Homily XII.

Rom. VI. 19

“I speak after the manner of men because of the infirmity of your flesh: for as ye have yielded your members (so 4 mss. Sav. the members of your flesh) servants to uncleanness and to iniquity unto iniquity; even so now yield your members servants to righteousness unto holiness.”

Since he had required great strictness of life, charging us to be dead to the world, and to have died unto wickedness, and to abide with no notion towards the workings of sin, and seemed to be saying something great and burdensome, and too much for human nature; through a desire to show that he is not making any exorbitant demand, nor even as much as might be expected of one who enjoyed so great a gift, but one quite moderate and light, he proves it from contraries, and says, “I speak after the manner of men,” as much as to say, Going by human reasonings; by such as one usually meets with. For he signifies either this, or the moderateness of it, by the term applied, “after the manner of men.” For elsewhere he uses the same word. “There hath no temptation taken you but such as is common to man” (1 Cor. x. 13), that is, moderate and small. “For as ye have yielded your members servants to uncleanness and to iniquity unto iniquity; even so now yield your members servants to righteousness unto holiness.” And truly the masters are very different ones, but still it is an equal amount of servitude that I ask. For men ought to give a much larger one, and so much the larger as this is a greater and better mastership than the other. Nevertheless I make no greater demand “because of the infirmity,” and that, he does not say of your free will or readiness of spirit, but “of your flesh,” so making what he says the less severe. And yet on one side there is uncleanness, on the other holiness: on the one iniquity, and on the other righteousness. And who is so wretched, he says, and in such straits as not to spend as much earnestness upon the service of Christ, as upon that of sin and the devil? Hear then what follows, and you will see clearly that we do not even spend this little. For when (stated in this naked way) it does not seem credible or easy to admit, and nobody would endure to hear that he does not serve Christ so much as he did serve the devil, he proves it by what follows, and renders it credible by bringing that slavery before us, and saying how they did serve him.188    The ground for Paul’s speaking “after the manner of men because of the infirmity of their flesh” can hardly be, as Chrys. suggests, because he would only demand for the service of the gospel an earnestness equal to that which they had formerly displayed in sin. The reference to the infirmity of their flesh gives the reason for his manner of speech in illustrating the character of the Christian life, rather than a ground for the moderatehess of his demand. His meaning might be thus expressed: “I am carrying the figure of bondage to its utmost length in applying it to righteousness because I wish to make it clear to you that we are not in a lawless condition, but are still under authority; hence I use the strongest language and press it almost beyond its proper limits in calling our relation to God and righteousness a servitude.”—G.B.S.

Ver. 20. “For when ye were the servants of sin, ye were free from righteousness.”

Now what he says is somewhat of this kind, When ye lived in wickedness, and impiety, and the worst of evils, the state of compliance ye lived in was such that ye did absolutely no good thing at all. For this is, “ye were free from righteousness.” That is ye were not subject to it, but estranged from it wholly. For ye did not even so much as divide the manner of servitude between righteousness and sin, but gave yourselves wholly up to wickedness. Now, therefore, since ye have come over to righteousness, give yourselves wholly up to virtue, doing nothing at all of vice, that the measure you give may be at least equal. And yet it is not the mastership only that is so different, but in the servitude itself there is a vast difference. And this too he unfolds with great perspicuity, and shows what conditions they served upon then, and what now. And as yet he says nothing of the harm accruing from the thing, but hitherto speaks of the shame.

Ver. 21. “What fruit had ye then in those things whereof ye are now ashamed?”

So great was the slavery, that even the recollection of it now makes you ashamed; but if the recollection makes one ashamed, the reality would much more. And so you gained now in two ways, in having been freed from the shame; and also in having come to know the condition you were in; just as then ye were injured in two ways, in doing things deserving shame, and in not even knowing to be ashamed. And this is worse than the former. Yet still ye kept in a state of servitude. Having then proved most abundantly the harm of what took place then from the shame of it, he comes to the thing in question. Now what is this thing? “For the end of those things is death.” Since then shame seems to be no such serious evil, he comes to what is very fearful, I mean death; though in good truth what he had before mentioned were enough. For consider how exceeding great the mischief must be, inasmuch as, even when freed from the vengeance due to it, they could not get free of the shame. What wages then, he says, do you expect from the reality, when from the bare recollection, and that too when you are freed from the vengeance, you hide your face and blush, though under such grace as you are! But God’s side is far otherwise.

Ver. 22. “For now being made free from sin, and become servants to God, ye have your fruit unto holiness, and the end everlasting life.”

Of the former, the fruit was shame, even after the being set free. Of these the fruit is holiness, and where holiness is, there is all confidence. But of those things the end is death, and of these everlasting life. Do you see how he points out some things as already given, and some as existing in hope, and from what are given he draws proof of the others also, that is from the holiness of the life. For to prevent your saying (i.e. as an objection) everything lies in hope, he points out that you have already reaped fruits, first the being freed from wickedness, and such evils as the very recollection of puts one to shame; second, the being made a servant unto righteousness; a third, the enjoying of holiness; a fourth, the obtaining of life, and life too not for a season, but everlasting. Yet with all these, he says, do but serve as ye served it. For though the master is far preferable, and the service also has many advantages, and the rewards too for which ye are serving, still I make no further demand. Next, since he had mentioned arms and a king, he keeps on with the metaphor in these words:

Ver. 23. “For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life, through Jesus Christ our Lord.”

After speaking of the wages of sin, in the case of the blessings, he has not kept to the same order (τάξιν, rank or relation): for he does not say, the wages of good deeds, “but the gift of God;” to show, that it was not of themselves that they were freed, nor was it a due they received, neither yet a return, nor a recompense of labors, but by grace all these things came about.189    Verse 23 is a confirmation of what he had said in 21, 22 about death and life. They are the results of the two courses spoken of. The servant of sin receives death as his wages. It follows on the principle of desert. Not so, however, on the other side. Respecting eternal life there can be no thought of wages or deserts. There all is grace. And thus Paul closes this refutation of objections by triumphantly maintaining the praise of God’s grace in Christ, as he had closed the argument constructed upon the parallel between Adam and Christ (v. 21).—G.B.S. And so there was a superiority for this cause also, in that He did not free them only, or change their condition for a better, but that He did it without any labor or trouble upon their part: and that He not only freed them, but also gave them much more than before, and that through His Son. And the whole of this he has interposed as having discussed the subject of grace, and being on the point of overthrowing the Law next. That these things then might not both make them rather listless, he inserted the part about strictness of life, using every opportunity of rousing the hearer to the practice of virtue. For when he calls death the wages of sin, he alarms them again, and secures them against dangers to come. For the words he uses to remind them of their former estate, he also employs so as to make them thankful, and more secure against any inroads of temptations. Here then he brings the hortatory part to a stop, and proceeds with the doctrines again, speaking on this wise.

Chap. vii. ver. 1. “Know ye not, brethren, for I speak to them that know the Law.”

Since then he had said, we are “dead to sin,” he here shows that not sin only, but also the Law, hath no dominion over them. But if the Law hath none, much less hath sin: and to render his language palatable, he uses a human example to make this plain by. And he seems to be stating one point, but he sets down at once two arguments for his proposition. One, that when a husband is dead, the woman is no longer subject to her husband, and there is nothing to prevent her becoming the wife of another man: and the other, that in the present case it is not the husband only that is dead but the wife also. So that one may enjoy liberty in two ways. Now if when the husband is dead, she is freed from his power, when the woman is shown to be dead also, she is much more at liberty. For if the one event frees her from his power, much more does the concurrence of both. As he is about to proceed then to a proof of these points, he starts with an encomium of the hearers, in these words, “Know ye not, brethren, for I speak to them that know the Law,” that is, I am saying a thing that is quite agreed upon, and clear, and to men too that know all these things accurately,

“How that the Law hath dominion over a man as long as he liveth?”

He does not say, husband or wife, but “man,” which name is common to either creature; “For he that is dead,” he says, “is freed (Gr. justified) from sin.” The Law then is given for the living, but to the dead it ceaseth to be ordained (or to give commands). Do you observe how he sets forth a twofold freedom? Next, after hinting this at the commencement, he carries on what he has to say by way of proof, in the woman’s case, in the following way.

Ver. 2, 3. “For the woman which hath an husband is bound by the Law to her husband, so long as he liveth: but if the husband be dead, she is loosed from the Law of her husband. So then, if while her husband liveth, she be married to another man, she is called an adulteress: but if her husband be dead, she is free from that law; so that she is no adulteress, though she be married to another man.”

He keeps continually upon this point, and that with great exactness, since he feels quite sure of the proof grounded on it: and in the husband’s place he puts the Law, but in the woman’s, all believers. Then he adds the conclusion in such way, that it does not tally with the premiss; for what the context would require would be, “and so, my brethren, the Law doth not rule over you, for it is dead.”190    Chrys. rightly apprehends the incongruous logical form of the argument in vii. 1–6. The Apostle starts out with a general principle: “The law rules a man as long as he lives.” It is a question of the man’s living or dying not of the law’s. Now (v. 2.) he introduces in confirmation of this a specific example. He takes the case of a woman who is “under the law of her husband.” Here the "law of the husband must correspond to ὁ νόμος of the general principle; the γυνή to ὁ ἀνθρώπος (v. 1). That is, the “husband” of the illustration corresponds to the “law” of the general principle and the “woman” of the illustration to the “man” of the principle. But in v. 1, it is a question of the man’s (not of the law’s) living or dying, while in the illustration this order is reversed. Here it is a question of the husband’s living or dying (who corresponds to the “law”) and not of the wife’s, (who corresponds to the “man” of v. 1). How can this incongruity be explained? We answer that if Paul will use the illustration from the dissolution of the marriage relation at all, he can use it only as he has done. In order to make the illustration harmonize in form with the principle (v. 1) and with the application (v. 4.) it would be necessary to suppose the wife as dying and then marrying again after death—which is impossible;—so that in order in any way to carry out the idea of the wife’s marrying another (as illustrating the Christian’s becoming free, as it were, from one husband—the law—and joining himself to another—Christ), he must suppose the husband as dying and not the wife. Nor can the thought which the apostle wishes to bring out (the freedom to espouse another master) be brought out by adhering to the form of verse 1. There it is the man who dies and so gets free from the law, but with this figure it is impossible to take the next step (which is necessary to the argument) and say: He being dead to his former master, is free to take up allegiance to another. In order to carry out the idea the thought of verse 1 must change form and represent as dying, not the person under authority, but the person exercising it. The essential point of the argument is, that the relation of the Christian to the Mosaic law is as fully terminated as the marriage bond is by the death of one of the parties. There is in each case a termination by death, this term being used of the relation of the Christian to the law as a strong figure. (Cf. Rom. vi. 6, where the “death” is predicated of the man, and Gal. vi. 14 where it is applied to both terms in the relation of the Christian to the world: “By whom the world is crucified unto me and I unto the world.”) The key to the whole passage is the idea of death figuratively applied to the termination of the Christian’s relation to the law, and its central thought is, that having died to the law, we must live unto Christ.—G.B.S. But he does not say so, but only in the premiss hinted it, and in the inference, afterwards, to prevent what he says being distasteful, he brings the woman in as dead by saying,

“Wherefore, my brethren, ye also are become dead to the Law.”

As then the one or the other event gives rise to the same freedom, what is there to prevent his showing favor to the Law without any harm being done to the cause? “For the woman which hath an husband is bound by the Law to her husband as long as he liveth.” What is become now (3 mss. then) of those that speak evil of the Law?191    The Manichees, who said the Law was given by an evil being. Let them hear, how even when forced upon it, he does not bereave it of its dignity, but speaks great things of its power; if while it is alive the Jew is bound, and they are to be called adulterers who transgress it, and leave it whiles it is alive. But if they let go of it after it has died, this is not to be wondered at. For in human affairs no one is found fault with for doing this: “but if the husband be dead, she is loosed from the law of her husband.” You see how in the example he points out the Law as dead, but in the inference he does not do so. So then if it be while her husband liveth, the woman is called an adulteress. See how he dwells upon the accusations of those who transgress the Law, while it is yet living. But since he had put an end to it, he afterwards favors it with perfect security, without doing any harm hereby to the faith. “For if while her husband liveth, she be married to another man, she is called an adulteress.” Thus it would have been natural to say next, ye also, my brethren, now the Law is dead, will not be judged guilty of adultery, if ye become married to another husband. Yet he does not use these words, but what? “Ye are become dead to the Law;” if ye have been made dead, ye are no longer under the Law. For if, when the husband is dead, the woman is no longer liable to it, much more when herself is dead also she is freed from the former. Do you note the wisdom of Paul, how he points out that the Law itself designs that we should be divorced from it, and married to another? For there is nothing, he means, against your living with another husband, now the former is dead; for how should there be, since when the husband was alive it allowed this to her who had a writing of divorcement?192   Deut. xxiv. and xxv. It is applied by Is. l. 1; and Jer. iii. 8, to the then existing Church. But this he does not set down, as it was rather a charge against the woman; for although this had been granted, still it was not cleared of blame. (Matt. xix. 7, 8.) For in cases where he has gained the victory by requisite and accredited proofs, he does not go into questions beyond the purpose; not being captious. The marvel then is this, that it is the Law itself that acquits us who are divorced from it of any charge, and so the mind of it was that we should become Christ’s. For it is dead itself, and we are dead; and the grounds of its power over us are removed in a twofold way. But he is not content with this alone, but also adds the reason of it. For he has not set down death without special purpose, but brings the cross in again, which had wrought these things, and in this way too he puts us under an engagement. For ye have not been freed merely, he means, but it was through the Lord’s death. For he says,

“Ye are become dead to the Law by the Body of Christ.”

Now it is not on this only he grounds his exhortation, but also on the superiority of this second husband. And so he proceeds: “that ye should be married to another, even to Him Who is raised from the dead.”

Then to prevent their saying, If we do not choose to live with another husband, what then? For the Law does not indeed make an adulteress of the widow who lives in a second marriage, but for all that it does not force her to live in it. Now that they may not say this, he shows that from benefits already conferred, it is binding on us to choose it: and this he lays down more clearly in other passages, where he says, “Ye are not your own;” and, “Ye are bought with a price;” and, “Be not ye the servants of men” (1 Cor. vi. 19, 20; vii. 23); and again, “One died for all, that they which live should not henceforth live unto themselves, but unto Him which died for them.” (2 Cor. v. 15.) This is then what he here alludes to in the words, “By the Body.” And next he exhorts to better hopes, saying, “That we should bring forth fruit unto God.” For then, he means, ye brought forth fruit unto death, but now unto God.

Ver. 5. “For when we were in the flesh, the motions of sins, which were by the Law, did work in our members to bring forth fruit unto death.”

You see then the gain to be got from the former husband! And he does not say when we were in the Law, so in every passage shrinking from giving a handle to heretics;193    Cf. Origen in Rom. v. 8, p. 537. but “when we were in the flesh,” that is, in evil deeds, in a carnal life. What he says then is, not that they were in the flesh before, but now they went about without any bodies;194    Perhaps alluding to Menander (J. Mart. Ap. i. 26; Iren. i. 21; Eus. iii. 26), who pretended that those who received his baptism became immortal. but by saying what he does, he neither says that the Law is the cause of sins, nor yet frees it from odium. For it held the rank of a bitter accuser, by making their sins bare: since that, which enjoins more to him who is not minded to obey at all, makes the offence greater. And this is why he does not say, the “motions of sins” which were produced by the Law, but which “were through the Law” (Rom. ii. 27), without adding any “produced,” but simply “through the Law,” that is to say, which through the Law were made apparent, were made known. Next that he might not accuse the flesh either; he does not say which the members wrought, but “which did work (or were wrought) in our members,” to show that the origin of the mischief was elsewhere, from the thoughts which wrought in us, not from the members which had them working in them. For the soul ranks as a performer, and the fabric of the flesh as a lyre, sounding as the performer obliges it. So the discordant tune is to be ascribed not to the latter, but to the former sooner than to the latter.

Ver. 6. “But now,” he says, “we are delivered from the Law.” (κατηργήθημεν, “made of no effect.”)

See how he again in this place spares the flesh and the Law. For he does not say that the Law was made of no effect, or that the flesh was made of no effect, but that we were made of no effect (i.e., were delivered). And how were we delivered? Why by the old man, who was held down by sin, being dead and buried. For this is what he sets forth in the words, “being dead to that, wherein we were held.” As if he had said, the chain by which we were held down was deadened and broken through, so that that which held down, namely sin, held down no more. But do not fall back or grow listless. For you have been freed with a view to being servants again, though not in the same way, but “in newness of spirit, and not in the oldness of the letter.” Now what does he mean here? for it is necessary to disclose it here, that when we come upon the passage, we may not be perplexed with it. When then Adam sinned (he means), and his body became liable to death and sufferings, it received also many physical losses, and the horse195    Alluding to Plato’s Phædrus again as in the word wing too. became less active and less obedient. But Christ, when He came, made it more nimble for us through baptism, rousing it with the wing of the Spirit. And for this reason the marks for the race, which they of old time had to run, are not the same as ours.196    So St. Aug. interprets “shall be least in the kingdom.” See Cat. Aur. ad loc. Since then the race was not so easy as it is now. For this reason, He desires them to be clear not from murder only, as He did them of old time, but from anger also; nor is it adultery only that He bids them keep clear of, but even the unchaste look; and to be exempt not from false swearing only, but even from true. (Matt. v. 21, 27, 33.) And with their friends He orders them to love their enemies also. And in all other duties, He gives us a longer ground to run over, and if we do but obey, threatens us with hell, so showing that the things in question are not matters of free-will offering for the combatants, as celibacy and poverty are, but are binding upon us absolutely to fulfil. For they belong to necessary and urgent requisites, and the man who does not do them is to be punished to the utmost. This is why He said, “Except your righteousness exceed the righteousness of the Scribes and Pharisees, ye shall in no case enter into the kingdom of heaven.” (Matt. v. 20.) But he that does not see the kingdom, shall certainly fall into hell. For this cause Paul too says, “Sin shall not have dominion over you, because ye are not under the Law, but under grace.” And here again, “that ye should serve in newness of spirit, and not in the oldness of the letter.” For it is not the letter that condemneth, that is the old Law, but the Spirit that helpeth. And for this reason among the ancients, if any were found practising virginity, it was quite astonishing. But now the thing is scattered over every part of the world. And death in those times some few men did with difficulty despise, but now in villages and cities there are hosts of martyrs without number, consisting not of men only, but even of women.197    See St. Athan. de. Incarn. c. 27, t. i. p. 70. And next having done with this, he again meets an objection which is rising, and as he meets it, gives confirmation to his own object. And so he does not introduce the solution of it as main argument, but by way of opposing this; that by the exigency of meeting it, he may get a plea for saying what he wishes, and make his accusation not so unpalatable. Having then said, “in the newness of the Spirit, and not in the oldness of the letter,” he proceeds.

Ver. 7. “What then? is the Law sin? God forbid.”

Even before this he had been saying, that “the motions of sins, which were by the Law did work in our members” (ver. 5): and, “sin shall have no dominion over you, for ye are not under the Law.” (vi. 14.) And that “where no law is, there is no transgression.” (iv. 15.) And, “but the Law came in, that the offence might abound” (v. 20); and, “the Law worketh wrath.” (iv. 15.) Now as all these things seem to bring the Law into disrepute, in order to correct the suspicion arising from them, he supposes also an objection, and says, “What then, is the Law sin? God forbid.” Before the proof he uses this adjuration to conciliate the hearer, and by way of soothing any who was troubled at it. For so, when he had heard this, and felt assured of the speaker’s disposition, he would join with him in investigating the seeming perplexity, and feel no suspicions of him. Wherefore he has put the objection, associating the other with him. Hence, he does not say, What am I to say? but “What shall we say then?” As though a deliberation and a judgment were before them, and a general meeting called together, and the objection came forward not of himself, but in the course of discussion, and from real circumstances of the case. For that the letter killeth, he means, no one will deny, or that the Spirit giveth life (2 Cor. iii. 6); this is plain too, and nobody will dispute it. If then these are confessedly truths, what are we to say about the Law? that “it is sin? God forbid.” Explain the difficulty then. Do you see how he supposes the opponent to be present, and having assumed the dignity of the teacher, he comes to the explaining of it. Now what is this? Sin, he says, the Law is not. “Nay, I had not known sin, but by the Law.” Notice the reach of his wisdom! What the Law is not, he has set down by way of objection, so that by removing this, and thereby doing the Jew a pleasure, he may persuade him to accept the less alternative. And what is this? Why that “I had not known sin, but by the Law. For I had not known lust, except the Law had said, Thou shalt not covet.”

Do you observe, how by degrees he shows it to be not an accuser of sin only, but in a measure its producer? Yet not from any fault of its own, but from that of the froward Jews, he proves it was, that this happened. For he has taken good heed to stop the mouths of the Manichees, that accuse the Law; and so after saying, “Nay, I had not known sin, but by the Law;” and, “I had not known lust, except the Law had said, Thou shalt not covet;” he adds,

Ver. 8. “But sin, taking occasion by the commandment, wrought in me all manner of concupiscence.”

Do you see how he has cleared it of all blame? For “sin,” he says, “taking occasion by the commandment,” it was, and not the Law, that increased the concupiscence, and the reverse of the Law’s intent was brought about. This came of weakness, and not of any badness. For when we desire a thing, and then are hindered of it, the flame of the desire is but increased. Now this came not of the Law; for it hindered us (3 mss. endeavored) of itself to keep us off from it; but sin, that is, thy own listlessness and bad disposition, used what was good for the reverse. But this is no fault in the physician, but in the patient who applies the medicine wrongly. For the reason of the Law being given was, not to inflame concupiscence, but to extinguish it, though the reverse came of it. Yet the blame attaches not to it, but to us. Since if a person had a fever, and wanted to take cold drink when it was not good for him, and one were not to let him take his fill of it, and so increase his lust after this ruinous pleasure, one could not deservedly be found fault with. For the physician’s business is simply prohibiting it, but the restraining himself is the patient’s. And what if sin did take occasion from it? Surely there are many bad men who by good precepts grow in their own wickedness. For this was the way in which the devil ruined Judas, by plunging him into avarice, and making him steal what belonged to the poor. However it was not the being entrusted with the bag that brought this to pass, but the wickedness of his own spirit. And Eve, by bringing Adam to eat from the tree, threw him out of Paradise. But neither in that case was the tree the cause, even if it was through it that the198    See the Analogy, l. v. §4, p. 132. occasion took place. But if he treats the discussion about the Law with somewhat of vehemence, do not feel surprise. For Paul is making a stand against the present exigency, and suffers not his language to give a handle even to those that suspected otherwise, but takes great pains to make the present statement correct. Do not then sift what he is now going on to say (4 mss. “here saying”) by itself, but put beside it the purpose by which he is led on to speak of these things, and reckon for the madness of the Jews, and their vigorous spirit of contention, which as he desires earnestly to do away with, he seems to bear violently (πολὺς πνεἵν) against the Law, not to find fault with it, but to unnerve their vigor. For if it is any reproach to the Law that sin taketh occasion by it, this will be found to be the case in the New Testament also. For in the New Testament there are thousands of laws, and about many more (“far more,” Field) important matters. And one may see the same come to pass there also, not with regard to covetousness (lust, as v. 7) only, but to all wickedness generally. For He says, “if I had not come and spoken unto them, they had not had sin,” (John xv. 22.) Here then sin finds a footing in this fact, and so the greater punishment. And again when Paul discourseth about grace, he says, “Of how much sorer punishment, suppose ye, shall he be counted worthy, who hath trodden under foot the Son of God.” (Heb. x. 29.) Has not then the worse punishment its origin from hence, from the greater benefit? And the reason why he says the Greeks were without excuse was, because being honored with the gift of reason, and having gotten a knowledge of the beauty of the creation, and having been placed in a fair way for being led by it to the Creator, they did not so use the wisdom of God, as it was their duty. Seest thou that to the wicked in all cases occasions of greater punishment result from good things? But we shall not in this accuse the benefits of God, but rather upon this even admire them the more: but we shall throw the blame on the spirit of those who abuse the blessings to contrary purpose. Let this then be our line with regard to the Law also. But this is easy and feasible—the other is what is a difficulty. How is it that he says “I had not known lust except the Law had said, Thou shalt not covet?” Now if man had not known lust, before he received the Law, what was the reason for the flood, or the burning of Sodom? What does he mean then? He means vehement lust: and this is why he did not say, lust, but “all manner of concupiscence,” intimating, in that, its vehemency. And what, it will be said, is the good of the Law, if it adds to the disorder? None; but much mischief even. Yet the charge is not against the Law, but the listlessness of those who received it. For sin wrought it, though by the Law. But this was not the purpose of the Law, nay, the very opposite, Sin then became stronger, he says, and violent. But this again is no charge against the Law but against their obstinacy. “For without the Law sin is dead.” That is, was not so ascertainable. For even those before the Law knew that they had sinned, but they came to a more exact knowledge of it after the giving of the Law. And for this reason they were liable to a greater accusation: since it was not the same thing to have nature to accuse them, and besides nature the Law, which told them distinctly every charge.

Ver. 9. “For I was alive without the Law once.”

When, pray, was that? Before Moses. See how he sets himself to show that it, both by the things it did, and the things it did not do, weighed down human nature. For when “I was alive without the Law,” he means, I was not so much condemned.

“But when the commandment came, sin revived, and I died.”

This seems indeed to be an accusing of theLaw. But if any one will look closely at it, it will be seen to be even an encomium of it. For it did not give existence to sin that before was not, but only pointed out what had escaped notice. And this is even a praise of the Law, if at least before it they had been sinning without perceiving it. But when this came, if they gained nothing besides from it, at all events this they were distinctly made acquainted with, the fact that they had been sinning. And this is no small point, with a view to getting free from wickedness. Now if they did not get free, this has nothing to do with the Law; which framed everything with a view to this end, but the accusation lies wholly against their spirit, which was perverse beyond all supposition.199    This expression seems strange with respect to the acts of God, but it may be referred to what man could have imagined beforehand; as indeed one use of the Law was to make men sensible of their real state. It may also be taken in the sense suggested by Is. v. 4; Matt. xxi. 19; Luke xiii. 6. For what took place was not the natural thing,—their being injured by things profitable. And this is why he says “And the commandment, which was ordained to life, I found to be unto death.” He does not say, “it was made,” or “it brought forth” death, but “was found,” so explaining the novel and unusual kind of discrepancy, and making the whole fall upon their own pate. For if, he says, you would know the aim of it, it led to life, and was given with this view. But if death was the issue of this, the fault is with them that received the commandment, and not of this, which was leading them to life. And this is a point on which he has thrown fresh light by what follows.

Ver. 11. “For sin taking occasion by the commandment deceived me, and by it slew me.”

You observe how he everywhere keeps to sin, and entirely clears the Law of accusation. And so he proceeds as follows.

Ver. 12. “Wherefore the law is holy, and the commandment holy, and just, and good.”

But, if ye be so minded, we will bring before you the language of those who wrest these declarations. For this will make our own statements clearer. For there are some that say, that he is not here saying what he does of the Law of Moses, but some take it of the law of nature; some, of the commandment given in Paradise. Yet surely Paul’s object everywhere is to annul this Law, but he has not any question with those. And with much reason; for it was through a fear and a horror of this that the Jews obstinately opposed grace. But it does not appear that he has ever called the commandment in Paradise “Law” at all; no, nor yet any other writer. Now to make this plainer from what he has really said, let us follow out his words, retracing the argument a little. Having then spoken to them about strictness of conversation, he goes on to say, “Know ye not, brethren, how that the Law hath dominion over a man as long as he liveth? Wherefore ye are become dead to the Law.” Therefore if these things are said about the natural law, we are found to be without the natural law. And if this be true, we are more senseless than the creatures which are without reason. Yet this is not so, certainly. For with regard to the law in Paradise, there is no need to be contentious, lest we should be taking up a superfluous trouble, by entering the lists against things men have made up their minds upon. In what sense then does he say, “I should not have known sin but by the Law?” He is speaking, not of absolute want of knowledge, but of the more accurate knowledge. For if this were said of the law of nature, how would what follows suit? “For I was alive,” he says, “without the Law once.” Now neither Adam, nor any body else, can be shown ever to have lived without the law of nature. For as soon as God formed him, He put into him that law of nature, making it to dwell by him as a security to the whole kind (Gr. Nature, see p. 365). And besides this, it does not appear that he has anywhere called the law of nature a commandment. But this he calls as well a commandment, and that “just and holy,” as a “spiritual law.” But the law of nature was not given to us by the200    Gen. vi. 3; and Psalm xciv. 10. do not contradict this, since St. C. is using the word in its limited sense, as in St. John vii. 39. Spirit. For barbarians, as well as Greeks and other men, have this law. Hence it is plain, that it is the Mosaic Law that he is speaking of above, as well as afterwards, and in all the passages. For this cause also he calls it holy, saying, “Wherefore the Law is holy, and the commandment holy, and just, and good.” For even though the Jews have been unclean since the Law, and unjust and covetous, this does not destroy the virtue of the Law, even as their unbelief doth not make the faith of God of none effect. So from all these things it is plain, that it is of the Law of Moses that he here speaks.

Ver. 13. “Was then that which is good made death unto me? God forbid. But sin that it might appear sin.” (4 mss. om. ἡ.)

That is, that it might be shown what great evil sin is, namely, a listless will, an inclinableness to the worse side, the actual doing (3 mss. om. this clause), and the perverted judgment. For this is the cause of all the evils; but he amplifies it by pointing out the exceeding grace of Christ, and teaching them what an evil He freed the human race from, which, by the medicines used to cure it, had become worse, and was increased by the preventives. Wherefore he goes on to say: “That sin, by the commandment, might become exceeding sinful.” Do you see how these things are woven together everywhere? By the very means he uses to accuse sin, he again shows the excellency of the Law. Neither is it a small point which he has gained by showing what an evil sin is, and unfolding the whole of its poison, and bringing it to view. For this is what he shows, by saying, “that sin by the commandment might become exceeding sinful.” That is, that it may be made clear what an evil sin is, what a ruinous thing. And this is what was shown by the commandment. Hereby he also shows the preëminence of grace above the Law, the preëminence above, not the conflict with, the Law. For do not look to this fact, that those who received it were the worse for it; but consider the other, that the Law had not only no design of drawing wickedness out to greater lengths, but even seriously aimed at hewing down what already existed. But if it had no strength, give to it indeed a crown for its intention, but adore more highly the power of Christ, which abolished, cut away: and plucked up the very roots an evil so manifold and so hard to be overthrown. But when you hear me speak of sin, do not think of it as a substantial201    See Herbert’s Poems, 2d. on Sin. “Oh that I could a sin once see!” etc. Also Möhler Symb. l. i. c. 8. also St. Aug. Conf. vii. §12 (18) p. 122, O.T. and De Civ. Dei. xi. §9, xii. §2. power, but evil doing, as it comes upon men and goes from them continually, and which, before it takes place, has no being, and when it has taken place, vanishes again. This then was why the Law was given. Now no law is ever given to put an end to things natural, but in order to correct a way of acting purposely wicked. And this the lawgivers that are without too are aware of, and all mankind in general. For it is the evils from viciousness alone that they are for setting right, and they do not undertake to extirpate those allotted us along with our nature; since this they cannot do. For things natural remain unalterable (Arist. Eth. b. 2, c. 1), as we have told you frequently in other discourses also.

And so let us leave these contests, and again practise ourselves in exhortation. Or rather, this last part belongs to those contests. For if we cast out wickedness, we should bring virtue in also: and by these means we shall clearly teach that wickedness is no natural evil, and shall be able easily to stop the mouths of them that enquire for the origin of evil, not by means of words only, but of actions also, since we share the same nature with them, but are freed from their wickedness. For let us not be looking at the laboriousness of virtue, but at the possibility of succeeding in it. But if we be in earnest, it will be at once light and palatable to us. But if you tell me of the pleasure of vice, tell out its end too. For it issueth in death, even as virtue leadeth us to life. Or if you think fit let us rather scrutinize them both even before their end; for we shall see that vice has a great deal of pain attached to it, and virtue great pleasure. For what pray is so painful as a bad conscience? or what more pleasing than a good hope? For there is nothing, assuredly there is nothing, which is used to cut us so deep, and press so hard on us, as the expectation of evil: nothing that so keeps us up, and all but gives us wings, as a good conscience. And this we may get a knowledge of even by what takes place before our eyes. For they that dwell in a prison, and are in expectation of sentence against them, let them have the enjoyment of luxury repeated beyond count, live a more afflicting life than those that go a begging by the by-roads, yet with nothing upon their consciences to trouble them. For the expectation of a dreadful end will not let them perceive those pleasures which they have in their hands. And why do I speak of prisoners? Why, as for those that are living out of prison, and have a good fortune, yet have a bad conscience about them, handicraftsmen that work for their bread, and spend the whole day amid their labor, are in a far better plight than they. And for this reason too we say, How miserable the gladiators are (though seeing them as we do in taverns, drunken, luxurious, gormandizing), and call them the most miserable of men, because the calamity of the end which they must expect is too great to admit of comparison with that pleasure. Now if to them a life of this sort seems to be pleasing, remember what I am continually telling you, that it is no such marvel that a man who lives in vice should not flee from the misery and pain of vice. For see how a thing so detestable as that, yet seems to be delectable to those who practice it. Yet we do not on this account say, how happy they are, for this is just the very reason why we think them pitiable, because they have no notion of the evils they are amongst. And what would you say of adulterers, who for a little pleasure undergo at once a disgraceful slavery, and a loss of money, and a perpetual fear (Hor. Sat. II. vii. 58–67), and in fact the very life of a Cain, or rather one that is even much worse than his; filled with fears for the present, and trembling for the future, and suspecting alike friend and foe, and those that know about it, and those that know nothing? Neither when they go to sleep are they quit of this struggle, their bad conscience shaping out for them dreams that abound with sundry terrors, and in this way horrifying them. Far otherwise is the chaste man, seeing he passes the present life unshackled and at full liberty. Weigh then against the little pleasure, the sundry fluctuations of these terrors, and with the short labor of continency, the calm of an entire life; and you will find the latter hath more of pleasantness than the former. But as for the man that is set upon plundering and laying hands upon other men’s goods, tell me if he has not to undergo countless pains in the way of running about, fawning upon slaves, freemen, doorkeepers; alarming and threatening, acting shamelessly, watching, trembling, in agony, suspecting everything. Far otherwise is the man that holds riches in contempt, for he too enjoys pleasure in abundance, and lives with no fear, and in perfect security. And if any one were to go through the other instances of vice, he would find much trouble, and many rocks. But what is of greater importance is, that in the case of virtue the difficulties come first, and the pleasant part afterwards, so the trouble is even thus alleviated. But in the case of vice, the reverse. After the pleasure, the pains and the punishments, so that by these besides the pleasure is done away. For as he who waits for the crown, perceives nothing of present annoyance, so he that has to expect the punishments after the pleasures has no power of gathering in a gladness that is unalloyed, since the fear puts everything in confusion. Or rather if any one were to scrutinize the thing with care, even before the punishment which follows upon these things, he would find that even at the very moment when vice is boldly entered upon, a great deal of pain is felt. And, if you think fit, let us just examine this in the case of those who plunder other men’s goods. Or those who in any way get together money, and setting aside the fears, and dangers, and trembling, and agony, and care, and all these things, let us suppose the case of a man, who has got rich without any annoyance, and feels sure about maintaining his present fortune (which he has no means of doing, still for all that let it be assumed for argument’s sake). What sort of pleasure then is he to gather in from having so much about him? On the contrary, it is just this very thing that will not let him be glad-hearted. For as long as ever he desires other things besides, he is still upon the rack. Because desire gives pleasure at the time it has come to a stand. If thirsty, for instance, we feel refreshed, when we have drunk as much as we wish; but so long as we keep thirsty, even if we were to have exhausted all the fountains in the world, our torment were but growing greater; even if we were to drink up ten thousand rivers, our state of punishment were more distressing. And thou also, if thou wert to receive the goods of the whole world, and still to covet, wouldest make thy punishment the greater, the more things thou hadst tasted of. Fancy not then, that from having gathered a great sum together thou shalt have aught of pleasure, but rather by declining to be rich. But if thou covetest to be rich thou wilt be always under the scourge. For this is a kind of love that does not reach its aim; and the longer journey thou hast gone, the further off thou keepest from the end.

Is not this a paradox then, a derangement, a madness in the extreme? Let us then forsake this first of evils, or rather let us not even touch this covetousness at all. Yet, if we have touched it, let us spring away from its first motions (προοιμίων). For this is the advice the writer of the Proverbs gives us, when he speaks about the harlot: “Spring away,” he says, “tarry not, neither go thou near to the door of her house” (Prov. v. 8): this same thing I would say to you about the love of money. For if by entering gradually you fall into this ocean of madness, you will not be able to get up out of it with ease, and as if you were in whirlpools,202    Such is apparently the sense, though Field with most mss. reads ἰλίγγοις not ἴλιγξι. struggle as often as ever you may, it will not be easy for you to get clear; so after falling into this far worse abyss of covetousness, you will destroy your own self, with all that belongs to you. (Acts viii. 20.) And so my advice is that we be on our watch against the beginning, and avoid little evils, for the great ones are gendered by these. For he who gets into a way of saying at every sin, This matters nothing! will by little and little ruin himself entirely. At all events it is this which has introduced vice; which has opened the doors to the robber (5 mss. devil), which has thrown down the walls of cities, this saying at each sin, “This matters nothing!” Thus in the case of the body too, the greatest of diseases grow up, when trifling ones are made light of. If Esau had not first been a traitor to his birthright, he would not have become unworthy of the blessings. If he had not rendered himself unworthy of the blessings, he would not have had the desire of going on to fratricide. If Cain had not fallen in love with the first place, but had left that to God, he would not have had the second place. Again, when he had the second place, if he had listened to the advice, he would not have travailed with the murder. Again, if after doing the murder he had come to repentance, when God called him, and had not answered in an irreverent way, he would not have had to suffer the subsequent evils. But if those before the Law did owing to this listlessness come to the very bottom of misery, only consider what is to become of us, who are called to a greater contest, unless we take strict heed unto ourselves, and make speed to quench the sparks of evil deeds before the whole pile is kindled. Take an instance of my meaning. Are you in the habit of false swearing? do not stop at this only, but away with all swearing, and you will have no further need of trouble. For it is far harder for a man that swears to keep from false swearing, than to abstain from swearing altogether.203    See St. Chrys. on Eph. i. 14, Hom. ii. Mor. (p. 119 O.T.) also Hom. x. on the Statues, p. 186 O.T. and index and St. Gr. Naz. Iamb. xx. (Ben. xxiv.) The practice of swearing seems to have prevailed to such an extent, as to call for the utmost exertions to put it down. St. Jerome on Jer. iv. 2; Ez. xvii. 19, seems however to allow oaths. St. Athanasius speaks strongly against swearing generally, de Pass. et Cruc. §4, 5, 6, t. 2, p. 82–4, and seems to allow it on Ps. lxii. 12 (Eng. lxiii. 11.) t. 1, 1107, b. In Apol. ad Imp. Const. Hist. Tracts, p. 161 O.T. he wishes some one present, “that he might question him by the very Truth” (ἐπ᾽ αὐτῆς τῆς ἀληθείας) “for what we say as in the presence of God, we Christians hold for an oath.” Are you an insulting and abusive person? a striker too? Lay down as a law for yourself not to be angry or brawl in the least, and with the root the fruit also will be gotten rid of. Are you lustful and dissipated? Make it your rule again not even to look at a woman (Job xxxi. 1), or to go up into the theatre, or to trouble yourself with the beauty of other people whom you see about. For it is far easier not even to look at a woman of good figure, than after looking and taking in the lust, to thrust out the perturbation that comes thereof, the struggle being easier in the preliminaries (προοιμίοις). Or rather we have no need of a struggle at all if we do not throw the gates open to the enemy, or take in the seeds of mischief (κακίας). And this is why Christ chastised the man who looks unchastely upon a woman (Matt. v. 28), that He might free us from greater labor, before the adversary became strong, bidding us cast him out of the house while he may be cast out even with ease. For what need to have superfluous trouble, and to get entangled with the enemies, when without entanglement we may erect the trophy, and before the wrestling seize upon the prize? For it is not so great a trouble not to look upon beautiful women, as it is while looking to restrain one’s self. Or rather the first would be no trouble at all, but immense toil and labor comes on after looking. Since then this trouble is less (most mss. add, “to the incontinent”), or rather there is no labor at all, nor trouble, but the greater gain, why do we take pains to plunge into an ocean of countless evils? And farther, he who does not look upon a woman, will overcome such lust not only with greater ease, but with a higher purity, as he on the other hand who does look, getteth free with more trouble, and not without a kind of stain,204    “There is some little sensuality in being tempted.” Bp. Taylor on Repentance, c. 5. sect. 6. §4. t. 8, p. 494. that is, if he does get free at all. For he that does not take a view of the beautiful figure, is pure also from the lust that might result. But he who lusteth to look, after first laying his reason low, and polluting it in countless ways, has then to cast out the stain that came of the lust, that is, if he do cast it out. This then is why Christ, to prevent our suffering in this way, did not prohibit murder only, but wrath; not adultery only, but an unchaste look even: not perjury only, but all swearing whatsoever. Nor does he make the measure of virtue stop here, but after having given these laws, He proceeds to a still greater degree. For after keeping us far away from murder, and bidding us to be clear of wrath, He bids us be ready even to suffer ill, and not to be prepared to suffer no more than what he who attacks us pleases, but even to go further, and to get the better of his utmost madness by the overflowingness of our own Christian spirit (τἥς οἱκείας φιγοσοφίας). For what He says is not, “If a man smite thee on thy right cheek, bear it nobly and hold thy peace;” but He adds to this the yielding to him the other too. For He says, “Turn to him the other also.” (Matt. v. 39.) This then is the brilliant victory, to yield him even more than what he wishes, and to go beyond the bounds of his evil desire by the profuseness of one’s own patient endurance. For in this way you will put a stop to his madness, and also receive from the second act again the reward of the first, besides putting a stop to wrath against him. See you, how in all cases it is we that have it in our power not to suffer ill, and not they that inflict it? Or rather it is not the not suffering ill alone, but even the having benefits (Sav. conj. παθεἵν εὖ, so 2 mss.) done us that we have in our own power. And this is the truest wonder, that we are so far from being injured, if we be right-minded, that we are even benefited, and that too by the very things that we suffer unjustly at the hands of others. Reflect then; has such an one done you an affront? You have the power of making this affront redound to your honor. For if you do an affront in return, you only increase the disgrace. But if you bless him that did you the affront, you will see that all men give you victory, and proclaim your praise. Do you see how by the things wherein we are wronged, we get good done unto us if we be so minded? This one may see happening in the case of money matters, of blows, and the same in everything else. For if we requite them with the opposite, we are but twining a double crown about us, one for the ills we have suffered, as well as one for the good we are doing. Whenever then a person comes and tells you that “such an one has done you an affront, and keeps continually speaking ill of you to everybody,” praise the man to those who tell you of him. For thus even if you wish to avenge yourself, you will have the power of inflicting punishment. For those who hear you, be they ever so foolish, will praise you, and hate him as fiercer than any brute beast, because he, without being at all wronged, caused you pain, but you, even when suffering wrong, requited him with the opposite. And so you will have it in your power to prove that all that he said was to no purpose. For he who feels the tooth of slander, gives by his vexation a proof that he is conscious of the truth of what is said. But he who smiles at it, by this very thing acquits himself of all suspicion with those who are present. Consider then how many good things you cull together from the affair. First, you rid yourself of all vexation and trouble. Secondly (rather this should come first), even if you have sins, you put them off,205    An instance of the rhetorical arrangement he admires in the Apostle. His object is of course to make men patient under reproaches even when partly deserved, and he thus takes them by surprise. as the Publican did by bearing the Pharisee’s accusation meekly. Besides, you will by this practice make your soul heroic (Gr. philosophic), and will enjoy endless praises from all men, and will divest yourself of any suspicion arising from what is said. But even if you are desirous of taking revenge upon the man, this too will follow in full measure, both by God’s punishing him for what he has said, and before that punishment by thy heroic conduct standing to him in the place of a mortal blow.206    See on Rom. xii. 20, Hom. 22, which illustrates the subsidiary use of inferior motives. For there is nothing that cuts those who affront us so much to the heart, as for us who are affronted to smile at the affront. As then from behaving with Christian heroism so many honors will accrue to us, so from being little-minded just the opposite will befall us in everything. For we disgrace ourselves, and also seem to those present to be guilty of the things mentioned, and fill our soul with perturbation, and give our enemy pleasure, and provoke God, and add to our former sins. Taking then all this into consideration, let us flee from the abyss of a little mind (μικροψυχίας), and take refuge in the port of patient endurance (μακροθυμίας), that here we may at once “find rest unto our souls” (Matt. xi. 29), as Christ also set forth, and may attain to the good things to come, by the grace and love toward man, etc.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΙΒʹ. Ἀνθρώπινον λέγω διὰ τὴν ἀσθένειαν τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ παρεστήσατε τὰ μέλη τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν δοῦλα τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ καὶ τῇ ἀνομίᾳ εἰς τὴν ἀνομίαν, οὕτω νῦν παραστήσατε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν δοῦλα τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ εἰς ἁγιασμόν. αʹ. Ἐπειδὴ πολλὴν ἀπῄτησεν ἀκρίβειαν τοῦ βίου, νεκροὺς εἶναι κελεύων τῷ κόσμῳ, καὶ τεθνηκέναι τῇ πονηρίᾳ, καὶ ἀκινήτους μένειν πρὸς τὴν τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων ἐνέργειαν, καὶ ἐδόκει μέγα τι καὶ βαρὺ λέγειν καὶ τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην ὑπερβαῖνον φύσιν: δεῖξαι βουλόμενος, ὅτι οὐδὲν ὑπέρογκον ἀπαιτεῖ, οὐδὲ ὅσον ἐχρῆν τὸν τοσαύτης ἀπολαύσαντα δωρεᾶς, ἀλλὰ καὶ σφόδρα σύμμετρον καὶ κοῦφον, ἀπὸ τῶν ἐναντίων αὐτὸ κατασκευάζει, καί φησιν, Ἀνθρώπινον λέγω: ὡσανεὶ ἔλεγεν, ἀπὸ ἀνθρωπίνων λογισμῶν, ἀπὸ τῶν ἐν συνηθείᾳ γινομένων: τὸ γὰρ σύμμετρον τῇ προσηγορίᾳ τοῦ ἀνθρωπίνου δηλοῖ: καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ φησι: Πειρασμὸς ὑμᾶς οὐκ εἴληφεν, εἰ μὴ ἀνθρώπινος: τουτέστι, σύμμετρος καὶ μικρός. Ὥσπερ γὰρ παρεστήσατε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν δοῦλα τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ καὶ τῇ ἀνομίᾳ εἰς τὴν ἀνομίαν, οὕτω νῦν παραστήσατε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν δοῦλα τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ εἰς ἁγιασμόν. Καίτοι πολὺ τῶν δεσποτῶν τὸ μέσον, ἀλλ' ὅμως τὸ ἴσον τῆς δουλείας ἀπαιτῶ μέτρον. Ἔδει μὲν γὰρ καὶ πολλῷ πλέον εἰσενεγκεῖν, καὶ τοσούτῳ πλέον, ὅσῳ καὶ αὕτη μείζων τῆς δεσποτείας ἐκείνης καὶ ἀμείνων: πλὴν ἀλλ' οὐδὲν πλέον ἀπαιτῶ διὰ τὴν ἀσθένειαν. Καὶ οὐκ εἶπε, Τῆς προαιρέσεως ὑμῶν, οὐδὲ Τῆς προθυμίας, ἀλλὰ, Τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν, ἀνεπαχθέστερον ποιῶν τὸν λόγον. Καίτοι τὸ μὲν ἀκαθαρσία, τὸ δὲ ἁγιασμός: τὸ μὲν ἀνομία, τὸ δὲ δικαιοσύνη. Καὶ τίς οὕτως ἄθλιος καὶ ταλαίπωρος, ὡς μηδὲ τοσαύτην εἰσενεγκεῖν σπουδὴν τῇ τοῦ Χριστοῦ δουλείᾳ, ὅσην τῇ τῆς ἁμαρτίας καὶ τοῦ διαβόλου; Οὐκοῦν ἄκουσον τῶν ἑξῆς, καὶ εἴσῃ σαφῶς, ὅτι οὐδὲ τὸ μικρὸν τοῦτο εἰσφέρομεν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἁπλῶς οὕτω λεγόμενον οὐκ ἐδόκει πιστὸν εἶναι οὐδὲ εὐπαράδεκτον, οὐδὲ ἠνείχετό τις ἀκοῦσαι, ὅτι οὐ δουλεύει τοσοῦτον τῷ Χριστῷ, ὅσον ἐδούλευσε τῷ διαβόλῳ, διὰ τῶν ἑξῆς αὐτὸ κατασκευάζει καὶ ποιεῖ πιστὸν, τὴν δουλείαν ἐκείνην ἄγων εἰς μέσον, καὶ λέγων πῶς ἐδούλευσαν. Ὅτε γὰρ ἦτε δοῦλοι, φησὶ, τῆς ἁμαρτίας, ἐλεύθεροι ἦτε τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ. Ὃ δὲ λέγει, τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν: ὅτε ἐν πονηρίᾳ ἐζῆτε καὶ ἀσεβείᾳ καὶ ἐσχάτοις κακοῖς, μετὰ τοσαύτης ἐζῆτε τῆς ὑπακοῆς, ὡς μηδὲν καθόλου πράττειν καλόν. Τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν, Ἐλεύθεροι ἦτε τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ: τουτέστιν, Οὐκ ἦτε ὑποτεταγμένοι αὐτῇ, ἀλλ' ἠλλοτριωμένοι καθόλου. Οὐδὲ γὰρ διενέμετε τῆς δουλείας τὸν τρόπον τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ, ἀλλ' ὅλους ἑαυτοὺς ἐξεδίδοτε τῇ πονηρίᾳ. Οὐκοῦν καὶ νῦν, ἐπειδὴ μετέστητε πρὸς τὴν δικαιοσύνην, ὅλους ἑαυτοὺς ἔκδοτε τῇ ἀρετῇ, μηδὲν καθόλου τῆς κακίας πράττοντες, ἵνα κἂν ἴσον ἐπιδείξητε τὸ μέτρον. Καίτοι γε οὐχὶ τῆς δεσποτείας πολὺ τὸ μέσον μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς δουλείας αὐτῆς πολὺ τὸ διάφορον: ὅπερ καὶ αὐτὸ μετὰ πολλῆς ἀναπλοῖ τῆς σαφηνείας, καὶ δείκνυσιν ἐπὶ τίσι τότε ἐδούλευον, ἐπὶ τίσι δὲ νῦν. Καὶ οὔπω λέγει τὴν βλάβην τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ πράγματος γινομένην, ἀλλὰ τέως τὴν αἰσχύνην. Τίνα γὰρ, φησὶ, καρπὸν εἴχετε τότε ἐφ' οἷς νῦν ἐπαισχύνεσθε; Τοιαύτη γὰρ ἦν ἡ δουλεία, ὡς καὶ τὴν ἀνάμνησιν αὐτὴν νῦν αἰσχύνην φέρειν. Εἰ δὲ ἡ ἀνάμνησις καταισχύνει, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἡ πρᾶξις. Ὥστε διπλῇ νῦν ἐκερδάνετε, καὶ ἀπαλλαγέντες τῆς αἰσχύνης, καὶ μαθόντες ἐν οἷς ἦτε: ὥσπερ οὖν τότε διπλῇ παρεβλάπτεσθε, καὶ αἰσχύνης ἄξια πράττοντες, καὶ οὐδὲ εἰδότες αἰσχύνεσθαι, ὅπερ τοῦ προτέρου μεῖζον ἦν: ἀλλ' ὅμως ἐμένετε δουλεύοντες. Δείξας τοίνυν ἐκ περιουσίας τὴν βλάβην τῶν τότε γενομένων ἀπὸ τῆς αἰσχύνης, καὶ ἐπ' αὐτὸ τὸ πρᾶγμα χωρεῖ. Τί οὖν ἦν τὸ πρᾶγμα; Τὸ γὰρ τέλος ἐκείνων θάνατος. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἡ αἰσχύνη οὐ σφόδρα δοκεῖ φορτικὸν εἶναι, ἐπὶ τὸ πάνυ φοβερὸν ἔρχεται, τὸν θάνατον λέγω: καίτοι γε ἤρκει καὶ τὸ ἔμπροσθεν εἰρημένον. Ἐννόησον γὰρ ὅση τῆς κακίας ἡ ὑπερβολὴ, ὅπου γε καὶ τῆς τιμωρίας ἀπαλλαγέντες, τῆς αἰσχύνης ἀπαλλαγῆναι οὐκ εἶχον. Ποῖον οὖν προσδοκᾷς μισθὸν, φησὶν, ἀπὸ τῆς πράξεως, ὅταν ἀπὸ τῆς μνήμης μόνης, καὶ ταῦτα τῆς τιμωρίας ἀπηλλαγμένος, ἐγκαλύπτῃ καὶ ἐρυθριᾷς, καίτοι γε ἐν τοσαύτῃ ὢν χάριτι; Ἀλλ' οὐ τὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ τοιαῦτα. Νῦν δὲ, φησὶν, ἐλευθερωθέντες ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, δουλωθέντες δὲ τῷ Θεῷ, ἔχετε τὸν καρπὸν ὑμῶν εἰς ἁγιασμὸν, τὸ δὲ τέλος ζωὴν αἰώνιον. Ἐκείνων ὁ καρπὸς αἰσχύνη καὶ μετὰ τὴν ἀπαλλαγὴν, τούτων δὲ ὁ καρπὸς ἁγιασμός: ὅπου δὲ ἁγιασμὸς, παῤῥησία πολλή. Ἐκείνων τὸ τέλος θάνατος, τούτων δὲ ζωὴ αἰώνιος. βʹ. Εἶδες πῶς τὰ μὲν δείκνυσι δεδομένα, τὰ δὲ ἐν ἐλπίσιν ὄντα; Καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν δεδομένων κἀκεῖνα πιστοῦται, ἀπὸ τοῦ ἁγιασμοῦ τὴν ζωήν. Ἵνα γὰρ μὴ λέγῃς, ὅτι πάντα ἐν ἐλπίσι, δείκνυσι καὶ ἤδη σε καρπωσάμενον: πρῶτον τὸ ἀπαλλαγῆναι τῆς πονηρίας καὶ τοιούτων κακῶν, ὧν καὶ ἡ μνήμη αἰσχύνην φέρει: δεύτερον τὸ δουλωθῆναι τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ: τρίτον τὸ ἁγιασμοῦ ἀπολαῦσαι: τέταρτον τὸ καὶ ζωῆς ἐπιτυχεῖν, καὶ ζωῆς οὐ προσκαίρου, ἀλλ' αἰωνίας. Ἀλλ' ὅμως καὶ τούτων ὄντων, κἂν ἐξ ἴσης, φησὶ, δουλεύσατε. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ ὁ Δεσπότης σφόδρα ὑπερέχων, καὶ τῆς δουλείας πολὺ τὸ μέσον καὶ τῶν ἐπάθλων ὑπὲρ ὧν δουλεύετε, οὐδὲν ἀπαιτῶ πλέον τέως. Εἶτα, ἐπειδὴ ὅπλων ἐμνημόνευσε καὶ βασιλέως, ἐπιμένει τῇ μεταφορᾷ, λέγων: Τὰ μὲν γὰρ ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας, θάνατος: τὸ δὲ χάρισμα τοῦ Θεοῦ, ζωὴ αἰώνιος ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ τῷ Κυρίῳ ἡμῶν. Εἰπὼν ὀψώνια ἁμαρτίας, ἐπὶ τῶν χρηστῶν οὐ τὴν αὐτὴν ἐτήρησε τάξιν. Οὐ γὰρ εἶπεν, Ὁ μισθὸς τῶν κατορθωμάτων ὑμῶν, ἀλλὰ, Τὸ δὲ χάρισμα τοῦ Θεοῦ, δεικνὺς ὅτι οὐκ οἴκοθεν ἀπηλλάγησαν, οὐδὲ ὀφειλὴν ἀπέλαβον, οὐδὲ ἀμοιβὴν καὶ ἀντίδοσιν πόνων, ἀλλὰ χάριτι ταῦτα πάντα ἐγένοντο: ὥστε καὶ ἐντεῦθεν ἡ ὑπεροχὴ, οὐχ ὅτι ἀπήλλαξε μόνον, οὐδὲ ὅτι ἐπὶ τὰ βελτίω μετέθηκεν, ἀλλ' ὅτι μηδὲ κάμνοντας μηδὲ πονήσαντας: καὶ οὐχ ὅτι ἀπήλλαξε μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πολλῷ μείζονα ἔδωκε, καὶ διὰ τοῦ Παιδὸς ἔδωκε. Ταῦτα δὲ παρενέβαλεν ἅπαντα, ἐπειδὴ καὶ περὶ χάριτος διελέχθη, καὶ τὸν νόμον μέλλει καταβάλλειν λοιπόν. Ἵνα γὰρ μὴ ταῦτα ἀμφότερα ῥᾳθυμοτέρους ἐργάσηται, μέσα παρενέθηκε τὰ περὶ τῆς ἀκριβείας τοῦ βίου, πανταχοῦ διεγείρων εἰς τὴν τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐπιμέλειαν τὸν ἀκροατήν. Ὅταν δὲ ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας τὸν θάνατον καλῇ, φοβεῖ πάλιν, καὶ πρὸς τὰ μέλλοντα ἀσφαλίζεται. Δι' ὧν γὰρ αὐτοὺς ἀναμιμνήσκει τῶν προτέρων, διὰ τούτων καὶ εὐχαρίστους ποιεῖ, καὶ ἀσφαλεστέρους πρὸς τὰ ἐπιόντα ἅπαντα. Καταλύσας τοίνυν ἐνταῦθα τὸν τῶν ἠθικῶν λόγον, ἐπὶ τὰ δόγματα ἐκβαίνει πάλιν, οὕτω λέγων: Ἢ ἀγνοεῖτε, ἀδελφοί; γινώσκουσι γὰρ νόμον λαλῶ. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ εἶπεν, ὅτι ἀπεθάνομεν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ, δείκνυσιν ἐνταῦθα, ὅτι οὐ μόνον ἁμαρτία αὐτῶν οὐ κυριεύει, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ νόμος. Εἰ δὲ νόμος οὐ κυριεύει, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἁμαρτία. Καὶ καταγλυκαίνων τὸν λόγον, ἀπὸ παραδείγματος ἀνθρωπίνου τοῦτο ποιεῖ φανερόν. Καὶ δοκεῖ μὲν ἕν τι λέγειν, δύο δὲ τίθησι τοῦ προκειμένου κατασκευὰς, μίαν μὲν, ὅτι ἀποθανόντος ἀνδρὸς, οὐχ ὑπόκειται γυνὴ νόμῳ τῷ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς, οὐδὲ ἔστιν ὁ κωλύων ἑτέρῳ γενέσθαι γυναῖκα: ἑτέραν δὲ, ὅτι ἐνταῦθα οὐ μόνον ὁ ἀνὴρ ἐτελεύτησεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡ γυνή: ὥστε διπλῆς ἀπολαύειν τῆς ἐλευθερίας. Εἰ γὰρ τελευτήσαντος τοῦ ἀνδρὸς, ἀπήλλακται τῆς ἐξουσίας, ὅταν καὶ αὐτὴ τετελευτηκυῖα φανῇ, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἠλευθέρωται. Εἰ γὰρ ἓν γενόμενον ἀπαλλάττει τῆς ἐξουσίας αὐτὴν, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἀμφότερα συνελθόντα. Μέλλων τοίνυν ἐμβαίνειν εἰς τὴν περὶ τούτων ἀπόδειξιν, μετ' ἐγκωμίου τῶν ἀκροατῶν ἄρχεται λέγων, Ἢ ἀγνοεῖτε, ἀδελφοί; γινώσκουσι γὰρ νόμον λαλῶ. Τουτέστι, σφόδρα ὡμολογημένον λέγω καὶ σαφὲς, καὶ γινώσκουσι ταῦτα μετὰ ἀκριβείας ἅπαντα. Ὅτι ὁ νόμος κυριεύει τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ἐφ' ὅσον χρόνον ζῇ. Οὐκ εἶπε, Τοῦ ἀνδρὸς, οὐδὲ Τῆς γυναικὸς, ἀλλὰ, Τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ὅπερ ἐστὶ κοινὸν ἑκατέρου τοῦ ζώου ὄνομα. Ὁ γὰρ ἀποθανὼν, φησὶ, δεδικαίωται ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας. Οὐκοῦν τοῖς ζῶσιν ὁ νόμος κεῖται, τοῖς δὲ τεθνηκόσιν οὐκέτι διατάττεται. Ὁρᾷς πῶς διπλῆν τὴν ἐλευθερίαν ἐδήλωσεν; Εἶτα ἐν τοῖς προοιμίοις τοῦτο αἰνιξάμενος, ἐπὶ τῆς γυναικὸς ἐν τῇ κατασκευῇ προάγει τὸν λόγον, οὕτω λέγων: Ἡ γὰρ ὕπανδρος γυνὴ τῷ ζῶντι ἀνδρὶ δέδεται νόμῳ: ἐὰν δὲ ἀποθάνῃ ὁ ἀνὴρ, κατήργηται ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου τοῦ ἀνδρός. Ἄρα οὖν ζῶντος τοῦ ἀνδρὸς, μοιχαλὶς χρηματίζει, ἐὰν γένηται ἀνδρὶ ἑτέρῳ: ἐὰν δὲ ἀποθάνῃ ὁ ἀνὴρ, ἐλευθέρα ἐστὶν ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου, τοῦ μὴ εἶναι αὐτὴν μοιχαλίδα, γενομένην ἀνδρὶ ἑτέρῳ. Συνεχῶς αὐτὸ περιστρέφει, καὶ μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς ἀκριβείας: ἐπειδὴ σφόδρα θαῤῥεῖ τῷ ὑπ' αὐτοῦ κατασκευαζομένῳ. Καὶ τίθησιν ἐν τάξει μὲν τοῦ ἀνδρὸς τὸν νόμον, ἐν τάξει δὲ τῆς γυναικὸς τοὺς πιστεύσαντας ἅπαντας. Εἶτα τὸ συμπέρασμα οὐ κατὰ τὴν πρότασιν ἐπάγει: τὸ γὰρ ἀκόλουθον ἦν εἰπεῖν: Ὥστε, ἀδελφοί μου, οὐ κυριεύσει ὑμῶν ὁ νόμος: ἀπέθανε γάρ. Ἀλλ' οὐκ εἶπεν οὕτως, ἀλλ' ἐν μὲν τῇ προτάσει τοῦτο ᾐνίξατο: ἐν δὲ τῇ ἐπαγωγῇ λοιπὸν, ὥστε ἀνεπαχθῆ ποιῆσαι τὸν λόγον, τὴν γυναῖκα εἰσάγει τετελευτηκυῖαν, λέγων: Ὥστε, ἀδελφοί μου, καὶ ὑμεῖς ἐθανατώθητε τῷ νόμῳ. Ὅταν γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο κἀκεῖνο γενόμενον τὴν αὐτὴν ἐλευθερίαν παρέχῃ, τί κωλύει χαρίσασθαι τῷ νόμῳ, τοῦ πράγματος μηδὲν παραβλαπτομένου; Ἡ γὰρ ὕπανδρος γυνὴ τῷ ζῶντι ἀνδρὶ δέδεται νόμῳ. Ποῦ νῦν εἰσιν οἱ τὸν νόμον διαβάλλοντες; Ἀκουέτωσαν πῶς καὶ εἰς ἀνάγκην ἐμπεσὼν, οὐ καθαιρεῖ αὐτοῦ τὸ ἀξίωμα, ἀλλὰ μεγάλα περὶ τῆς ἐξουσίας αὐτοῦ διαλέγεται, εἴ γε ζῶντος αὐτοῦ, δέδεται ὁ Ἰουδαῖος, καὶ μοιχοὶ χρηματίζουσιν οἱ παραβαίνοντες καὶ ἀφιέντες αὐτὸν ζῶντα: εἰ δὲ τελευτήσαντα εἴασεν, οὐδὲν θαυμαστόν: καὶ γὰρ ἐπ' ἀνθρώπων οὐ διαβάλλεται ὁ τοῦτο ποιῶν. Ἐὰν δὲ ἀποθάνῃ ὁ ἀνὴρ, κατήργηται ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου τοῦ ἀνδρός. γʹ. Εἶδες πῶς ἐν τῷ παραδείγματι τὸν νόμον δείκνυσι τετελευτηκότα; Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐν τῇ ἐπαγωγῇ τοῦτο ποιεῖ. Ἄρα οὖν ζῶντος τοῦ ἀνδρὸς, μοιχαλὶς χρηματίζει ἡ γυνή. Ὅρα πῶς ἐνδιατρίβει ταῖς κατηγορίαις τῶν τὸν νόμον παραβαινόντων ζῶντα. Ἐπεὶ δὲ αὐτὸν ἔπαυσε, λοιπὸν μετὰ ἀσφαλείας ἁπάσης αὐτὸν χαρίζεται τῇ πίστει, οὐδὲν παραβλάπτων ἐντεῦθεν. Ζῶντος γὰρ, φησὶ, τοῦ ἀνδρὸς, μοιχαλὶς χρηματίσει ἡ γυνὴ, ἐὰν γένηται ἀνδρὶ ἑτέρῳ. Ὥστε, ἀδελφοί μου, καὶ ὑμεῖς. Ἀκόλουθον ἦν εἰπεῖν: Τοῦ νόμου τελευτήσαντος, οὐ κρίνεσθε μοιχείας, ἀνδρὶ γενόμενοι ἑτέρῳ. Ἀλλ' οὐκ εἶπεν οὕτως, ἀλλὰ πῶς; Ἐθανατώθητε τῷ νόμῳ. Εἰ νεκροὶ γεγόνατε, οὐκ ἐστὲ ὑπὸ τὸν νόμον. Εἰ γὰρ τελευτήσαντος τοῦ ἀνδρὸς οὐκ ἔστιν ὑπεύθυνος ἡ γυνὴ, πολλῷ μᾶλλον αὕτη τετελευτηκυῖα ἀπήλλακται τούτου. Εἶδες Παύλου σοφίαν, πῶς τὸν νόμον ἔδειξε τοῦτο βουλόμενον, τὸ ἀποστῆναι αὐτοῦ καὶ γενέσθαι ἀνδρὶ ἑτέρῳ; Οὐ γὰρ κωλύει, φησὶν, ἑτέρῳ συνεῖναι ἀνδρὶ, τελευτήσαντος τοῦ προτέρου. Πῶς γὰρ, ὅπου γε καὶ ζῶντος ἐπιτρέπει βιβλίον ἀποστασίου λαβοῦσαν; Ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦτο οὐ τίθησιν, ὅπερ ἔγκλημα ἦν μᾶλλον τῶν γυναικῶν: εἰ γὰρ καὶ συγκεχώρητο, ἀλλ' ὅμως οὐκ ἦν αἰτίας ἀπηλλαγμένον. Ὅταν γὰρ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀναγκαίων καὶ δοκίμων ἔχῃ τὰ νικητήρια, οὐ ζητεῖ τὰ περιττά: οὐ γάρ ἐστι γλίσχρος. Τὸ τοίνυν θαυμαστὸν τοῦτό ἐστιν, ὅτι αὐτὸς ὁ νόμος ἀπαλλάττει τῶν ἐγκλημάτων ἡμᾶς ἀποστάντας αὐτοῦ: ὥστε αὐτοῦ βούλημα τὸ γενέσθαι ἡμᾶς τοῦ Χριστοῦ. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ αὐτὸς τέθνηκε, καὶ ἡμεῖς τεθνήκαμεν, καὶ διπλῇ τὰ τῆς ἐξουσίας ἀνῄρηται. Ὁ δὲ οὐδὲ τούτοις ἀρκεῖται μόνοις, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν αἴτιον προστίθησιν: οὐδὲ γὰρ ἁπλῶς τέθεικε τὸν θάνατον, ἀλλὰ πάλιν τὸν ταῦτα ἐργασάμενον τὸν σταυρὸν εἰσήγαγε, καὶ ταύτῃ ποιῶν ἡμᾶς ὑπευθύνους. Οὐ γὰρ ἁπλῶς, Ἀπηλλάγητε, φησὶν, ἀλλὰ, Διὰ τοῦ θανάτου τοῦ Δεσποτικοῦ. Ἐθανατώθητε γὰρ, φησὶ, τῷ νόμῳ διὰ τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ. Οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν δὲ προτρέπει μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκ τῆς ὑπεροχῆς τοῦ δευτέρου ἀνδρός: διὸ καὶ ἐπήγαγεν: Εἰς τὸ γενέσθαι ὑμᾶς ἑτέρῳ, τῷ ἐκ νεκρῶν ἐγερθέντι. Εἶτα, ἵνα μὴ λέγωσι, Τί οὖν, ἂν μὴ βουλώμεθα δευτέρῳ ὁμιλῆσαι ἀνδρί; ὁ γὰρ νόμος τὴν χηρεύσασαν οὐ ποιεῖ μὲν εἶναι μοιχαλίδα δευτέροις ὁμιλήσασαν γάμοις, οὐ μὴν ἀναγκάζει ὁμιλῆσαι: ἵν' οὖν μὴ τοῦτο λέγωσι, δείκνυσιν ὅτι καὶ ἐκ τῶν ὑπηργμένων ἤδη ἡμῖν βουληθῆναι δεῖ: ὅπερ καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ σαφέστερον τίθησι, λέγων: Οὐκ ἐστὲ ἑαυτῶν: καὶ, Τιμῆς ἠγοράσθητε: καὶ, Μὴ γίνεσθε δοῦλοι ἀνθρώπων: καὶ πάλιν, Εἷς ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν, ἵνα οἱ ζῶντες μηκέτι ἑαυτοῖς ζῶσιν, ἀλλὰ τῷ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἀποθανόντι. Τοῦτο γοῦν καὶ ἐνταῦθα ᾐνίξατο εἰπών: Διὰ τοῦ σώματος. Εἶτα καὶ προτρέπει ταῖς κρείττοσιν ἐλπίσι, λέγων: Ἵνα καρποφορήσωμεν τῷ Θεῷ. Τότε μὲν γὰρ ἐκαρποφορεῖτε τῷ θανάτῳ, φησὶ, νῦν δὲ τῷ Θεῷ. Ὅτε γὰρ ἦμεν ἐν τῇ σαρκὶ, τὰ παθήματα τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν τὰ διὰ τοῦ νόμου ἐνηργεῖτο ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ἡμῶν εἰς τὸ καρποφορῆσαι τῷ θανάτῳ. Εἶδες τοῦ προτέρου ἀνδρὸς τὸ κέρδος; Καὶ οὐκ εἶπεν, Ὅτε ἦμεν ἐν τῷ νόμῳ, πανταχοῦ φειδόμενος δοῦναι αἱρετικοῖς λαβήν: ἀλλ', Ὅτε ἦμεν ἐν τῇ σαρκὶ, τουτέστι, ταῖς πονηραῖς πράξεσι, τῷ σαρκικῷ βίῳ. Οὐ γὰρ τοῦτό φησιν, ὅτι πρὸ τούτου μὲν ἐν σαρκὶ ἦσαν, νυνὶ δὲ ἀσώματοι γενόμενοι περιῄεσαν. Τοῦτο δὲ εἰπὼν, οὔτε αἴτιον εἶναί φησιν ἁμαρτημάτων τὸν νόμον, οὔτε ἀπαλλάττει αὐτὸν ἀπεχθείας: κατηγόρου γὰρ τάξιν ἐπεῖχε πικροῦ, ἀπογυμνῶν τὰ ἁμαρτήματα: ὁ γὰρ τῷ μηδὲν πείθεσθαι βουλομένῳ πλείονα ἐπιτάττων, πλεονάζει τὸ παράπτωμα. Διὰ τοῦτο οὐκ εἶπε, Τὰ παθήματα τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν τὰ ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου γινόμενα, ἀλλὰ, Τὰ διὰ τοῦ νόμου, καὶ οὐ προσέθηκε, Γινόμενα, ἀλλ' ἁπλῶς, Διὰ τοῦ νόμου, τουτέστι, τὰ διὰ τοῦ νόμου φαινόμενα ἢ γνωριζόμενα. Εἶτα, ἵνα μηδὲ τῆς σαρκὸς κατηγορήσῃ, οὐκ εἶπεν, Ἃ ἐνήργει τὰ μέλη, ἀλλ' ἃ Ἐνηργεῖτο ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ἡμῶν: δεικνὺς ἑτέρωθεν οὖσαν τῆς πονηρίας τὴν ἀρχὴν, ἀπὸ τῶν ἐνεργούντων λογισμῶν, οὐκ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐνεργουμένων μελῶν. Ἡ μὲν γὰρ ψυχὴ τεχνίτου τάξιν ἐπεῖχε, κιθάρας δὲ τῆς σαρκὸς ἡ φύσις, οὕτως ἠχοῦσα, ὡς ἠνάγκαζεν ὁ τεχνίτης. Οὐκοῦν οὐ ταύτῃ τὸ ἀπηχὲς μέλος, ἀλλ' ἐκείνῃ πρὸ ταύτης λογιστέον ἡμῖν. Νῦν δὲ, φησὶ, κατηργήθημεν ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου. Ὁρᾷς πῶς πάλιν ἐνταῦθα τῆς σαρκὸς καὶ τοῦ νόμου φείδεται; Οὐ γὰρ εἶπεν, ὅτι Κατηργήθη ὁ νόμος, οὐδ' ὅτι Κατηργήθη ἡ σὰρξ, ἀλλ' ὅτι Κατηργήθημεν ἡμεῖς. Καὶ πῶς ἡμεῖς κατηργήθημεν; Τοῦ κατεχομένου παρὰ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἀνθρώπου παλαιοῦ ἀποθανόντος καὶ ταφέντος: τοῦτο γὰρ ἐδήλωσεν εἰπών: Ἀποθανόντες ἐν ᾧ κατειχόμεθα. Ὡσανεὶ ἔλεγεν, Ὁ δεσμὸς, δι' οὗ κατεχόμεθα, ἐνεκρώθη καὶ διεῤῥύη, ὥστε τὸν κατέχοντα μηδὲν κατέχειν λοιπὸν, τουτέστι, τὴν ἁμαρτίαν. Ἀλλὰ μὴ ἀναπέσῃς μηδὲ ῥᾳθυμότερος γένῃ: κατηργήθης γὰρ ὥστε δουλεύειν πάλιν, ἀλλ' οὐχ ὁμοίως, ἀλλ' Ὥστε δουλεύειν ἡμᾶς ἐν καινότητι πνεύματος, καὶ οὐ παλαιότητι γράμματος. Τί δέ ἐστιν, ὅ φησιν; ἀναγκαῖον γὰρ αὐτὸ ἤδη ἐκκαλύψαι, ἵν', ὅταν εἰς τὸ χωρίον ἐμπέσωμεν, μὴ θορυβώμεθα. Ὅτε γὰρ, φησὶν, ἥμαρτεν ὁ Ἀδὰμ, καὶ τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ γέγονε θνητὸν καὶ παθητὸν, καὶ πολλὰ ἐλαττώματα ἐδέξατο φυσικὰ, καὶ βαρύτερος καὶ δυσήνιος ὁ ἵππος κατέστη: ἀλλ' ὁ Χριστὸς ἐλθὼν, διὰ τοῦ βαπτίσματος κουφότερον ἡμῖν αὐτὸ ἐποίησεν τῷ πτερῷ διεγείρων τοῦ Πνεύματος. δʹ. Διὰ δὴ τοῦτο οὐδὲ τὰ αὐτὰ κεῖται τοῖς παλαιοῖς καὶ ἡμῖν σκάμματα, ἐπειδὴ οὐδὲ οὕτω τότε εὔκολος ὁ δρόμος ἦν. Διὸ καὶ αὐτὸς οὐχὶ φόνων ἀπαιτεῖ καθαροὺς εἶναι μόνον, ὥσπερ τοὺς ἀρχαίους, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὀργῆς: οὐδὲ μοιχείας, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀκολάστου ὄψεως ἀπηλλάχθαι κελεύει: οὐδὲ ἐπιορκίας, ἀλλὰ καὶ εὐορκίας ἐκτὸς εἶναι, καὶ μετὰ τῶν φίλων καὶ τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ἀγαπᾷν ἐπιτάττει: καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις δὲ ἅπασι μακροτέρους ἐποίησε τοὺς διαύλους, κἂν μὴ πειθώμεθα, καὶ γέενναν ἠπείλησε, δεικνὺς ὅτι οὐ τῆς φιλοτιμίας τῶν ἀγωνιζομένων τὰ ζητούμενα, ὥσπερ ἡ παρθενία καὶ ἡ ἀκτημοσύνη, ἀλλὰ πάντως αὐτὰ ἀνυσθῆναι δεῖ. Καὶ γὰρ τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐστὶ καὶ κατεπειγόντων, καὶ ὁ μὴ ποιήσας τὴν ἐσχάτην δίδωσι δίκην. Διὰ τοῦτο ἔλεγεν: Ἐὰν μὴ περισσεύσῃ ἡ δικαιοσύνη ὑμῶν πλέον τῶν Γραμματέων καὶ Φαρισαίων, οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθητε εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν. Ὁ δὲ τὴν βασιλείαν οὐχ ὁρῶν, εἰς γέενναν πεσεῖται πάντως. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Παῦλος ἔλεγεν: Ἁμαρτία γὰρ ὑμῶν οὐ κυριεύσει: οὐ γάρ ἐστε ὑπὸ νόμον, ἀλλ' ὑπὸ χάριν: καὶ ἐνταῦθα πάλιν: Ὥστε δουλεύειν ἡμᾶς ἐν καινότητι πνεύματος, καὶ οὐ παλαιότητι γράμματος. Οὐ γάρ ἐστι γράμμα καταδικάζον, τουτέστιν, ὁ νόμος ὁ παλαιὸς, ἀλλὰ πνεῦμα βοηθοῦν. Διὰ τοῦτο ἐπὶ μὲν τῶν παλαιῶν εἴ πού τις ἐφάνη παρθενίαν ἀσκῶν, σφόδρα ἔκπληκτον ἦν: νῦν δὲ πανταχοῦ τῆς οἰκουμένης τὸ πρᾶγμα ἔσπαρται: καὶ θανάτου τότε μὲν ὀλίγοι μόλις ὑπερεῖδον ἄνδρες, νυνὶ δὲ καὶ ἐν κώμαις καὶ πόλεσι δῆμοι μαρτύρων ἄπειροι, οὐκ ἐξ ἀνδρῶν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκ γυναικῶν συνεστηκότες. Εἶτα ἐπειδὴ ταῦτα εἶπεν, ἀντίθεσιν πάλιν ἀνακύπτουσαν λύει, ἐν τῇ λύσει κατασκευάζων ὃ βούλεται. Διόπερ οὐδὲ προηγουμένως εἰσάγει τὴν λύσιν, ἀλλ' ἐξ ἀντιλογίας, ἵνα τῇ ἀνάγκῃ τῆς λύσεως ἀφορμὴν εἰς τὸ εἰπεῖν ἃ βούλεται λάβῃ, καὶ ἀνεπαχθέστερον ποιήσῃ τὴν κατηγορίαν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ εἶπεν, Ἐν καινότητι πνεύματος, καὶ οὐ παλαιότητι γράμματος, ἐπήγαγε: Τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν; ὁ νόμος ἁμαρτία; Μὴ γένοιτο. Καὶ γὰρ πρὸ τούτου ἦν εἰρηκὼς, ὅτι Τὰ παθήματα τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν τὰ διὰ τοῦ νόμου ἐνηργεῖτο ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ἡμῶν: καὶ, Ἁμαρτία ὑμῶν οὐ κυριεύσει: οὐ γάρ ἐστε ὑπὸ νόμον, ἀλλ' ὑπὸ χάριν: καὶ ὅτι, Οὗ γὰρ οὐκ ἔστι νόμος, οὐδὲ παράβασις: καὶ, Νόμος δὲ παρεισῆλθεν, ἵνα πλεονάσῃ τὸ παράπτωμα: καὶ, Ὁ νόμος ὀργὴν κατεργάζεται. Ἐπεὶ οὖν ταῦτα πάντα ἐδόκει διαβολὴν φέρειν τῷ νόμῳ, ὡς διορθούμενος τὴν ἐκ τούτων ὑπόνοιαν, τίθησι καὶ ἀντίθεσιν, καί φησι: Τί οὖν; ὁ νόμος ἁμαρτία; Μὴ γένοιτο. Πρὸ τῆς κατασκευῆς ἀπηγόρευσε, τὸν ἀκροατὴν οἰκειούμενος, καὶ τὸν σκανδαλιζόμενον θεραπεύων. Λοιπὸν γὰρ ἀκούσας, καὶ περὶ τῆς διαθέσεως αὐτοῦ πληροφορηθεὶς, ζητεῖ μετ' αὐτοῦ τὸ δοκοῦν εἶναι ἄπορον, καὶ οὐχ ὑποπτεύει τὸν λέγοντα: διὸ καὶ τὴν ἀντίθεσιν προλαβὼν ἐκείνην τέθεικεν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ εἶπε, Τί οὖν εἴποιμι ἄν; ἀλλὰ, Τί ἐροῦμεν; ὡς βουλῆς καὶ γνώμης προκειμένης, καὶ Ἐκκλησίας κοινῆς συγκεκροτημένης, καὶ οὐ παρ' αὐτοῦ, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τῆς τῶν εἰρημένων ἀκολουθίας καὶ τῆς τῶν πραγμάτων ἀληθείας τῆς ἀντιθέσεως φανείσης. Ὅτι μὲν γὰρ τὸ γράμμα ἀποκτείνει, οὐδεὶς ἀντερεῖ, φησί: καὶ ὅτι τὸ πνεῦμα ζωοποιεῖ, καὶ τοῦτο δῆλον, καὶ οὐδεὶς ἂν φιλονεικήσειεν. Εἰ τοίνυν ταῦτα ὡμολογημένα, τί ἂν εἴποιμεν περὶ τοῦ νόμου; ὅτι ἁμαρτία; Μὴ γένοιτο. Λῦσον οὖν τὴν ἀπορίαν. Εἶδες πῶς μετ' αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀντίδικον ἵστησι, καὶ τὸ τοῦ διδάσκοντος ἀξίωμα λαβὼν, ἐπὶ τὴν λύσιν ἔρχεται; Τίς οὖν ἡ λύσις; Ἁμαρτία μὲν οὐκ ἔστι, φησίν. Ἁμαρτίαν δὲ οὐκ ἂν ἔγνων, εἰ μὴ διὰ νόμου. Ὅρα σοφίας ἐπίτασιν. Ὅπερ οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ νόμος, ἐξ ἀντιθέσεως τέθεικεν, ἵνα ἀναιρῶν τοῦτο, καὶ ταύτῃ χαριζόμενος τῷ Ἰουδαίῳ, πείσῃ τὸ ἔλαττον αὐτὸν καταδέξασθαι. Τί δέ ἐστι τὸ ἔλαττον; Ὅτι Τὴν ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ ἔγνων, εἰ μὴ διὰ νόμου. Τήν τε γὰρ ἐπιθυμίαν οὐκ ᾔδειν, φησὶν, εἰ μὴ ὁ νόμος ἔλεγεν. Οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις. Ὁρᾷς πῶς κατὰ μικρὸν οὐχὶ μόνον κατήγορον αὐτὸν ὄντα δείκνυσι τῆς ἁμαρτίας, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἠρέμα κατασκευαστικόν; οὐ μὴν παρὰ τὴν αἰτίαν τὴν αὐτοῦ, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τὴν τῶν ἀγνωμόνων Ἰουδαίων ἀποφαίνει τοῦτο συμβαῖνον. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ Μανιχαίων ἐσπούδακεν ἐμφράξαι τὰ στόματα τῶν κατηγορούντων τοῦ νόμου. Εἰπὼν γὰρ, ὅτι Τὴν ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ ἔγνων, εἰ μὴ διὰ νόμου, καὶ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν οὐκ ᾔδειν, εἰ μὴ ὁ νόμος ἔλεγεν: Οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις, ἐπήγαγεν: Ἀφορμὴν δὲ λαβοῦσα ἡ ἁμαρτία διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς, κατειργάσατο ἐν ἐμοὶ πᾶσαν ἐπιθυμίαν. εʹ. Εἶδες πῶς αὐτὸν ἀπήλλαξεν ἐγκλημάτων; Ἀφορμὴν γὰρ λαβοῦσα, φησὶν, ἡ ἁμαρτία, οὐχ ὁ νόμος, ηὔξησε τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν, καὶ τοὐναντίον οὗπερ ἐβούλετο ὁ νόμος, γέγονεν: ὅπερ ἀσθενείας ἦν, οὐ πονηρίας. Ὅταν γάρ τινος ἐπιθυμῶμεν, εἶτα κωλυώμεθα, αἴρεται μᾶλλον τῆς ἐπιθυμίας ἡ φλόξ. Ἀλλ' οὐ παρὰ τὸν νόμον τοῦτο: αὐτὸς μὲν γὰρ ἐκώλυσεν ὥστε ἀπαγαγεῖν: ἡ δὲ ἁμαρτία, τουτέστιν, ἡ ῥᾳθυμία ἡ σὴ καὶ ἡ γνώμη ἡ πονηρὰ, τῷ καλῷ πρὸς τὸ ἐναντίον ἐχρήσατο. Ἀλλ' οὐ τοῦ ἰατροῦ τοῦτο ἔγκλημα, ἀλλὰ τοῦ ἀῤῥωστοῦντος τῷ φαρμάκῳ κακῶς χρησαμένου. Οὐ γὰρ διὰ τοῦτο ἔδωκε τὸν νόμον, ἵνα ἀνάψῃ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν, ἀλλ' ἵνα σβέσῃ: τοὐναντίον δὲ ἐξέβη: ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐκείνου, ἀλλ' ἡμῶν ἡ κατηγορία. Οὐδὲ γὰρ, εἴ τις τῷ πυρέττοντι, καὶ ψυχροποσίας ἀκαίρως ἐπιθυμοῦντι, μὴ παρασχὼν ἐμφορηθῆναι, τῆς ὀλεθρίας ταύτης ἡδονῆς αὐξήσειε τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν, ἐγκαλοῖτο ἂν δικαίως: τοῦ γὰρ ἰατροῦ τὸ κωλῦσαι ἦν μόνον, τὸ δὲ ἀποσχέσθαι τοῦ κάμνοντος. Τί γὰρ, εἰ ἡ ἁμαρτία τὴν ἀφορμὴν ἐξ αὐτοῦ ἔλαβε; Πολλοὶ γὰρ καὶ τῶν πονηρῶν ἐξ ἀγαθῶν ἐπιταγμάτων τὴν αὑτῶν πονηρίαν αὔξουσιν: ἐπεὶ καὶ ὁ διάβολος οὕτω τὸν Ἰούδαν ἀπώλεσεν, εἰς φιλοχρηματίαν ἐμβαλὼν, καὶ κλέπτειν τὰ τῶν πενήτων ποιήσας: ἀλλ' οὐ τὸ πιστευθῆναι τὸ γλωσσόκομον αὐτὸν τοῦτο εἰργάσατο, ἀλλ' ἡ τῆς γνώμης πονηρία. Καὶ ἡ Εὔα δὲ τὸν Ἀδὰμ ἀπὸ τοῦ ξύλου παρασκευάσασα φαγεῖν, ἐξέβαλεν ἐκ τοῦ παραδείσου: ἀλλ' οὐδὲ ἐκεῖ τὸ δένδρον αἴτιον, εἰ καὶ δι' αὐτοῦ ἡ ἀφορμὴ γέγονεν. Εἰ δὲ σφοδρότερον κέχρηται τῷ λόγῳ τῷ περὶ τοῦ νόμου, μὴ θαυμάσῃς: πρὸς γὰρ τὸ κατεπεῖγον ὁ Παῦλος ἵσταται, οὐκ ἀφεὶς μὲν οὐδὲ τοῖς ἄλλως ὑποπτεύουσι τὰ λεγόμενα λαβὴν παρασχεῖν, πολλὴν δὲ σπουδὴν ποιούμενος τὸ παρὸν διορθῶσαι. Μὴ τοίνυν γυμνὰ ἐξέταζε τὰ ἐντεῦθεν λεγόμενα, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν ὑπόθεσιν προστίθει, δι' ἣν ταῦτα εἰπεῖν προάγεται, καὶ τὴν μανίαν λογίζου τὴν Ἰουδαϊκὴν, καὶ τὴν εὔτονον αὐτῶν φιλονεικίαν, ἣν καταλῦσαι ἔσπευδε. Δοκεῖ δὲ πολὺς κατὰ τοῦ νόμου πνεῖν, οὐχ ἵνα ἐκεῖνον διαβάλῃ, ἀλλ' ἵνα τούτων ἐκλύσῃ τὸν τόνον. Εἰ γὰρ ἔγκλημα τοῦ νόμου, τὸ δι' αὐτοῦ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν ἀφορμὴν λαβεῖν, εὑρεθήσεται καὶ ἐν τῇ Καινῇ τοῦτο συμβαῖνον. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐν τῇ Καινῇ νόμοι μυρίοι, καὶ περὶ πολλῶν μειζόνων πραγμάτων: καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ ἴδοι τις ἂν ἐκβαῖνον κἀκεῖ, οὐκ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας μόνον, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ πάσης ἁπλῶς κακίας. Εἰ γὰρ μὴ ἦλθον, φησὶ, καὶ ἐλάλησα αὐτοῖς, ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ εἶχον. Οὐκοῦν ἐντεῦθεν ἡ ἁμαρτία τὴν ὑπόθεσιν ἔλαβε, καὶ ἡ μείζων κόλασις. Καὶ πάλιν περὶ τῆς χάριτος Παῦλος διαλεγόμενος, φησί: Πόσῳ δοκεῖτε χείρονος ἀξιωθήσεται τιμωρίας ὁ τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ καταπατήσας; Οὐκοῦν καὶ ἡ χείρων τιμωρία τὴν ἀφορμὴν ἐντεῦθεν ἔχει ἀπὸ τῆς μείζονος εὐεργεσίας. Καὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας δέ φησι διὰ τοῦτο ἀναπολογήτους εἶναι, ὅτι καὶ λόγῳ τιμηθέντες, καὶ τῆς κτίσεως τὸ κάλλος καταμαθόντες, καὶ ἀπ' αὐτῆς δυνάμενοι πρὸς τὸν Δημιουργὸν χειραγωγηθῆναι, τῇ σοφίᾳ τοῦ Θεοῦ οὐκ εἰς δέον ἐχρήσαντο. Ὅρα πανταχοῦ τοῖς πονηροῖς τὰς ἀφορμὰς τοῦ μειζόνως κολάζεσθαι ἀπὸ τῶν ἀγαθῶν γινομένας πραγμάτων. Ἀλλ' οὐ δήπου διὰ τοῦτο κατηγορήσομεν τῶν εὐεργεσιῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἀλλὰ ταύτας μὲν θαυμασόμεθα μειζόνως καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα, τὴν δὲ γνώμην τῶν εἰς τἀναντία τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς κεχρημένων διαβαλοῦμεν. Τοῦτο τοίνυν καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ νόμου ποιῶμεν. Ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν ῥᾴδιον καὶ εὔκολον: τὸ δὲ ἄπορον ἐκεῖνό ἐστι. Πῶς φησι, Τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν οὐκ ᾔδειν, εἰ μὴ ὁ νόμος ἔλεγεν: Οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις: Εἰ γὰρ οὐκ ᾔδει τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν πρὶν ἢ λάβῃ τὸν νόμον ὁ ἄνθρωπος, πόθεν ὁ κατακλυσμὸς γέγονεν; πόθεν τὰ Σόδομα ἐνεπρήσθη; Τί οὖν φησι; Τὴν ἐπιτεταμένην. Διὰ τοῦτο οὐκ εἶπε, Κατειργάσατο ἐν ἐμοὶ ἐπιθυμίαν, ἀλλὰ, Πᾶσαν ἐπιθυμίαν, τὸ σφοδρὸν ἐνταῦθα αἰνιττόμενος. Καὶ τί τοῦ νόμου τὸ κέρδος, εἰ τὸ πάθος ηὔξησε, φησίν; Οὐδὲν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πολὺ τὸ βλάβος: ἀλλ' οὐ τοῦ νόμου τὸ ἔγκλημα, ἀλλὰ τῆς ῥᾳθυμίας τῶν δεξαμένων. Ἡ γὰρ ἁμαρτία αὐτὸ κατειργάσατο, ἀλλὰ διὰ νόμου: ἀλλ' οὐ τοῦτο τοῦ νόμου σπουδάζοντος, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ ἐναντίον. Ἰσχυροτέρα οὖν γέγονεν ἡ ἁμαρτία, καὶ σφόδρα: ἀλλ' οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἔγκλημα τοῦ νόμου πάλιν, ἀλλὰ τῆς ἐκείνων ἀγνωμοσύνης. Χωρὶς γὰρ νόμου ἡ ἁμαρτία νεκρά: τουτέστιν, οὐχ οὕτω γνώριμος. Ἤ|δεσαν μὲν γὰρ καὶ οἱ πρὸ τοῦ νόμου, ὅτι ἡμάρτανον, ἀκριβέστερον δὲ ἔμαθον μετὰ τὴν τοῦ νόμου δόσιν. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ μείζονος ἦσαν κατηγορίας ὑπεύθυνοι. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἴσον ἦν φύσιν ἔχειν κατήγορον, καὶ μετὰ τῆς φύσεως καὶ τὸν νόμον φανερῶς διαγορεύοντα ἅπαντα. Ἐγὼ δὲ ἔζων χωρὶς νόμου ποτέ. Πότε, εἰπέ μοι; Πρὸ Μωϋσέως. Ὅρα πῶς δεῖξαι τὸν νόμον σπουδάζει, καὶ ἀφ' ὧν ἐποίησε, καὶ ἀφ' ὧν οὐκ ἐποίησε βαρήσαντα τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην φύσιν. Ὅτε γὰρ χωρὶς νόμου ἔζων, φησὶν, οὐχ οὕτω κατεδικαζόμην. Ἐλθούσης δὲ τῆς ἐντολῆς, ἡ ἁμαρτία ἀνέζησεν, ἐγὼ δὲ ἀπέθανον. Τοῦτο δοκεῖ μὲν εἶναι κατηγορία τοῦ νόμου: εἰ δέ τις ἀκριβῶς ἐξετάσειε, καὶ ἐγκώμιον αὐτοῦ φανεῖται ὄν. Οὐ γὰρ μὴ οὖσαν ὑπεστήσατο, ἀλλὰ κρυπτομένην ἔδειξεν: ὅπερ καὶ ἔπαινός ἐστι τοῦ νόμου, εἴ γε πρὸ τούτου μὲν ἀνεπαισθήτως ἡμάρτανον, τούτου δὲ ἐλθόντος, εἰ καὶ μηδὲν ἕτερον ἐκαρπώσαντο, τοῦτο γοῦν αὐτὸ ἀκριβῶς ἔμαθον, ὅτι ἡμάρτανον: ὅπερ οὐκ ἂν εἴη μικρὸν εἰς κακίας ἀπαλλαγήν. Εἰ δὲ μὴ ἀπηλλάγησαν τῆς κακίας, οὐδὲν τοῦτο πρὸς τὸν πάντα ὑπὲρ τούτου ποιήσαντα νόμον, ἀλλὰ πᾶσα ἡ κατηγορία τῆς ἐκείνων γνώμης ἐστὶ παρ' ἐλπίδα πᾶσαν διαφθαρείσης. Ϛʹ. Οὐδὲ γὰρ κατὰ λόγον ἦν τὸ γινόμενον, τὸ διὰ τῶν ὠφελούντων βλάπτεσθαι: διὸ καὶ ἔλεγε: Καὶ εὑρέθη μοι ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ εἰς ζωὴν, αὕτη εἰς θάνατον. Οὐκ εἶπε, Γέγονε θάνατος, οὐδὲ, Ἔτεκε θάνατον, ἀλλ', Εὑρέθη, τὸ καινὸν καὶ παράδοξον τῆς ἀτοπίας οὕτως ἑρμηνεύων, καὶ τὸ πᾶν εἰς τὴν ἐκείνων περιτρέπων κεφαλήν. Ἂν γὰρ τὸν σκοπὸν αὐτῆς ἐθέλῃς ἰδεῖν, εἰς ζωὴν ἦγε, φησὶ, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδόθη: εἰ δὲ θάνατος ἐντεῦθεν ἐξέβη, τῶν λαβόντων τὴν ἐντολὴν τὸ ἔγκλημα, οὐ τῆς ἐπὶ τὴν ζωὴν ἀγούσης. Σαφέστερον δὲ αὐτὸ τοῦτο καὶ διὰ τῶν ἑξῆς ἐδήλωσεν, εἰπών: Ἡ γὰρ ἁμαρτία ἀφορμὴν λαβοῦσα διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς, ἐξηπάτησέ με, καὶ δι' αὐτῆς ἀπέκτεινεν. Εἶδες πῶς πανταχοῦ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἔχεται, τὸν νόμον ἀπαλλάττων κατηγορίας ἁπάσης; Διὸ καὶ ἐπήγαγε λέγων: Ὥστε ὁ νόμος ἅγιος, καὶ ἡ ἐντολὴ ἁγία καὶ δικαία καὶ ἀγαθή. Ἀλλ', εἰ βούλεσθε, καὶ τῶν παραποιούντων τὰς ἐξηγήσεις ταύτας εἰς μέσον τὸν λόγον ἀγάγωμεν: οὕτω γὰρ σαφέστερα ἔσται τὰ παρ' ἡμῶν λεγόμενα. Τινὲς γὰρ ἐνταῦθα οὐ περὶ τοῦ νόμου Μωϋσέως αὐτόν φασι λέγειν τὰ λεγόμενα, ἀλλ' οἱ μὲν περὶ τοῦ φυσικοῦ, οἱ δὲ περὶ τῆς ἐντολῆς τῆς ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ δοθείσης. Καὶ μὴν πανταχοῦ σκοπὸς τῷ Παύλῳ τοῦτον ἀναπαῦσαι τὸν νόμον, πρὸς δὲ ἐκείνους οὐδένα λόγον ἔχει: καὶ μάλα εἰκότως: τοῦτο γὰρ οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι δεδοικότες καὶ φρίττοντες, ἐφιλονείκουν τῇ χάριτι. Τὴν δὲ ἐντολὴν τὴν ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ οὐδὲ νόμον φαίνεταί ποτε καλέσας, οὔτε αὐτὸς οὔτε ἄλλος οὐδείς. Ἵνα δὲ καὶ ἀπ' αὐτῶν τῶν εἰρημένων τοῦτο σαφέστερον γένηται, ἐπεξέλθωμεν τοῖς ῥήμασι, μικρὸν ἀνωτέρω τὸν λόγον ἀναγαγόντες. Περὶ γὰρ πολιτείας ἀκριβῶς αὐτοῖς διαλεχθεὶς, ἐπήγαγε λέγων: Ἢ ἀγνοεῖτε, ἀδελφοὶ, ὅτι ὁ νόμος κυριεύει τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐφ' ὅσον χρόνον ζῇ; Ὥστε ὑμεῖς ἐθανατώθητε τῷ νόμῳ. Οὐκοῦν εἰ περὶ τοῦ φυσικοῦ ταῦτα εἴρηται, εὑρεθησόμεθα νόμον μὴ ἔχοντες φυσικόν: εἰ δὲ τοῦτο ἀληθὲς, τῶν ἀλόγων ἐσμὲν ἀνοητότεροι. Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἔστι ταῦτα, οὐκ ἔστι. Περὶ γὰρ τοῦ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ οὐδὲ φιλονεικεῖν ἀναγκαῖον, ἵνα μὴ περιττὸν ἀναδεξώμεθα πόλεμον, πρὸς τὰ ὡμολογημένα ἀποδυόμενοι. Πῶς οὖν φησι, Τὴν ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ ἔγνων, εἰ μὴ διὰ νόμου; Οὐ τὴν καθόλου λέγων ἄγνοιαν, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἀκριβεστέραν γνῶσιν. Εἰ γὰρ περὶ τοῦ φυσικοῦ τοῦτο εἴρηται, πῶς ἂν τὸ ἑξῆς ἔχοι λόγον; Ἐγὼ γὰρ, φησὶν, ἔζων χωρὶς νόμου ποτέ. Οὔτε γὰρ ὁ Ἀδὰμ, οὔτε ἄλλος ἄνθρωπος οὐδεὶς οὐδέποτε φαίνεται χωρὶς νόμου ζήσας φυσικοῦ: ὁμοῦ τε γὰρ αὐτὸν ἔπλαττεν ὁ Θεὸς, καὶ ἐκεῖνον ἐνετίθει τὸν νόμον αὐτῷ, σύνοικον ἀσφαλῆ παρακαθιστὰς τῇ φύσει πάσῃ. Χωρὶς δὲ τούτων οὐδαμοῦ φαίνεται ἐντολὴν τὸν φυσικὸν νόμον καλέσας: τοῦτον δὲ καὶ ἐντολὴν, καὶ δικαίαν, καὶ ἁγίαν καλεῖ, καὶ νόμον πνευματικόν. Ὁ δὲ φυσικὸς οὐκ ἀπὸ Πνεύματος ἡμῖν ἐδόθη: καὶ γὰρ καὶ βάρβαροι καὶ Ἕλληνες καὶ πάντες ἄνθρωποι τοῦτον τὸν νόμον ἔχουσιν. Ὅθεν δῆλον, ὅτι περὶ τοῦ Μωσαϊκοῦ καὶ ἄνω καὶ κάτω καὶ πανταχοῦ διαλέγεται. Διὸ καὶ ἅγιον αὐτὸν καλεῖ λέγων: Ὥστε ὁ μὲν νόμος ἅγιος καὶ ἡ ἐντολὴ ἁγία καὶ δικαία καὶ ἀγαθή. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ ἀκάθαρτοι γεγόνασιν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι μετὰ τὸν νόμον, καὶ ἄδικοι καὶ πλεονέκται, οὐ καταργεῖ τοῦτο τοῦ νόμου τὴν ἀρετὴν, ὥσπερ τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν πίστιν οὐκ ἀναιρεῖ ἡ ἀπιστία αὐτῶν. Ὥστε ἐξ ἁπάντων τούτων δῆλον, ὅτι περὶ τοῦ Μωσαϊκοῦ ταῦτα διαλέγεται νόμου. Τὸ οὖν ἀγαθὸν, φησὶν, ἐμοὶ γέγονε θάνατος; Μὴ γένοιτο: ἀλλ' ἡ ἁμαρτία, ἵνα φανῇ ἡ ἁμαρτία. Τουτέστιν, ἵνα δειχθῇ ὅσον κακὸν ἡ ἁμαρτία, ἡ ῥᾴθυμος προαίρεσις καὶ ἡ ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον ὁρμὴ, καὶ αὐτὴ δὲ ἡ πρᾶξις καὶ ἡ διεφθαρμένη γνώμη: τοῦτο γὰρ πάντων αἴτιον τῶν κακῶν. Αὔξει δὲ αὐτὴν, δεικνὺς τῆς τοῦ Χριστοῦ χάριτος τὴν ὑπερβολὴν, καὶ διδάσκων οἵου κακοῦ τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀπήλλαξε γένος, ὃ καὶ διὰ τῶν ἰατρικῶν φαρμάκων χεῖρον ἐγίνετο, καὶ διὰ τῶν κωλυόντων ηὔξετο: διὸ καὶ ἐπάγει λέγων: Ἵνα γένηται καθ' ὑπερβολὴν ἁμαρτωλὸς ἡ ἁμαρτία διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς. Εἶδες πανταχοῦ πῶς ταύτῃ συμπλέκεται; Καὶ δι' ὧν αὐτῆς κατηγορεῖ, δείκνυσι πάλιν μειζόνως τοῦ νόμου τὴν ἀρετήν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ μικρὸν ἤνυσε δείξας ὅσον ἡ ἁμαρτία κακὸν, καὶ πάντα τὸν ἰὸν αὐτῆς ἐκκαλύψας, καὶ εἰς μέσον προθείς: τοῦτο γὰρ ἐδήλωσεν εἰπών: Ἵνα γένηται καθ' ὑπερβολὴν ἁμαρτωλὸς ἡ ἁμαρτία διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς. Τουτέστιν, ἵνα φανῇ ἡλίκον κακὸν, ἡλίκος ὄλεθρος ἡ ἁμαρτία: τοῦτο δὲ διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς ἐδείχθη. Ἐκ τούτων καὶ τὴν ὑπεροχὴν δείκνυσι τῆς χάριτος πρὸς τὸν νόμον: τὴν ὑπεροχὴν, οὐ τὴν μάχην. Μὴ γὰρ τοῦτο ἴδῃς, ὅτι χείρους ἐγένοντο οἱ δεξάμενοι, ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνο σκόπει, ὅτι οὐ μόνον εἰς ἐπίτασιν τὴν κακίαν ἀγαγεῖν οὐκ ἤθελεν ὁ νόμος, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν προϋπάρχουσαν ἐκκόψαι ἐσπούδαζεν. Εἰ δὲ οὐκ ἴσχυσε, στεφάνου μὲν ἐκεῖνον ἀπὸ τῆς γνώμης: προσκύνει δὲ μειζόνως τοῦ Χριστοῦ τὴν δύναμιν, ὅτι ποικίλον οὕτω κακὸν καὶ δυσκαταγώνιστον ἠφάνισέ τε καὶ πρόῤῥιζον ἐκτεμοῦσα ἀνέσπασεν. Ἁμαρτίαν δὲ ὅταν ἀκούσῃς, μὴ δύναμίν τινα ἐνυπόστατον νομίσῃς, ἀλλὰ τὴν πρᾶξιν τὴν πονηρὰν, ἐπιγινομένην τε καὶ ἀπογινομένην ἀεὶ, καὶ οὔτε πρὸ τοῦ γενέσθαι οὖσαν, καὶ μετὰ τὸ γενέσθαι πάλιν ἀφανιζομένην. Διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο καὶ νόμος ἐδόθη: νόμος δὲ οὐδέποτε ἐπ' ἀναιρέσει τῶν φυσικῶν δίδοται, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ διορθώσει τῆς κατὰ προαίρεσιν πονηρᾶς πράξεως. ζʹ. Καὶ τοῦτο καὶ οἱ ἔξωθεν ἴσασι νομοθέται, καὶ πᾶσα ἡ τῶν ἀνθρώπων φύσις. Τὰ γὰρ ἐκ ῥᾳθυμίας γινόμενα κακὰ ἀναστέλλουσι μόνον, οὐ τὰ τῇ φύσει συγκεκληρωμένα ἐπαγγέλλονται ἐκκόπτειν: οὐδὲ γὰρ δυνατόν. Τὰ γὰρ τῆς φύσεως ἀκίνητα μένει, ὃ πολλάκις πρὸς ὑμᾶς καὶ ἐν ἑτέραις εἴρηκα διαλέξεσι. Διόπερ τοὺς ἀγῶνας τούτους ἀφέντες, τὸν ἠθικὸν πάλιν γυμνάσωμεν λόγον: μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ τοῦτο τὸ μέρος τῶν ἀγώνων ἐκείνων ἐστίν. Ἂν γὰρ κακίαν ἐκβάλ[λ]ωμεν, καὶ ἀρετὴν εἰσαγάγωμεν: καὶ διὰ τούτων σαφῶς διδάξομεν, ὅτι οὐ φύσει πονηρὸν ἡ κακία, καὶ τοὺς ζητοῦντας πόθεν τὰ κακὰ, οὐκ ἀπὸ λόγων μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν πραγμάτων δυνησόμεθα ῥᾳδίως ἐπιστομίσαι, τῆς μὲν αὐτῆς κοινωνοῦντες αὐτοῖς φύσεως, ἀπηλλαγμένοι δὲ τῆς πονηρίας αὐτῶν. Μὴ γὰρ τοῦτο δὴ ἴδωμεν, ὅτι ἐπίπονον ἡ ἀρετὴ, ἀλλ' ὅτι κατορθωθῆναι δυνατόν: ἐὰν δὲ σπουδάζωμεν, καὶ κοῦφον ἡμῖν ἔσται καὶ εὔκολον. Εἰ δὲ τὴν ἡδονήν μοι λέγεις τῆς κακίας, λέγε καὶ τὸ τέλος αὐτῆς: εἰς γὰρ θάνατον αὕτη καταστρέφει, καθάπερ ἡ ἀρετὴ εἰς ζωὴν ἡμᾶς χειραγωγεῖ. Μᾶλλον δὲ, εἰ δοκεῖ, καὶ πρὸ τοῦ τέλους ἑκάτερον αὐτῶν ἐξετάσωμεν: ὀψόμεθα γὰρ τὴν μὲν κακίαν πολλὴν ἔχουσαν τὴν ὀδύνην, τὴν δὲ ἀρετὴν τὴν ἡδονήν. Τί γὰρ ἀλγεινότερον, εἰπέ μοι, συνειδότος πονηροῦ; τί δὲ ἥδιον ἐλπίδος χρηστῆς; Οὐδὲν γὰρ οὕτως, οὐδὲν κόπτειν ἡμᾶς εἴωθεν καὶ πιέζειν, ὡς προσδοκία πονηρά: οὐδὲν οὕτως ἀνέχει, καὶ μικροῦ πέτεσθαι ποιεῖ, ὡς συνειδὸς ἀγαθόν. Καὶ τοῦτο ἀπὸ τῶν παρ' ἡμῖν γινομένων ἔστι καταμαθεῖν. Τῶν γὰρ διὰ τοῦ στενωποῦ χωρούντων ἐπαιτῶν, καὶ μηδὲν ἑαυτοῖς συνειδότων πονηρὸν, οἱ τὸ δεσμωτήριον οἰκοῦντες καὶ καταδίκην ἀναμένοντες, κἂν μυρίας τροφῆς ἀπολαύσωσιν, ἀλγεινότερον ζῶσιν: ἡ γὰρ προσδοκία τῶν δεινῶν οὐκ ἀφίησι τῶν ἐν χερσὶν ἡδέων αἰσθάνεσθαι. Καὶ τί λέγω τοὺς δεσμώτας; Τῶν γὰρ ἔξω διατριβόντων καὶ πλουτούντων πονηρά τε συνειδότων ἑαυτοῖς, ἄμεινόν εἰσι πολλῷ διακείμενοι οἱ κάμνοντες χειροτέχναι, καὶ δι' ὅλης ἡμέρας πόνοις συζῶντες. Καὶ τοὺς μονομάχους δὲ διὰ τοῦτο ταλανίζομεν: καίτοι γε ἐν καπηλείοις ὁρῶντες μεθύοντας, τρυφῶντας, γαστριζομένους, καὶ πάντων ἀθλιωτέρους εἶναί φαμεν, ὅτι πολλῷ μείζων τῆς ἡδονῆς ἐκείνης ἡ τῆς προσδοκωμένης τελευτῆς συμφορά. Εἰ δὲ ἐκείνοις ἡδὺς οὗτος ὁ βίος εἶναι δοκεῖ, ἀναμνήσθητε τοῦ λόγου, οὗ συνεχῶς λέγω πρὸς ὑμᾶς, ὅτι οὐδὲν θαυμαστὸν μὴ φυγεῖν κακίας πικρίαν καὶ λύπην ἐν κακίᾳ ζῶντα. Ἰδοὺ γὰρ πρᾶγμα οὕτως ἐπάρατον ἐπέραστον τοῖς μετιοῦσιν εἶναι δοκεῖ. Ἀλλ' οὐ διὰ τοῦτο αὐτοὺς μακαρίζομεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ δι' αὐτὸ μὲν οὖν τοῦτο ταλανίζομεν, ὅτι οὐδὲ οἷ τῶν κακῶν εἰσιν, ἴσασι. Τί δὲ ἂν εἴποις περὶ τῶν μοιχῶν, οἳ διὰ μικρὰν ἡδονὴν καὶ δουλείαν ἀπρεπῆ καὶ χρημάτων δαπάνην καὶ φόβον διηνεκῆ, καὶ βίον ἁπλῶς τὸν τοῦ Κάϊν ὑπομένουσι, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ ἐκείνου πολλῷ χαλεπώτερον, καὶ τὰ παρόντα δεδοικότος καὶ τὰ μέλλοντα τρέμοντες, καὶ φίλους καὶ ἐχθροὺς ὑποπτεύοντες, καὶ τοὺς εἰδότας καὶ τοὺς μηδὲν εἰδότας; Καὶ οὐδὲ ἡνίκα ἂν καθεύδωσι, ταύτης ἀπαλλάττονται τῆς ἀγωνίας, τοῦ πονηροῦ συνειδότος ὀνείρατα πολλῶν γέμοντα φόβων ἀναπλάττοντος αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἐκδειματοῦντος οὕτως. Ἀλλ' οὐχὶ ὁ σώφρων τοιοῦτος, ἀλλ' ἐν ἀνέσει καὶ ἐλευθερίᾳ πολλῇ τὸν παρόντα διάγει βίον. Ἀντίστησον τοίνυν τῇ μικρᾷ ἡδονῇ τὰ πολλὰ κύματα τῶν φόβων τούτων, καὶ τῷ βραχεῖ πόνῳ τῆς ἐγκρατείας τὴν γαλήνην τῆς διηνεκοῦς ζωῆς, καὶ ὄψει ταύτην ἐκείνης οὖσαν ἡδίω. Ὁ δὲ ἁρπάζειν βουλόμενος, εἰπέ μοι, καὶ τοῖς ἀλλοτρίοις ἐπιτίθεσθαι χρήμασιν, οὐχὶ μυρίους ὑπομένει πόνους, περιτρέχων, κολακεύων δούλους, ἐλευθέρους, θυρωροὺς, φοβῶν, ἀπειλῶν, ἀναισχυντῶν, ἀγρυπνῶν, τρέμων, ἀγωνιῶν, ὑφορώμενος ἅπαντα; Ἀλλ' οὐχ ὁ χρημάτων καταφρονῶν τοιοῦτος, ἀλλὰ καὶ οὗτος πάλιν πολλῆς ἀπολαύει τῆς ἡδονῆς, ἐν ἀδείᾳ ζῶν καὶ μετὰ ἀσφαλείας ἁπάσης. Καὶ τὰ ἄλλα δὲ εἴ τις ἐπέλθοι τῆς κακίας μέρη, πολὺν τὸν θόρυβον ὄψεται, πολλοὺς τοὺς σκοπέλους. Καὶ τὸ δὴ μεῖζον, ὅτι ἐπὶ μὲν τῆς ἀρετῆς πρῶτα μὲν τὰ ἐπίπονα, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τὰ ἡδέα: ὥστε καὶ ταύτῃ τὸν πόνον κουφίζεσθαι: ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς κακίας ἀντιστρόφως: μετὰ τὴν ἡδονὴν αἱ ὀδύναι καὶ αἱ κολάσεις: ὥστε καὶ ἐντεῦθεν τὴν ἡδονὴν ἀφανίζεσθαι. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ὁ στεφάνους ἀναμένων, οὐδενὸς αἰσθάνεται τῶν παρόντων φορτικῶν: οὕτως ὁ μετὰ τὴν ἡδονὴν κολάσεις προσδοκῶν, οὐ δύναται καρποῦσθαι καθαρὰν εὐφροσύνην, τοῦ φόβου πάντα διαταράττοντος. Μᾶλλον δὲ, εἴ τις ἀκριβῶς ἐξετάσειε, καὶ πρὸ τῆς κολάσεως τῆς ἐπὶ τούτοις κειμένης πολλὴν καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ τολμᾶσθαι τὴν κακίαν ὀδύνην εὕροι τις ἂν γινομένην. ηʹ. Καὶ εἰ δοκεῖ, τοῦτο ἐπὶ τῶν τὰ ἀλλότρια ἁρπαζόντων ἐξετάσωμεν, ἢ καὶ τῶν ὁπωσοῦν χρήματα περιβαλλομένων: καὶ φόβους ἀποστήσαντες καὶ κινδύνους καὶ τρόμον καὶ ἀγωνίαν καὶ φροντίδα καὶ πάντα ταῦτα, ὑποθώμεθα εἶναί τινα ἀπραγμόνως πλουτοῦντα, καὶ περὶ τῆς φυλακῆς τῶν ὄντων θαῤῥοῦντα, ὅπερ ἀμήχανον, πλὴν ἀλλ' ὅμως κείσθω τῷ λόγῳ: ποίαν οὖν οὗτος καρπώσεται ἡδονήν; Ὅτι πολλὰ περιεβάλ[λ]ετο; Ἀλλ' αὐτὸ μὲν οὖν τοῦτο οὐκ ἀφίησιν αὐτὸν εὐφραίνεσθαι: ἕως γὰρ ἂν τῶν ἑτέρων πλειόνων ἐπιθυμῇ, ἐπιτείνεται τὰ τῆς βασάνου. Ἡ γὰρ ἐπιθυμία ὅταν στῇ, τότε παρέχει τὴν ἡδονήν: ἐπεὶ καὶ οἱ διψῶντες τότε ἀνακτώμεθα ἑαυτοὺς, ὅταν ὅσον βουλόμεθα πίνωμεν: ἕως δ' ἂν διψῶμεν, κἂν πάσας ἐξαντλήσωμεν τὰς πηγὰς, μείζων ἡμῖν ἡ βάσανος γίνεται, κἂν μυρίους ἐκπίωμεν ποταμοὺς, χαλεπώτερα τὰ τῆς κολάσεως. Καὶ σὺ τοίνυν ἂν τὰ τοῦ κόσμου λάβῃς, ἔτι δὲ ἐπιθυμῇς, μείζονα εἰργάσω τὴν κόλασιν, ὅσῳ πλειόνων ἀπεγεύσω. Μὴ τοίνυν ἀπὸ τοῦ πολλὰ περιβάλλεσθαι νόμιζέ σοι προσγίνεσθαί τινα ἡδονὴν, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τοῦ μὴ θέλειν πλουτεῖν: ἐὰν δὲ ἐπιθυμῇς πλουτεῖν, οὐδέποτε παύσῃ μαστιζόμενος. Ἔρως γάρ ἐστιν οὗτος ἀτέλεστος, καὶ ὅσῳπερ ἂν πλείονα προέλθῃς ὁδὸν, τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον τοῦ τέλους ἀφέστηκας. Ἆρ' οὖν οὐκ αἴνιγμα τοῦτο καὶ παραπληξία καὶ ἐσχάτη μανία; Ἀποστῶμεν τοίνυν ἐκ πρώτης τῶν κακῶν: μᾶλλον δὲ μηδὲ ὅλως ἁψώμεθα τῆς τοιαύτης ἐπιθυμίας: κἂν ἁψώμεθα δὲ, ἐκ προοιμίων ἀποπηδήσωμεν: ὅπερ ὁ Παροιμιαστὴς παραινεῖ περὶ πόρνης γυναικὸς λέγων: Ἀποπήδησον, μὴ ἐγχρονίσῃς, καὶ μὴ ἔλθῃς ἐπὶ θύρας οἴκων αὐτῆς. Τοῦτό σοι καὶ ἐγὼ περὶ τῆς φιλοχρηματίας λέγω. Ἂν γὰρ ἐμπέσῃς κατὰ μικρὸν εἰς τὸ πέλαγος εἰσιὼν τῆς μανίας ἐκείνης, δυσκόλως ἐπανελθεῖν δυνήσῃ: καὶ καθάπερ ἐν τοῖς ἴλιγξι κἂν μυριάκις φιλονεικῇς, οὐ περιέσῃ ῥᾳδίως: οὕτω, καὶ πολλῷ χαλεπώτερον, εἰς τὸ βάθος τῆς ἐπιθυμίας ταύτης ἐμπεσὼν, ἀπολεῖς σεαυτὸν μετὰ τῶν ὄντων ἁπάντων. Διὸ, παρακαλῶ, τὴν ἀρχὴν φυλαττώμεθα, καὶ τὰ μικρὰ φύγωμεν κακά: τὰ γὰρ μεγάλα ἀπὸ τούτων τίκτεται. Ὁ γὰρ καθ' ἕκαστον ἁμάρτημα μαθὼν λέγειν, Οὐδὲν παρὰ τοῦτο, κατὰ μικρὸν πάντα ἀπολεῖ. Τοῦτο γοῦν τὴν κακίαν εἰσήγαγε, τοῦτο τὰς θύρας ἀνέῳξε τῷ λῃστῇ, τοῦτο τῆς πόλεως τὰ τείχη κατέβαλε, τὸ καθ' ἕκαστον λέγειν: Οὐδὲν παρὰ τοῦτο. Οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν σωμάτων τὰ μέγιστα αὔξεται νοσήματα, ὅταν τὰ μικρὰ καταφρονῆται. Ὁ Ἡσαῦ εἰ μὴ προέδωκε τὰ πρωτοτόκια, οὐκ ἂν ἀνάξιος ἐγένετο τῶν εὐλογιῶν: εἰ μὴ τῶν εὐλογιῶν ἀνάξιον ἑαυτὸν κατέστησεν, οὐκ ἂν εἰς ἀδελφοκτονίαν προελθεῖν ἐπεθύμησεν. Ὁ Κάϊν εἰ μὴ τῶν πρωτείων ἠράσθη, ἀλλὰ τῷ Θεῷ παρεχώρησε τούτων, οὐκ ἂν ἔσχε τὰ δευτερεῖα: τὰ δευτερεῖα ἔχων πάλιν, εἰ τῆς παραινέσεως ἤκουσεν, οὐκ ἂν ὤδινε τὸν φόνον: πάλιν τὸν φόνον ἐργασάμενος, εἰ πρὸς μετάνοιαν ἦλθε, τοῦ Θεοῦ καλοῦντος αὐτὸν, καὶ μὴ ἀναισχύντως ἀπεκρίνετο, οὐκ ἂν τὰ μετὰ ταῦτα ὑπέμεινε δεινά. Εἰ δὲ οἱ πρὸ τοῦ νόμου ἀπὸ τῆς ῥᾳθυμίας ταύτης κατὰ μικρὸν εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν πυθμένα τῆς κακίας ἦλθον, ἐννόησον τί πεισόμεθα ἡμεῖς οἱ πρὸς μείζονα καλούμενοι σκάμματα, ἂν μὴ μετὰ ἀκριβείας ἑαυτοῖς προσέχωμεν, καὶ τοὺς σπινθῆρας τῶν κακῶν, πρὶν ἢ τὴν πυρὰν ἀναφθῆναι, προλαβόντες σβεννύωμεν. Οἷόν τι λέγω: Ἐπιορκεῖς συνεχῶς; Μὴ πρὸς τοῦτο στῇς μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ ὀμνύναι ἄνελε, καὶ οὐ δεήσῃ πόνου λοιπόν: πολὺ γὰρ δυσκολώτερον, ὀμνύντα μὴ ἐπιορκεῖν, ἢ μηδὲ ὀμνύναι ὅλως. Ὑβριστὴς εἶ καὶ λοίδορος καὶ πλήκτης; Γράψον σεαυτῷ νόμον μὴ ὀργίζεσθαι μηδὲ κράζειν ὅλως, καὶ συναναιρεῖται τῇ ῥίζῃ καὶ ὁ καρπός. Λάγνος εἶ καὶ ἄσωτος; Τίθει σεαυτῷ πάλιν ὅρον, ὥστε μὴ ὁρᾷν εἰς γυναῖκα, μήτι δὲ εἰς τὸ θέατρον ἀναβαίνειν, μηδὲ ἐν ἀγορᾷ τὰ ἀλλότρια περιεργάζεσθαι κάλλη. Πολὺ γὰρ εὐκολώτερον, τὴν ἀρχὴν μηδὲ ἰδεῖν εὔμορφον γυναῖκα, ἢ θεασάμενον, καὶ δεξάμενον τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν, ἐκβάλλειν τὸν ἐκ ταύτης θόρυβον. Κουφότεροι γὰρ ἐν προοιμίοις οἱ ἀγῶνες: μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδὲ ἀγῶνος ἡμῖν δεῖ, ἂν μὴ τὰς θύρας ἀνοίξωμεν τῷ πολεμίῳ, μηδὲ τὰ σπέρματα τῆς κακίας δεξώμεθα. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς τὸν ἀκολάστως ὁρῶντα εἰς γυναῖκα ἐκόλασεν, ἵνα πλείονος ἡμᾶς ἀπαλλάξῃ πόνου, πρὶν ἢ γενέσθαι τὸν ἀνταγωνιστὴν ἰσχυρὸν κελεύων ἐκβάλλειν τῆς οἰκίας, ὅτε καὶ εὐκόλως ἐκβάλλεσθαι δύναται. Ποία γὰρ ἀνάγκη πράγματα ἔχειν περιττὰ, καὶ συμπλέκεσθαι τοῖς ἀνταγωνισταῖς, παρὸν χωρὶς συμπλοκῆς στῆσαι τὸ τρόπαιον, καὶ πρὸ τῆς πάλης ἁρπάσαι τὸ βραβεῖον; Οὐ γὰρ τοσοῦτος πόνος μὴ ὁρᾷν γυναῖκας ὡραίας, ὅσος πόνος ὁρῶντα κατέχειν: μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδὲ πόνος τὸ πρότερον ἂν εἴη, ἀλλὰ πολὺς ἱδρὼς καὶ μόχθος μετὰ τὸ ἰδεῖν ἐγγίνεται. θʹ. Ὅταν οὖν καὶ ὁ πόνος ἐλάττων ᾖ, μᾶλλον δὲ μηδὲ ὅλως ᾖ μόχθος τις μηδὲ πόνος, καὶ τὸ κέρδος μεῖζον, τί σπουδάζομεν εἰς τὸ πέλαγος ἐμπεσεῖν τῶν μυρίων κακῶν; Οὐδὲ γὰρ εὐκολώτερον μόνον ὁ μὴ ὁρῶν γυναῖκα, ἀλλὰ καὶ καθαρώτερον περιέσται τῆς τοιαύτης ἐπιθυμίας, ὥσπερ οὖν ὁ ὁρῶν καὶ μετὰ πόνου πλείονος, καὶ μετὰ κηλῖδός τινος ἀπαλλάττεται, ἐὰν ἄρα ποτὲ ἀπαλλαγῇ. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ μὴ ἰδὼν τὴν εὔμορφον ὄψιν, καὶ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας τῆς ἐντεῦθέν ἐστι καθαρός: ὁ δὲ ἐπιθυμήσας ἰδεῖν, πρότερον καταβαλὼν τὸν λογισμὸν, καὶ μολύνας αὐτὸν μυριάκις, τότε ἐκβάλλει τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας κηλῖδα, ἐὰν ἄρα ἐκβάλῃ. Διὰ δὴ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς, ἵνα μὴ ταῦτα πάσχωμεν, οὐ φόνον κωλύει μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὀργήν: οὐ μοιχείαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὄψιν ἀκόλαστον: οὐκ ἐπιορκίαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ ὀμνύναι καθόλου. Καὶ οὐδὲ ἐνταῦθα ἵσταται τοῦ μέτρου τῆς ἀρετῆς, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ταῦτα ἐνομοθέτησε, καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ μεῖζον πρόεισιν. Ἀποστήσας γὰρ τῶν φόνων, καὶ κελεύσας καθαρὸν εἶναι ὀργῆς, κελεύει καὶ πρὸς τὸ πάσχειν κακῶς ἕτοιμον εἶναι, καὶ μὴ τοσοῦτον παρεσκευάσθαι παθεῖν, ὅσον ὁ ἐπιβουλεύων βούλεται, ἀλλ' ὑπερβαίνειν περαιτέρω, καὶ νικᾷν αὐτοῦ τῆς μανίας τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῇ τῆς οἰκείας φιλοσοφίας περιουσίᾳ. Οὐδὲ γὰρ εἶπεν, Ἐάν τίς σε ῥαπίσῃ εἰς τὴν δεξιὰν σιαγόνα, φέρε γενναίως καὶ ἡσύχασον, ἀλλὰ προσέθηκε τούτῳ καὶ τὸ τὴν ἑτέραν αὐτῷ παρασχεῖν: Στρέψον γὰρ αὐτῷ, φησὶ, καὶ τὴν ἄλλην. Τοῦτο γὰρ ἡ λαμπρὰ νίκη, τὸ πλεῖον αὐτῷ παρασχεῖν ὧν βούλεται, καὶ τοὺς ὅρους τῆς πονηρᾶς ἐπιθυμίας αὐτοῦ τῇ δαψιλείᾳ τῆς οἰκείας ὑπερβῆναι μακροθυμίας. Οὕτω γοῦν καὶ τὴν ἐκείνου καταλύσεις μανίαν, καὶ τοῦ προτέρου λήψῃ μισθὸν ἐκ τοῦ δευτέρου, καὶ τὴν ἐπ' ἐκείνῳ καταλύσεις ὀργήν. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι πανταχοῦ τοῦ μὴ κακῶς πάσχειν ἡμεῖς ἐσμεν κύριοι, οὐχ οἱ ποιοῦντες ἡμᾶς; Μᾶλλον δὲ οὐ τοῦ μὴ πάσχειν κακῶς μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ παθεῖν εὖ αὐτοὶ τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἔχομεν: ὃ δὴ μάλιστά ἐστι θαυμαστὸν, ὅτι οὐ μόνον οὐκ ἀδικούμεθα, ἐὰν νήφωμεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ εὐεργετούμεθα καὶ δι' αὐτῶν ὧν ἀδικούμεθα παρ' ἑτέρων. Σκόπει δέ: Ὕβρισεν ὁ δεῖνα; Σὺ κύριος εἶ ποιῆσαι τὴν ὕβριν ταύτην ἐγκώμιον σόν. Ἂν μὲν γὰρ ἀνθυβρίσῃς, ἐπέτεινες τὴν αἰσχύνην: ἐὰν δὲ εὐλογήσῃς τὸν ὑβρικότα, πάντας ὄψει τοὺς παρόντας στεφανοῦντάς σε καὶ ἀνακηρύττοντας. Εἶδες πῶς δι' ὧν ἀδικούμεθα εὐεργετούμεθα, ἂν θέλωμεν; Τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ χρημάτων, τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ πληγῶν, τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων ἔστιν ἰδεῖν συμβαῖνον. Ἂν γὰρ τοῖς ἐναντίοις αὐτοὺς ἀμειβώμεθα, καὶ ὑπὲρ ὧν κακῶς ἐπάθομεν, καὶ ὑπὲρ ὧν εὐεργετοῦμεν, διπλοῦν ἑαυτοῖς ὑφαίνομεν στέφανον. Ὅταν τοίνυν ἐλθών τις εἴπῃ, ὅτι Ὁ δεῖνά σε ὕβρισε, καὶ κακῶς σε πρὸς ἅπαντας λέγων διατελεῖ, ἐπαίνεσον πρὸς τοὺς λέγοντας τὸν ὑβρικότα: οὕτω γὰρ, κἂν ἀμύνασθαι βουληθῇς, δυνήσῃ δίκην λαβεῖν. Οἱ γὰρ ἀκούοντες κἂν σφόδρα ἀνόητοι ὦσι, σὲ μὲν ἐπαινέσονται, μισήσουσι δὲ ἐκεῖνον ὡς θηρίου παντὸς χαλεπώτερον, ὅτι ὁ μὲν οὐδὲν ἠδικημένος ἐλύπησε, σὺ δὲ καὶ κακῶς παθὼν, τοῖς ἐναντίοις ἠμείψω. Καὶ τὰ εἰρημένα δὲ πάντα οὕτω δεῖξαι δυνήσῃ ἕωλα ὄντα. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ δακνόμενος τοῦ συνειδέναι τοῖς εἰρημένοις ἀπόδειξιν παρέχεται τὸ ἀλγεῖν: ὁ δὲ καταγελάσας, αὐτῷ τούτῳ παρὰ τοῖς παροῦσι πάσης ἑαυτὸν ἀπήλλαξεν ὑποψίας. Σκόπει τοίνυν πόσα ἐκ τούτου συλλέγεις καλά: πρότερον ἀπαλλάττεις σεαυτὸν θορύβου καὶ ταραχῆς: εἶτα δὲ, μᾶλλον τοῦτο κείσθω πρῶτον, κἂν ἁμαρτήματα ἔχῃς, καὶ ταῦτα ἀποδύσῃ, καθάπερ ὁ τελώνης τὴν τοῦ Φαρισαίου κατηγορίαν πράως ἐνεγκών. Πρὸς τούτοις, φιλόσοφον κατασκευάζεις σου τὴν ψυχὴν τῇ τοιαύτῃ μελέτῃ, καὶ μυρίων παρὰ πάντων ἀπολαύσεις ἐπαίνων, καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ τοῖς εἰρημένοις ὑποψίαν ἀποδύσῃ πᾶσαν. Εἰ δὲ καὶ ἐκεῖνον ἀμύνασθαι ἐπιθυμεῖς, καὶ τοῦτο ἐκ περιουσίας ἕψεται, καὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ κολάζοντος αὐτὸν ἀνθ' ὧν εἴρηκε, καὶ πρὸ τῆς κολάσεως ἐκείνης τῆς σῆς φιλοσοφίας ἀντὶ καιρίας αὐτῷ γινομένης πληγῆς. Οὐδὲν γὰρ οὕτω τοὺς ὑβρίζοντας ἡμᾶς δάκνειν εἴωθεν, ὡς τὸ τοὺς ὑβριζομένους ἡμᾶς τῶν ὕβρεων καταγελᾷν. Ὥσπερ οὖν ἐκ τοῦ φιλοσοφεῖν τοσαῦτα ἔσται καλὰ, οὕτως ἐκ τοῦ μικροψύχους εἶναι τὰ ἐναντία συμβήσεται ἅπαντα. Καὶ γὰρ ἑαυτοὺς καταισχύνομεν, καὶ ὑπεύθυνοι παρὰ τοῖς παροῦσι δοκοῦμεν εἶναι τοῖς λεγομένοις, καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν θορύβου πληροῦμεν, καὶ τὸν ἐχθρὸν εὐφραίνομεν, καὶ τὸν Θεὸν παροξύνομεν, καὶ τοῖς ἁμαρτήμασι προστίθεμεν τοῖς ἡμετέροις. Ταῦτα οὖν ἅπαντα ἐννοήσαντες, φύγωμεν τῆς μικροψυχίας τὸ βάραθρον, καὶ πρὸς τὸν λιμένα τῆς μακροθυμίας καταδράμωμεν, ἵνα καὶ ἐνταῦθα εὕρωμεν ἀνάπαυσιν ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἡμῶν, καθὼς καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς ἀπεφήνατο, καὶ τῶν μελλόντων ἐπιτύχωμεν ἀγαθῶν, χάριτι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, μεθ' οὗ τῷ Πατρὶ, ἅμα τῷ ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι, δόξα, κράτος, τιμὴ, νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ, καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.