρῶντες μήτε ὁρώμενοι, ἀλλ' ἐν πλήθει τοσούτῳ νομίζοντες εἶναι μόνοι. Τὸ γὰρ σκότος καὶ τὸ ἀλαμπὲς οὐκ ἀφίησιν οὐδὲ τοὺς πλησίον ἡμᾶς διαγινώσκειν: ἀλλ' ὡς μόνος τοῦτο πάσχων ἕκαστος, οὕτω διακείσεται. Εἰ δὲ σκότος θλίβει καθ' ἑαυτὸ τὰς ἡμετέρας ψυχὰς καὶ θορυβεῖ: τί ἔσται ἄρα, ὅταν μετὰ τοῦ σκότους καὶ ὀδύναι τοσαῦται ὦσι καὶ ἐμπρησμοί; Διὸ δέομαι ταῦτα διαπαντὸς στρέφειν παρ' ἑαυτοῖς, καὶ τῆς ἀπὸ τῶν ῥημάτων λύπης ἀνέχεσθαι, ἵνα μὴ τὴν διὰ τῶν πραγμάτων ὑπομείνωμεν τιμωρίαν. Πάντως γὰρ ταῦτα πάντα ἔσται, καὶ τοὺς ἄξια πράξαντας τῶν ἐκεῖ κολαστηρίων οὐδεὶς ἐξαιρήσεται, οὐ πατὴρ, οὐ μήτηρ, οὐκ ἀδελφὸς, κἂν πολλὴν παῤῥησίαν ἔχῃ, κἂν μεγάλα ἰσχύῃ πρὸς τὸν Θεόν. Ἀδελφὸς γὰρ οὐ λυτροῦται, φησί: λυτρώσεται ἄνθρωπος; Αὐτὸς γάρ ἐστιν ὁ ἀποδιδοὺς ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀπὸ τούτων καὶ σωθῆναι ἔνι καὶ κολασθῆναι. Ποιήσατε ὑμῖν φίλους ἐκ τοῦ μαμωνᾶ τῆς ἀδικίας. Οὐκοῦν ὑπακούσωμεν, Δεσποτικὴ γάρ ἐστιν ἐντολὴ, καὶ τὰ περιττὰ τοῦ πλούτου εἰς τοὺς δεομένους σκορπίσωμεν: ἐργασώμεθα ἐλεημοσύνην, ἕως ἐσμὲν κύριοι: τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι τὸ, φίλους ποιεῖν ἐκ τοῦ μαμωνᾶ: κενώσωμεν τὰ χρήματα εἰς τοὺς πένητας, ἵνα κενώσωμεν ἐκεῖνο τὸ πῦρ, ἵνα σβέσωμεν αὐτὸ, ἵνα ἔχωμεν παῤῥησίαν ἐκεῖ. Καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖ οὐχ οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ δεχόμενοι ἡμᾶς, ἀλλὰ τὸ ἔργον τὸ ἡμέτερον. Ὅτι γὰρ οὐχ ἁπλῶς τὸ φίλους ἡμῖν τούτους εἶναι σῶσαι δύναται, ἔνι τοῦτο μαθεῖν ἀπὸ τῆς προσθήκης. Διὰ τί γὰρ οὐκ εἶπε, Ποιήσατε ὑμῖν φίλους, ἵνα δέξωνται ὑμᾶς εἰς τὰς αἰωνίους αὐτῶν σκηνὰς, ἀλλὰ προσέθηκε καὶ τὸν τρόπον; εἰπὼν γὰρ, Ἐκ τοῦ μαμωνᾶ τῆς ἀδικίας, ἔδειξεν ὅτι ἀπὸ τῶν χρημάτων προσήκει ποιῆσαι τούτους φίλους, δηλῶν ὅτι οὐχ ἁπλῶς προστήσεται ἡμῶν φιλία, ἐὰν μὴ ἔργα ἔχωμεν ἀγαθὰ, ἐὰν μὴ τὸν ἀδίκως συλλεγέντα πλοῦτον δικαίως κενώσωμεν. Οὗτος δὲ ὁ λόγος ἡμῖν ὁ τῆς ἐλεημοσύνης οὐ πρὸς τοὺς πλουσίους μόνον ἁρμόσει, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς τοὺς πένητας. Κἂν ᾖ τις ἐκ τοῦ προσαιτεῖν τρεφόμενος, καὶ πρὸς αὐτόν ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος: οὐ γάρ ἐστιν, οὐκ ἔστιν οὕτως οὐδεὶς πένης, κἂν σφόδρα πένης ᾖ, ὡς δύο λεπτῶν μὴ εὐπορεῖν. Ἔνεστι γοῦν καὶ ἐξ ὀλίγων ὀλίγα δόντα, τοὺς πολλὰ κεκτημένους ὑπερβαλέσθαι πλείονα διδόντας: καθάπερ κἀκείνη ἡ χήρα. Οὐ γὰρ τῷ μέτρῳ τῶν διδομένων, ἀλλὰ τῇ δυνάμει καὶ τῇ προαιρέσει τῶν διδόντων κρίνεται τῆς ἐλεημοσύνης τὸ μέγεθος. Ὥστε πανταχοῦ προαιρέσεως ἡμῖν δεῖ, πανταχοῦ τῆς πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν ἀγάπης. Ἐὰν μετὰ ταύτης ἅπαντα πράττωμεν, κἂν μικρὰ ἔχοντες μικρὰ δῶμεν, οὐκ ἀποστρέψει ὁ Θεὸς τὸ πρόσωπον αὑτοῦ, ἀλλὰ δέξεται ὡς μεγάλα καὶ θαυμαστά. Τῇ γὰρ προαιρέσει, οὐ τοῖς διδομένοις προσέχει: κἂν ἐκείνην ἴδῃ μεγάλην οὖσαν, ταύτῃ τίθεται τὰς ψήφους καὶ κρίσεις, καὶ τῶν αἰωνίων ἀγαθῶν ποιεῖ μετόχους: ὧν γένοιτο πάντας ἡμᾶς ἐπιτυχεῖν, χάριτι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ.