With a heart still fermenting with my pain, I asked— 2    Two grounds are here given why this practice of grief for the departed is difficult to give up. One lies in the natural abhorrence of death, showing itself in two ways, viz. in our grief over others dying, and in recoiling from our own death, expressed by two evenly balanced sentences, οὔτε τῶν ὁρώντων…οἷς τε ἄν…; in the latter a second οὔτε might have been expected; but such an anacoluthon is frequent in dialogue. Oehler is wrong in giving to the second τε an intensive force, i.e. “much more.” The other ground lies in the attitude of the law towards death. How can that ever be practised by mankind? There is such an instinctive and deep-seated abhorrence of death in all! Those who look on a death-bed can hardly bear the sight; and those whom death approaches recoil from him all they can. Why, even the law that controls us puts death highest on the list of crimes, and highest on the list of punishments. By what device, then, can we bring ourselves to regard as nothing a departure from life even in the case of a stranger, not to mention that of relations, when so be they cease to live? We see before us the whole course of human life aiming at this one thing, viz. how we may continue in this life; indeed it is for this that houses have been invented by us to live in; in order that our bodies may not be prostrated in their environment3    Reading περιέχοντι: the same word is used below, “as long as the breath within was held in by the enveloping substance”(see p. 432, note 8). Here it means “the air”: as in Marcus Antoninus, Lib. iv. 39. by cold or heat. Agriculture, again, what is it but the providing of our sustenance? In fact all thought about how we are to go on living is occasioned by the fear of dying. Why is medicine so honoured amongst men? Because it is thought to carry on the combat with death to a certain extent by its methods. Why do we have corslets, and long shields, and greaves, and helmets, and all the defensive armour, and inclosures of fortifications, and iron-barred gates, except that we fear to die? Death then being naturally so terrible to us, how can it be easy for a survivor to obey this command to remain unmoved over friends departed?

Λ. Κἀγὼ περιζεούσης ἔτι μοι τῆς καρδίας τῇ λύπῃ Πῶς ἔστιν, εἶπον, ἐν ἀνθρώποις τοῦτο κατορθωθῆναι, οὕτως ἐν ἑκάστῳ φυσικοῦ τινος πρὸς τὸν θάνατον τῆς διαβολῆς ὑπαρχούσης, καὶ οὔτε τῶν ὁρώντων τοὺς ἀποθνήσκοντας εὐκόλως καταδεχομένων τὴν θέαν, οἷς τε ἂν προσίῃ ὁ θάνατος ἀποφευγόντων ἐφ' ὅσον οἷόν τε; Ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἐπικρατούντων νόμον ἔσχατον ἐν ἀδικίαις καὶ ἔσχατον ἐν τιμωρίαις τοῦτο κρινόντων, τίς μηχανὴ τὸ μηδὲν ἡγεῖσθαι τὴν τοῦ ζῇν ἀναχώρησιν, καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἔξω τινὸς μὴ ὅτι γε τῶν ἐπιτηδείων, ὅταν τοῦ βίου λήγωσιν; Ὁρῶμεν δὲ, εἶπον, καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην σπουδὴν πρὸς τοῦτο βλέπουσαν, ὅπως ἂν ἐν τῷ ζῇν διαμένοιμεν. Διὰ τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ οἶκοι πρὸς διαγωγὴν ἡμῖν ἐπινενόηνται, ὡς ἂν μὴ τῷ περιέχοντι διὰ ψύξεως ἢ θερμότητος καταπονοῖτο τὰ σώματα. Γεωπονία δὲ τί ἄλλο καὶ οὐχὶ τοῦ ζῇν ἐστι παρασκευή; Ἡ δὲ τῆς ζωῆς φροντὶς πάντως διὰ τὸν τοῦ θανάτου φόβον γίνεται. Ἡ δὲ ἰατρικὴ πόθεν τιμία τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἐστίν; Οὐκ ἐπειδὴ μάχεσθαί πως διὰ τῆς τέχνης δοκεῖ πρὸς τὸν θάνατον; Θώρακες δὲ, καὶ θυρεοὶ, καὶ κνημῖδες, καὶ κράνη, καὶ τὰ ἀμυντήρια τῶν ὅπλων, καὶ αἱ τῶν τειχῶν περιβολαὶ καὶ σιδηρόδετοι πύλαι, καὶ ἡ τῶν τάφρων ἀσφάλεια καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα, τί ἄλλο πλὴν διὰ τὸν τοῦ θανάτου γίνεται φόβον; Οὕτως οὖν ὄντος φοβεροῦ φυσικῶς τοῦ θανάτου, πῶς ἔστι ῥᾳδίως πεισθῆναι τῷ κελεύοντι ἄλυπον διαμένειν ἐπὶ τοῦ κατοιχομένου τὸν περιόντα;