Chapter II.

As, then, by the higher mystical ascent14    by the higher mystical ascent, ἀναγωγικῶς. The common reading was ἀναλογικῶς, which Hervetus and Morell have translated. But Krabinger, from all his Codd. but one, has rightly restored ἀναγωγικῶς. It is not “analogy,” but rather “induction,” that is here meant; i.e. the arguing from the known to the unknown, from the facts of human nature (τὰ καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς) to those of the Godhead, or from history to spiritual events. ᾽Αναγωγή is the chief instrument in Origen’s interpretation of the Bible; it is more important than allegory. It alone gives the “heavenly” meaning, as opposed to the moral and practical though still mystical (cf. Guericke, Hist. Schol. Catech. ii. p. 60) meaning. Speaking of the Tower of Babel, he says that there is a “riddle” in the account. “A competent exposition will have a more convenient season for dealing with this, when there is a direct necessity to explain the passage in its higher mystical meaning” (c. Cels. iv. p. 173). Gregory imitates his master in constantly thus dealing with the Old Testament, i.e. making inductions about the highest spiritual truths from the “history.” So Basil would treat the prophecies (in Isai. v. p. 948). Chrysostom, on the Songs of “Degrees” in the Psalms, says that they are so called because they speak of the going up from Babylon, according to history; but, according to their high mysticism, because they lift us into the way of excellence. Here Gregory uses the facts of human nature neither in the way of mere analogy nor of allegory: he argues straight from them, as one reality, to another reality almost of the same class, as it were, as the first, man being “in the image of God”; and so ἀναγωγή here comes nearer induction than anything else. from matters that concern ourselves to that transcendent nature we gain a knowledge of the Word, by the same method we shall be led on to a conception of the Spirit, by observing in our own nature certain shadows and resemblances of His ineffable power. Now in us the spirit (or breath) is the drawing of the air, a matter other than ourselves, inhaled and breathed out for the necessary sustainment of the body. This, on the occasion of uttering the word, becomes an utterance which expresses in itself the meaning of the word. And in the case of the Divine nature it has been deemed a point of our religion that there is a Spirit of God, just as it has been allowed that there is a Word of God, because of the inconsistency of the Word of God being deficient as compared with our word, if, while this word of ours is contemplated in connection with spirit, that other Word were to be believed to be quite unconnected with spirit. Not indeed that it is a thought proper to entertain of Deity, that after the manner of our breath something foreign from without flows into God, and in Him becomes the Spirit; but when we think of God’s Word we do not deem the Word to be something unsubstantial, nor the result of instruction, nor an utterance of the voice, nor what after being uttered passes away, nor what is subject to any other condition such as those which are observed in our word, but to be essentially self-subsisting, with a faculty of will ever-working, all-powerful. The like doctrine have we received as to God’s Spirit; we regard it as that which goes with the Word and manifests its energy, and not as a mere effluence of the breath; for by such a conception the grandeur of the Divine power would be reduced and humiliated, that is, if the Spirit that is in it were supposed to resemble ours. But we conceive of it as an essential power, regarded as self-centred in its own proper person, yet equally incapable of being separated from God in Whom it is, or from the Word of God whom it accompanies, as from melting into nothingness; but as being, after the likeness of God’s Word, existing as a person15    καθ᾽ ὑπόστασιν. Ueberweg (Hist. of Philosophy, vol. i. 329) remarks: “That the same argumentation, which in the last analysis reposes only on the double sense of ὑπόστασις (viz. : (a) real subsistence; (b) individually independent, not attributive subsistence), could be used with reference to each of the Divine attributes, and so for the complete restoration of polytheism, Gregory leaves unnoticed.” Yet Gregory doubtless was well aware of this, for he says, just below, that even a severe study of the mystery can only result in a moderate amount of apprehension of it., able to will, self-moved, efficient, ever choosing the good, and for its every purpose having its power concurrent with its will.

[2] Ὥσπερ δὲ τὸν λόγον ἐκ τῶν καθ' ἡμᾶς ἀναγωγικῶς ἐπὶ τῆς ὑπερκειμένης ἔγνωμεν φύσεως, κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ τῇ περὶ τοῦ πνεύματος ἐννοίᾳ προσαχθησόμεθα, σκιάς τινας καὶ μιμήματα τῆς ἀφράστου δυνάμεως ἐν τῇ καθ' ἡμᾶς θεωροῦντες φύσει. ἀλλ' ἐφ' ἡμῶν μὲν τὸ πνεῦμα ἡ τοῦ ἀέρος ἐστὶν ὁλκή, ἀλλοτρίου πράγματος πρὸς τὴν τοῦ σώματος σύστασιν ἀναγκαίως εἰσελκομένου τε καὶ προχεομένου, ὅπερ ἐν τῷ καιρῷ τῆς ἐκφωνήσεως τοῦ λόγου φωνὴ γίνεται, τὴν τοῦ λόγου δύναμιν ἐν ἑαυτῇ φανεροῦσα. ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς θείας φύσεως τὸ μὲν εἶναι πνεῦμα θεοῦ εὐσεβὲς ἐνομίσθη, καθὼς ἐδόθη καὶ λόγον εἶναι θεοῦ διὰ τὸ μὴ δεῖν ἐλλιπέστερον τοῦ ἡμετέρου λόγου τὸν τοῦ θεοῦ εἶναι λόγον, εἴπερ τούτου μετὰ πνεύματος θεωρουμένου ἐκεῖνος δίχα πνεύματος εἶναι πιστεύοιτο. οὐ μὴν ἀλλότριόν τι καθ' ὁμοιότητα τοῦ ἡμετέρου πνεύματος ἔξωθεν ἐπιρρεῖν τῷ θεῷ καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ γίνεσθαι τὸ πνεῦμα θεοπρεπές ἐστιν οἴεσθαι: ἀλλ' ὡς θεοῦ λόγον ἀκούσαντες οὐκ ἀνυπόστατόν τι πρᾶγμα τὸν λόγον ᾠήθημεν, οὐδὲ ἐκ μαθήσεως ἐγγινόμενον, οὔτε διὰ φωνῆς προφαινόμενον, οὔτε μετὰ τὸ προενεχθῆναι διαλυόμενον, οὐδὲ ἄλλο τι πάσχοντα τοιοῦτον, οἷα περὶ τὸν ἡμέτερον λόγον θεωρεῖται πάθη, ἀλλ' οὐσιωδῶς ὑφεστῶτα, προαιρετικόν τε καὶ ἐνεργὸν καὶ παντοδύναμον: οὕτως καὶ πνεῦμα μεμαθηκότες θεοῦ, τὸ συμπαρομαρτοῦν τῷ λόγῳ καὶ φανεροῦν αὐτοῦ τὴν ἐνέργειαν, οὐ πνοὴν ἄσθματος ἐννοοῦμεν: ἦ γὰρ ἂν καθαιροῖτο πρὸς ταπεινότητα τὸ μεγαλεῖον τῆς θείας δυνάμεως, εἰ καθ' ὁμοιότητα τοῦ ἡμετέρου καὶ τὸ ἐν αὐτῷ πνεῦμα ὑπονοοῖτο: ἀλλὰ δύναμιν οὐσιώδη αὐτὴν ἐφ' ἑαυτῆς ἐν ἰδιαζούσῃ ὑποστάσει θεωρουμένην, οὔτε χωρισθῆναι τοῦ θεοῦ, ἐν ᾧ ἔστιν, ἢ τοῦ λόγου τοῦ θεοῦ, ᾧ παρομαρτεῖ, δυναμένην: οὔτε πρὸς τὸ ἀνύπαρκτον ἀναχεομένην, ἀλλὰ καθ' ὁμοιότητα τοῦ θεοῦ λόγου καθ' ὑπόστασιν οὖσαν, προαιρετικήν, αὐτοκίνητον, ἐνεργόν, πάντοτε τὸ ἀγαθὸν αἱρουμένην καὶ πρὸς πᾶσαν πρόθεσιν σύνδρομον ἔχουσαν τῇ βουλήσει τὴν δύναμιν.