he routed them and pursued with all his might and killed very many Bulgarians. Not long after, he campaigned against them by sea and by land. So those with the ships, numbering up to five hundred, having sailed out through the Euxine Sea and come to the Ister river, both burned the lands of the Bulgarians and took not a few captives; while he himself, having joined battle with them at the so-called Marcellae (this is a fort situated very near the Bulgarians), put them to flight 67 and killed many of them. After this, they, having suffered defeat, sent embassies concerning peace, offering hostages from their own children. In addition to this, it is not right to pass over the following now. The season of autumn was at hand, and in it the weather became wintry and in truth cold and very harsh, so that the sight of the liquid substance, from the freezing that occurred around it, presented a strange and extraordinary spectacle to those who then saw it, not only in the fresh waters, but, what is more paradoxical, prevailing even over the salty quality, and in very many other places throughout the world, and not least it froze most terribly both the far northern and arctic regions. And it thickened and froze to such an extent that the open water of the Euxine Sea was turned to crystal for about a hundred miles out, then also the very largest and most numerous of the rivers flowing into it, and moreover the coastal area running towards the city of Mesembria and Medea were turned to stone along with the ice, as this freezing reached a depth of up to thirty cubits; on top of this an unspeakable amount of snow fell, raising the height of the ice above the surface by about another twenty cubits, and the sea somehow became joined to the land, so that it was not easy to distinguish which was separate from the other. And so all the water to the north that had become land allowed those who wished to walk over its back, and everything there was passable, both in the borderlands of the Khazars and among the neighboring Scythian peoples, and this was so 68 not only for men but also for cattle and other animals; and the Pontic Sea at that time thus became unnavigable. And after some days had passed, that immense mass of ice broke up into different sections, which rose to such a height as to seem to be exceedingly high mountains. Some parts of these, breaking off and driven by the force of the winds, ran aground at Daphnousia, a very strong fort of the Pontic district, and rushed down as far as the mouth of the Euxine; and massing together in the narrow passage there, having filled the strait between, they joined the continents on either side, both Thrace and Asia, to each other, so that whoever wished could cross from one to the other on foot rather than by boat. Driven from there, they poured through the Propontis as far as Abydos, which thereafter was not even suspected of being a sea. One of these, breaking away, crashed against the acropolis of Byzantium and shook the wall there so that even the inhabitants inside shared in the shaking. And this, being split into three, filled the shores on either side of the acropolis. And their height rose above the city walls, and over them some people crossed on foot from the acropolis to the opposite side, where the so-called fort of Galata is established. These things caused the greatest astonishment to the people of the city; for being at a loss due to the paradoxical and unexpected nature of the sight, they were overcome with much wailing and tears and departed from there. After not a little time had passed, tribes of the Sclaveni, having migrated from their own land, cross the Euxine as fugitives. and their multitude amounted to the number 69 of two hundred and eight thousand. and they settled themselves by the river that is called Artanas. And the affairs concerning the Hunnic Bulgarians were conducted thus. These, having made an agreement among themselves, the one party

ἐτρέψατο καὶ ἐδίωκεν ἀνὰ κράτος καὶ πλείστους Βουλγάρους ἀνεῖλε. μετ' οὐ πολὺ πλοῒ καὶ πεζῇ κατ' αὐτῶν ἐστράτευεν. οἱ γοῦν τὰς ναῦς ἔχοντες ἄχρι καὶ εἰς πεντακοσίους τὸν ἀριθμὸν συντελούσας, διὰ τοῦ Εὐξείνου ἐκπλεύσαντες καὶ πρὸς τῷ Ἴστρῳ γενόμενοι ποταμῷ χώρας τε Βουλγάρων ἐπίμπρασαν καὶ δοριαλώτους οὐκ ὀλίγους εἷλον· αὐτὸς δὲ μάχῃ συμμίξας αὐτοῖς κατὰ τὰς λεγομένας Μαρκέλλας (φρούριον δὲ τοῦτο πλησιαίτατα Βουλγάρων κείμενον) εἰς φυγὴν ἐτρέ 67 ψατο καὶ πολλοὺς αὐτῶν ἔκτεινεν. ἐντεῦθεν ἐκεῖνοι τὸ ἧττον ἀπενεγκάμενοι περὶ εἰρήνης διεπρεσβεύοντο ἐκ τῶν οἰκείων τέκνων ὁμήρους προϊέμενοι. Ἔτι πρὸς τούτοις οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνο νῦν παραδραμεῖν ἄξιον. ὥρα ἐνέστηκε φθινοπώρου, καὶ ἐν αὐτῇ χειμέριον γίνεται τὸ κατάστημα καὶ τῷ ὄντι κρυερὸν καὶ δριμύτατον, ὡς ξένην τινὰ καὶ ἐξαίσιον τοῖς τηνικαῦτα ὁρῶσιν ἀποτελέσαι τῆς ὑγρᾶς οὐσίας ἐκ τῆς περὶ αὐτὴν συμβάσης πήξεως τὴν θέαν, οὐκ ἐν τοῖς γλυκέσιν ὕδασι μόνον, ἀλλὰ, τὸ δὴ παραδοξότερον, καὶ κατὰ τῆς ἁλμυρᾶς ἰσχῦσαν ποιότητος, καὶ ἐν ἄλλοις μὲν πλείστοις τοῖς ἀνὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην τόποις, οὐχ ἥκιστα δὲ τά τε ὑπερβόρεια καὶ προσάρκτια καταπῆξαν δεινότατα. ἐπὶ τοσοῦτο δὲ κατεπυκνοῦτο καὶ διεπήγνυεν ὥστε τὴν ὑπερπόντιον τοῦ Εὐξείνου θάλασσαν ἐπὶ σημείοις ἑκατόν που ἀποκρυσταλλωθῆναι κατὰ τὸ πέλαγος, εἶτα καὶ τοὺς ὑπερκειμένους μεγίστους ὅτι μάλιστα καὶ πλείστους ποταμῶν, καὶ ἔτι τὸν ἐπὶ Μεσήμβρειαν καὶ Μήδειαν πόλιν ἐρχόμενον παράκτιον χῶρον τῷ πάγει συναποπετρωθῆναι, διὰ βάθους χωρησάσης τῆς τοιαύτης πήξεως ἄχρι καὶ εἰς τριάκοντα πήχεις· ἐπὶ τούτοις ἀφάτου καταρραγείσης χιόνος εἰς ὕψος διαρθῆναι τὸ κρύος ὑπερανεστηκὸς τῆς ἐπιφανείας μέχρι πηχῶν που ἄλλων εἴκοσι, καί πως συμφυῆναι τῇ ἠπείρῳ τὴν θάλασσαν ὡς μηδὲ διακρῖναι ῥᾳδίως ποτέρα ἑτέρας ἀποκέκριται. οὕτω τε ἅπαν τὸ πρὸς ἄρκτους ἠπειρωθὲν ὕδωρ πεζεύειν κατὰ νώτου συνεχώρει τοῖς βουλομένοις, βάσιμά τε ἦν τὰ ἐκείνῃ ἅπαντα, ὅσα τε ἐν τοῖς τῶν Χαζάρων γῆς μεθορίοις καὶ τοῖς πλησιοχώροις Σκυθικοῖς ἔθνεσι, καὶ οὐκ 68 ἀνθρώποις μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ κτήνεσι καὶ ζῴοις ἑτέροις γενόμενα· ἄπλωτον δὲ ἤδη ἐντεῦθεν γενέσθαι τὴν Ποντικὴν τότε θάλασσαν. ἡμέραις δέ τισι διιππευούσαις καὶ ὁ ἄπλετος ἐκεῖνος τοῦ παγέτου ὁλκὸς εἰς διάφορα συρρήγνυται τμήματα, ἅπερ εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕψος ἀνέσχεν ὡς ὄρη δοκεῖν εἶναι ὑπερύψηλα. τούτων ἀπορραγέντα μέρη τινὰ καὶ τῇ βίᾳ τῶν πνευμάτων συνωθούμενα πρός τε ∆αφνουσίαν, φρούριον [ὄν] τι τῆς Ποντικῆς μοίρας ἐρυμνότατον τυγχάνον, ἐξοκέλλουσι καὶ ἄχρι τοῦ στομίου τοῦ Εὐξείνου κατέρρουσι· συστραφέντα δὲ πρὸς ἑαυτὰ κατὰ τὸν αὐτόθι στενὸν πόρον, τὸν μεταξὺ πορθμὸν πληρώσαντα τὰς ἑκατέρωθεν ἠπείρους, τήν τε Θρᾴκην καὶ τὴν Ἀσιάτιδα, ἀλλήλαις συνήνωσαν, ὡς ἐξ ἑκατέρας πρὸς θατέραν πεζῇ μᾶλλον ἢ πλοῒ διαπεραιοῦσθαι ἐξεῖναι τῷ βουλομένῳ. ἐκεῖθεν συνωθούμενα ἀνὰ τὴν Προποντίδα μέχρις Ἀβύδου ἐξεχύθησαν, ἥπερ δὴ οὐδὲ θάλασσα εἶναι τὸ λοιπὸν ὑπωπτεύετο. τούτων ἓν ἀποσπασθὲν τῇ ἀκροπόλει τοῦ Βυζαντίου προσαράσσεται καὶ τὸ αὐτόθι τεῖχος περιέσεισεν ὡς καὶ τοὺς ἔνδον οἰκοῦντας συμμετασχεῖν τοῦ σάλου. καὶ τοῦτο τριχῇ διαιρεθὲν παρ' ἑκάτερα μέρη τῆς ἀκροπόλεως τὰς ἀκτὰς ἐμπίπλησι. τὸ δὲ ὕψος αὐτοῖς τῶν τῆς πόλεως τειχῶν ὑπερανέστηκε, δι' αὐτῶν τέ τινες ἐξ ἀκροπόλεως πρὸς τὸ ἀντικρύ, ἐν οἷς τῶν Γαλάτου λεγόμενον ἵδρυται φρούριον, πεζῇ διεπεραιοῦντο. ταῦτα ἔκπληξιν μεγίστην τοῖς τῆς πόλεως ἐνεποίει· τῷ παραδόξῳ γὰρ καὶ ἀδοκήτῳ τῆς θέας ἐν ἀπορίᾳ γενόμενοι θρήνοις καὶ δάκρυσι πλείστοις συνεχόμενοι ἐνθένδε ἀπηλλάσσοντο. Χρόνων δὲ οὐκ ὀλίγων διελθόντων, Σκλαβηνῶν γένη τῆς ἑαυτῶν μεταναστάντα γῆς φυγάδες διαπερῶσι τὸν Εὔξεινον. συνετέλει δὲ αὐτῶν τὸ πλῆθος ἄχρι καὶ εἰς ἀριθμὸν 69 ὀκτὼ καὶ διακοσίας χιλιάδας. καὶ πρὸς τὸν ποταμὸν ὃς Ἀρτάνας καλεῖται αὐτοὶ κατοικίζονται. Τὰ δὲ κατὰ τοὺς Οὔννους Βουλγάρους ἐπράττετο τῇδε. οὗτοι τὰ πρὸς ἀλλήλους συνθέμενοι τοὺς μὲν