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De magistratibus populi Romani

BY THE SAME AUTHOR, ON THE MAGISTRACIES That the later rulers of the Roman state were formerly priests is unknown to no one, Tyrrhenus having migrated from Lydia to the west and having taught the Lydian rites to those then called Etruscans—a Sicanian people—whom it happened were renamed Thusci from their practice of divination; and we know that we have mentioned these things at length in the first book of the treatise written by us On the Months. For King Numa took the insignia of the magistrates from the Thusci and introduced them into the state, just as he also took the invincibility of their arms from the Gauls. And witnesses to these things are both Capito and Fonteius, from whom also the most learned Varro—all Romans—and after them Sallust, the historian, who clearly instructs us on this in his First History. So it remains to narrate concerning the civil magistracies and that from the priestly order they were transformed into a civil form. Let no one therefore judge us to be at variance with what has been previously stated, unless perhaps, being devoid of logical certainty, he should out of envy change praise to blame. And that a certain Gracchianus also wrote about these things long ago, we know from the reports of the legal writers; but nowhere, perhaps, are the writings themselves preserved, time in any case having both produced and concealed them.

4 ON CIVIL MAGISTRACIES CHAPTERS OF THE FIRST BOOK A

How much time elapsed from the arrival of Aeneas in Italy until the founding of Rome, and how much from then was the period of the kings, and how much that of the consuls until Caesar, and from him how much until Constantine, and from him how much until the death of the emperor Anastasius. B what is the difference between a rex and a tyrant and a basileus; and what the dignity of Caesar and autocrator signifies, and what the name Quirinus means. G that Romulus and those with him spoke the Aeolic dialect; that one must not call the kings of the Romans despots; concerning the insignia of the rex; what is a toga and a trabea; why the Romans call the king's chair a solium. D why some call crests tufts. E why the Romans call shields scuta and clipea and parmae, and what is the difference between these; that from Aeneas the Roman army received the practice of being thus equipped, as even now those called excubitores are; why they call the imperial baggage-train an attensio. 6 the first promotion, the Master of the Horse, and that in his place the praetorian prefect was appointed. Z the second promotion, the patricians, and for what reason antiquity called them patres conscripti; what kind of tunic is the so-called paragaudes; in which also concerning the so-called campagi; what the so-called tituli signify, and that the senators of old were ambitious; whence the ancients used two and three names. H the third promotion, the quaestors, and that a quaestor is one thing, and a quaesitor another; concerning the consulship and its insignia. 6 Th the fourth promotion, the so-called decemviral power. I the fifth promotion, the so-called dictatorship, and what the name signifies, and how many dictators there were in all, and until when. IA the sixth promotion, the so-called censorship; in which also concerning comedy and tragedy, and when they became known to the Romans; why the Romans in their ancestral tongue call profligates and grandsons by the same name, nepotes. IB the seventh promotion, the tribuneship; when the so-called capita were given to the soldiers and why they are called capita; concerning those under arms

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De magistratibus populi Romani

ΤΟΥ͂ ΑΤΟΥ͂ ΠΕΡῚ ἘΞΟΥΣΙΩ͂Ν Ἱερέας γενέσθαι τὸ πρὶν τοὺς ὕστερον ἄρχοντας τοῦ Ῥωμαίων πολιτεύματος οὐδενὶ τῶν πάντων ἠγνόηται, Τυρρηνοῦ ἐπὶ τὴν ἐσπέραν ἐκ τῆς Λυδίας μεταναστάντος τοὺς τότε καλουμένους Ἐτρούσκους ἔθνος δὲ ἦν Σικανόν τὰς Λυδῶν τελετὰς διδάξαντος, οὓς ἐκ τῆς θυοσκοπίας Θούσκους συμβέβηκε μετονομασθῆναι· καὶ τούτων εἰς πλάτος ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ τῆς Περὶ Μηνῶν γραφείσης ἡμῖν πραγματείας ἴσμεν μνημονεύσαντες. τὰ γὰρ ἐπίσημα τῶν ἀρχόντων ἀπὸ Θούσκων λαβὼν ὁ βασιλεὺς Νουμᾶς τῇ πολιτείᾳ εἰσήγαγεν, ὥσπερ καὶ τῶν ὅπλων τὸ δύσμαχον ἀπὸ Γαλατῶν. καὶ μάρτυρες μὲν τούτων ὅ τε Καπίτων καὶ Φοντήϊος, ἐξ ὧν καὶ ὁ διδασκαλικώτατος Οὐάρρων, Ῥωμαῖοι πάντες, μεθ' οὓς Σαλλούστιος οὗτος, ὁ ἱστορικός, ἐπὶ τῆς Πρώτης Ἱστορίας σαφῶς ἀναδιδάσκει. ὥστε ὑπόλοιπον περὶ τῶν πολιτικῶν ἀφηγήσασθαι ἐξουσιῶν καὶ ὅτι ἀπὸ ἱερατικῆς τάξεως ἐπὶ τὸ πολιτικὸν μετεφύησαν σχῆμα. μὴ οὖν ἡμᾶς ἀλλοίους πρὸς τὰ πάλαι δοθέντα κρίνοι τις, πλὴν εἰ μὴ τυχὸν ἀπηχὲς λογικῆς ἀσφαλείας ὑφιστάμενος φθόνῳ τὸν ἔπαινον μεταβάλοι. ὅτι δὲ καὶ Γρακχιανός τις πάλαι περὶ τούτων ἔγραφεν, ἴσμεν τοὺς νομογράφους ἀναφέροντας· οὐδαμοῦ δὲ τὰ γραφέντα φέρεται ἴσως αὐτά, πάντως δὲ καὶ αὐτὰ τοῦ χρόνου τεκόντος ἅμα καὶ κρύψαντος.

4 ΠΕΡῚ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΩ͂Ν ἈΡΧΩ͂Ν ΚΕΦΆΛΑΙΑ ΤΟΥ͂ ΠΡΏΤΟΥ ΛΌΓΟΥ Α

Πόσος ἀνύεται χρόνος ἀπὸ τῆς Αἰνείου ἐπὶ τὴν Ἰταλίαν παρόδου ἕως κτίσεως Ῥώμης, καὶ πόσος ἀπ' αὐτῆς γέγονεν ὁ τῶν ῥηγῶν, καὶ πόσος ὁ τῶν ὑπάτων ἕως Καίσαρος, καὶ ἐξ αὐτοῦ πόσος ἄχρι Κωνσταντίνου, ἐξ οὗ πόσος ἄχρι τῆς Ἀναστασίου βασιλέως τελευτῆς. Β τίς ἡ διαφορὰ τοῦ ῥηγὸς καὶ τοῦ τυράννου καὶ τοῦ βασιλέως· καὶ Καίσαρος καὶ αὐτοκράτορος ἀξίωμα τί σημαίνει καὶ τί τὸ Κυρῖνον ὄνομα. Γ ὅτι Ῥωμύλος καὶ οἱ κατ' αὐτὸν τῇ Αἰολίδι ἐφθέγγοντο φωνῇ· ὅτι οὐ δεῖ τοὺς Ῥωμαίων βασιλέας δεσπότας ἀποκαλεῖν· περὶ τῶν ἐπισήμων τοῦ ῥηγός· τί ἐστι τόγα καὶ τραβέα· διὰ τί Ῥωμαῖοι τὴν βασιλέως καθέδραν σόλιον προσαγορεύουσιν. ∆ διὰ τί τὰς λοφιάς τινες τούφας καλοῦσιν. Ε διὰ τί τὰς ἀσπίδας σκοῦτα καὶ κλίπεα καὶ πάρμας οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι καλοῦσι καὶ τίς ἡ διαφορὰ τούτων· ὅτι ἀπὸ Αἰνείου παρέλαβεν ὁ Ῥωμαϊκὸς στρατὸς οὕτω στέλλεσθαι, ὡς ἔτι καὶ νῦν οἱ καλούμενοι ἐκσκουβίτωρες, διὰ τί τὴν βασιλικὴν ὑποζύγιον βασταγὴν ἀττηνσίωνα καλοῦσιν. ς πρώτη προαγωγὴ ὁ ἵππαρχος, καὶ ὅτι εἰς τόπον αὐτοῦ ὁ τῶν πραιτωρίων ὕπαρχος προεβλήθη. Ζ δευτέρα προαγωγὴ οἱ πατρίκιοι, καὶ τίνος χάριν πάτρης κωνσκρίπτους αὐτοὺς ἡ ἀρχαιότης ἐκάλεσεν· ποῖον εἶδος χιτῶνος ὁ λεγόμενος παραγαύδης· ἐν ᾧ καὶ περὶ τῶν λεγομένων καμπαγίων· τί σημαίνουσιν οἱ λεγόμενοι τίτλοι, καὶ ὅτι φιλότιμοι ἐτύγχανον οἱ πάλαι συγκλητικοί· πόθεν διώνυμοι καὶ τριώνυμοι οἱ ἀρχαῖοι ἐχρημάτιζον. Η τρίτη προαγωγὴ οἱ κυαίστωρες καὶ ὅτι ἕτερον μὲν κυαίστωρ, ἕτερον δὲ κυαισίτωρ· περὶ τῆς ὑπατείας καὶ τῶν αὐτῆς ἐπισήμων. 6 Θ τετάρτη προαγωγὴ ἡ κληθεῖσα δεκανδρικὴ ἐξουσία. Ι πέμπτη προαγωγὴ ἡ καλουμένη δικτατοῦρα, καὶ τί σημαίνει τὸ ὄνομα, πόσοι τε γεγόνασιν οἱ πάντες δικτάτωρες καὶ ἕως τίνος. ΙΑ ἕκτη προαγωγὴ ἡ καλουμένη κηνσοῦρα· ἐν ᾧ καὶ περὶ κωμῳδίας καὶ τραγῳδίας, καὶ πότε Ῥωμαίοις ἐγνώσθησαν· διὰ τί Ῥωμαῖοι τοὺς ἀσώτους ἅμα καὶ τοὺς ἐγγόνους ὁμωνύμως καλοῦσι πατρίως νέπωτας. ΙΒ ἑβδόμη προαγωγὴ ἡ δημαρχία· πότε ἐδόθη τοῖς στρατιώταις τὰ λεγόμενα κάπιτα καὶ διὰ τί κάπιτα λέγεται· περὶ τῶν ἐν ὅπλοις