Letter I.1    Placed in 357.

To Eustathius the Philosopher.2    Another ms. reading is “To Eustathius, Presbyter of Antioch.”  The Benedictine note is “Eustathius was not a Presbyter, but a heathen, as is indicated by Basil’s words, ‘Are not these things work of fate,—of necessity, as you would say?’”

Much distressed as I was by the flouts of what is called fortune, who always seems to be hindering my meeting you, I was wonderfully cheered and comforted by your letter, for I had already been turning over in my mind whether what so many people say is really true, that there is a certain Necessity or Fate which rules all the events of our lives both great and small, and that we human beings have control over nothing; or, that at all events, all human life is driven by a kind of luck.3    The word τύχη does not occur in the N.T.  You will be very ready to forgive me for these reflexions, when you learn by what causes I was led to make them.

On hearing of your philosophy, I entertained a feeling of contempt for the teachers of Athens, and left it.  The city on the Hellespont I passed by, more unmoved than any Ulysses, passing Sirens’ songs.4    ὡς ουδεὶς ᾽Οδυσσεύς.  The Ben. translation is “citius quam quisquam Ulysses.”  But the reason of the escape of Ulysses was not his speed, but his stopping the ears of his crew with wax and tying himself to the mast.  cf. Hom. Od. xii. 158.  The “city on the Hellespont,” is, according to the Ben. note, Constantinople; but Constantinople is more than 100 m. from the Dardanelles, and Basil could hardly write so loosely.

Asia5    Apparently not the Roman Province of Asia, but what we call Asia Minor, a name which came into use in Basil’s century.  The “metropolis” is supposed to mean Cæsarea. I admired; but I hurried on to the capital of all that is best in it.  When I arrived home, and did not find you,—the prize which I had sought so eagerly,—there began many and various unexpected hindrances.  First I must miss you because I fell ill; then when you were setting out for the East I could not start with you; then, after endless trouble, I reached Syria, but I missed the philosopher, who had set out for Egypt.  Then I must set out for Egypt, a long and weary way, and even there I did not gain my end.  But so passionate was my longing that I must either set out for Persia, and proceed with you to the farthest lands of barbarism, (you had got there; what an obstinate devil possessed me!) or settle here at Alexandria.  This last I did.  I really think that unless, like some tame beast, I had followed a bough held out to me till I was quite worn out, you would have been driven on and on beyond Indian Nyssa,6    Νύσιος=᾽Ινδικός.  cf. Soph. Aj. 707.  Nyssa was in the Punjab. or any more remote region, and wandered about out there.  Why say more?

On returning home, I cannot meet you, hindered by lingering ailments.  If these do not get better I shall not be able to meet you even in the winter.  Is not all this, as you yourself say, due to Fate?  Is not this Necessity?  Does not my case nearly outdo poets’ tales of Tantalus?  But, as I said, I feel better after getting your letter, and am now no longer of the same mind.  When God gives good things I think we must thank Him, and not be angry with Him while He is controlling their distribution.  So if He grant me to join you, I shall think it best and most delightful; if He put me off, I will gently endure the loss.  For He always rules our lives better than we could choose for ourselves.

ΕΥΣΤΑΘΙῼ ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦῼ

[1] Ἀπειρηκότα με ἤδη πρὸς τὰς παρὰ τῆς τύχης ἐπηρείας, παρ' ἧς ἀεί τι πρὸς τὸ μὴ συγγενέσθαι σοι ἐμπόδιον γέγονε, θαυμαστῶς πως ἀνεκαλέσω καὶ παρεμυθήσω τοῖς γράμμασι. Καὶ γάρ πως ἤδη καὶ κατ' ἐμαυτὸν ἔστρεφον μή ποτε ἀληθές ἐστι τὸ παρὰ τῶν πολλῶν θρυλούμενον, ὅτι ἀνάγκη τίς ἐστι καὶ εἱμαρμένη ἡ καὶ τὰ μικρὰ καὶ τὰ μείζω τῶν ἡμετέρων ἄγουσα, αὐτοὶ δὲ οὐδενός ἐσμεν οἱ ἄνθρωποι κύριοι: ἤ, εἰ μὴ τοῦτο, τύχη τις πάντως τὸν ἀνθρώπινον ἐλαύνει βίον. Καὶ τούτων πολλὴν συγγνώμην ἕξεις τῶν λογισμῶν, ἐπειδὰν τὰς αἰτίας ὑφ' ὧν εἰς αὐτοὺς προήχθην μάθῃς. Ἐγὼ κατέλιπον τὰς Ἀθήνας κατὰ φήμην τῆς σῆς φιλοσοφίας ὑπεριδὼν τῶν ἐκεῖ. Παρέδραμον δὲ τὴν ἐφ' Ἑλλησπόντῳ πόλιν ὡς οὐδεὶς Ὀδυσσεὺς Σειρήνων μέλη. Καὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν ἐθαύμασα μέν, πρὸς δὲ τὴν μητρόπολιν τῶν ἐν αὐτῇ καλῶν ἠπειγόμην. Ἐπεὶ δὲ κατέλαβον τὴν πατρίδα καὶ σὲ ἐν αὐτῇ τὸ μέγα ὄφελος ζητήσας οὐχ εὗρον, ἐντεῦθέν μοι λοιπὸν αἱ πολλαὶ καὶ ποικίλαι ἀφορμαὶ τῶν ἀδοκήτων ἐπιγεγόνασι κωλυμάτων. Ἢ γὰρ ἀσθενεῖν πάντως ἔδει καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἀπολείπεσθαι, ἢ ἐπὶ τὴν ἑῴαν βαδίζοντι συναπαίρειν μὴ δύνασθαι, ὀψὲ δέ ποτε μυρίοις πόνοις τὴν Συρίαν καταλαβόντα οὐκ ἔχειν συνεῖναι τῷ φιλοσόφῳ πρὸς Αἰγυπτίους ἀπάραντι. Πάλιν οὖν ἔδει Αἴγυπτόνδε ἰέναι, δολιχὴν ὁδὸν ἀργαλέην τε, καὶ οὐδ' ἐνταῦθα τὸ σπουδαζόμενον ἔχειν. Ἀλλ' οὕτω δύσερως ἦν ὥστε ἢ τὴν ἐπὶ Πέρσας βαδίζειν ἔδει καὶ συμπροϊέναι εἰς ὅτι μήκιστον τῆς βαρβάρων (ἦλθες γὰρ κἀκεῖσε, τοσαύτη τις ἦν φιλονεικία τοῦ δαίμονος), ἢ αὐτοῦ καθῆσθαι ἐπὶ τῆς Ἀλεξάνδρου, ὅπερ οὖν καὶ συνέβη. Δοκῶ γάρ μοι, εἰ μὴ ὥσπερ τι θρέμμα θαλλῷ προδεικνυμένῳ ἑπόμενος ἀπηγόρευσα, ἐπέκεινα ἄν σε καὶ Νύσης τῆς Ἰνδικῆς ἐλθεῖν ἀγόμενον, καί, εἴ τι ἔσχατον τῆς καθ' ἡμᾶς οἰκουμένης χωρίον, καὶ τοῦτο ἐπιπλανηθῆναι. Καὶ τί δεῖ τὰ πολλὰ λέγειν; Ἀλλὰ τὸ τελευταῖον νῦν ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς χώρας διάγοντι συγγενέσθαι οὐκ ἐξεγένετο, μακραῖς ἀρρωστίαις ἐξειργομένῳ: αἵ, εἰ μὴ τοῦ γε λοιποῦ μετριώτεραι γένοιντο, οὐδὲ κατὰ τὸν χειμῶνα τῇ λογιότητί σου συνεσόμεθα. Ταῦτα οὐχ εἱμαρμένης ἔργα, ὡς ἂν αὐτὸς εἴποις; Ταῦτα οὐκ ἀνάγκης; Ταῦτα οὐχί, μικροῦ δεῖν, καὶ τοὺς τῶν ποιητῶν ἐπὶ Ταντάλῳ μύθους ὑπερεβάλετο; Ἀλλ', ὅπερ ἔφην, ῥᾴων γέγονα τοῖς γράμμασι καὶ οὐκέτι ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς εἰμι γνώμης. Φημὶ δὲ χρῆναι διδόντι μὲν τὰ ἀγαθὰ τῷ Θεῷ χάριν εἰδέναι, ταμιευομένῳ δὲ μὴ δυσχεραίνειν Καὶ δὴ οὖν καὶ ἡμῖν, εἰ μὲν παράσχοι τὸ συνεῖναί σοι, ταῦτ' ἄριστά τε ὁμοῦ καὶ ἥδιστα ἡγησόμεθα. Εἰ δὲ ἀναβάλοιτο, πράως οἴσομεν τὴν ζημίαν. Ἄμεινον γάρ που πάντως ἢ ὡς ἂν ἡμεῖς προϊδοίμεθα διοικεῖ τὰ ἡμέτερα.