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Homily on fasting (homily 15) (from codex Sinaiticus gr. 491)

Of Hesychius, presbyter of Jerusalem, concerning fasting.

1 The root and foundation of the pious is the fast according to God, which is performed with reverence and holy prayers and almsgiving. For God does not want abstinence from bread and water, but abstinence from evil deeds; "For it is not what goes into the mouth that defiles a person, but what comes out of the mouth, that defiles a person." Let us fast, beloved, a fast pleasing to God, about which the Lord says: "But when you fast, anoint your head" with good works and alms, "and wash your face," removing all filth of sin. There is a blameworthy fast and there is a praiseworthy fast. Many who fasted committed murders and many who fasted saved others.

2 The Ninevites fasted and were saved and through the fast they turned away the wrath of God. And the fast prevented the sentence pronounced against them; for the prophet says: "Yet three days and Nineveh will be overthrown." He did not say "after three days Nineveh will be overthrown"; for if he had said "after three days," it would have been overthrown, but "yet three days," showing this, that "For so long I have endured you and you have not repented. I will endure you yet three days and, if you do not repent in the three days, then the city will be overthrown." And for so long they did not repent, except through the three days, that is through the Father and Son and Holy Spirit.

3 The Jews fasted and took counsel to kill the apostle Paul. Jezebel proclaimed a fast and killed Naboth and took the poor man's vineyard. Fasting and murder, what kind of fast is this? Daniel fasted when he was thrown into the den of lions; for when he was cast into the den, he cried to Christ, saying: "Out of the depths have I cried to you, O Lord; Lord, hear my prayer." And seeing the lions on the right and on the left, he cried again, saying: "Do not deliver to the beasts a soul that confesses to you." See that the Lord does not forsake those who hope in him. The earthly king sealed the den, but the heavenly king sealed the mouths of the lions. The fire fasted in the furnace and did not use the fellow servants for food, but having fasted, it leaped out of the furnace, yielding to the three because of the fourth.

4 The sea monster fasted in the sea, when it received Jonah in the chambers of its belly; for having the prophet as a deposit, it showed the sign of the fast. For becoming a ship to the shipwrecked one, it carried the stranger through sea and depth and great fear and, so that it would not destroy the stranger in the chambers of its belly, it restored the deposit safe, delivering it to the master who had entrusted it. David fasted and, through the fast and repentance, God forgave him the sin concerning the wife of Uriah. Elijah fasted forty days and received the keys of the heavens and, when he wished, he held back the rain and, when he wished, he brought it through fasts and prayers.

5 Our savior fasted forty days and put the devil to shame, he who committed no sin, nor was deceit found in his mouth. And he fasted, giving us a model, that through fasts we are able to obtain atonement

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Homilia de jejunio (homilia 15) (e cod. Sinaitico gr. 491)

Ησυχίου, πρεσβυτέρου Ἱεροσολύμων, περὶ νηστείας.

1 Ῥίζα καὶ θεμέλιος τῶν εὐσεβῶν ἡ κατὰ θεὸν νηστεία, ἡ μετὰ εὐλαβείας καὶ ἁγίων εὐχῶν καὶ ἐλεημοσυνῶν ἐπιτελουμένη. Οὐ γὰρ ἀποχὴν ἄρτου καὶ ὕδατος βούλεται ὁ θεός, ἀλλ' ἀποχὴν πράξεων πονηρῶν· «Οὐ γὰρ τὰ εἰσερχόμενα εἰς τὸ στόμα κοινοῖ τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ἀλλὰ τὰ ἐκπορευόμενα ἐκ τοῦ στόματος, ἐκεῖνα κοινοῖ τὸν ἄνθρωπον.» Νηστεύσωμεν, ἀγαπητοί, νηστείαν τὴν θεῷ πρέπουσαν, περὶ ἧς φησιν ὁ κύριος· «Σὺ δὲ ὅταν νηστεύῃς, ἄλειψόν σου τὴν κεφαλὴν» δι<ὰ> καλῶν ἔργων καὶ ἐλεημοσυ νῶν, «καὶ τὸ πρόσωπόν <σου> νίψαι», περιαιρῶν πᾶσαν ῥυπαρίαν ἁμαρτίας. Ἔστιν νηστεία ψεκτὴ καὶ ἔστιν νηστεία ἐπαινετή. Πολλοὶ νηστεύσαντες φόνους εἰργάσαντο καὶ πολλοὶ νηστεύσαντες ἄλλους ἔσωσαν.

2 Ἐνήστευσαν Νινευῖται καὶ ἐσώθησαν καὶ διὰ τῆς νηστείας τὸν θυμὸν τοῦ θεοῦ μετέβαλον. Καὶ ἀπόφασιν ἐξενεχθεῖσαν κατ' αὐτῶν ἡ νηστεία ἐκώλυσεν· φησὶν γὰρ ὁ προφήτης· «Ἔτι τρεῖς ἡμέραι καὶ Νινευὴ καταστραφήσεται.» Οὐκ εἶπεν «μετὰ τρεῖς ἡμέρας καὶ Νινευὴ καταστραφήσεται»· εἰ γὰρ εἶπεν «μετὰ τρεῖς ἡμέρας», κατεστράφη ἄν, ἀλλ' «ἔτι τρεῖς ἡμέραι», τοῦτο δεικνὺς ὅτι «Τοσοῦτον χρόνον ἠνειχόμην ὑμῶν καὶ οὐ μετενοήσατε. Ἔτι τριῶν ἡμερῶν ἀνέχομαι ὑμῶν καί, εἰ μὴ ἐν ταῖς τρισὶν ἡμέραις μετανοεῖτε, ἔπειτα καταστραφήσεται ἡ πόλις.» Καὶ τοσοῦτον χρόνον οὐ μετενόησαν, εἰ μὴ διὰ τῶν τριῶν ἡμερῶν τουτέστιν διὰ τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ Υἱοῦ καὶ ἁγίου Πνεύματος.

3 Ἐνήστευσαν Ἰουδαῖοι καὶ συμβούλιον ἔλαβον ἵνα τὸν ἀπόστολον Παῦλον ἀποκτείνωσιν. Ἐκήρυξεν Ἰεζάβελ νηστείαν καὶ τὸν Ναβουθαὶ ἀπέκτεινεν καὶ τὸν ἀμπελῶνα τοῦ πένητος ἔλαβεν. Νηστεία καὶ φόνος αὕτη ποία νηστεία; Ἐνήστευσεν ∆ανιὴλ ὅτε ἐβλήθη εἰς τὸν λάκκον τῶν λεόντων· βληθέντος γὰρ αὐτοῦ εἰς τὸν λάκκον, ἐβό<α> πρὸς Χριστὸν λέγων· «Ἐκ βαθ<έων> ἐκέ<κραξά σε, κύριε·> κύριε, εἰσάκουσον τῆς προσευχῆς μου.» Βλέπων δὲ τοὺς λέοντας ἐκ δεξιῶν καὶ ἐξ εὐωνύμων, πάλιν ἐβόα λέγων· «Μὴ παραδῷς τοῖς θηρίοις ψυχὴν ἐξομολογουμένην σοι.» Βλέπε δὲ ὅτι οὐκ ἐγκαταλιμπάνει κύ ριος τοὺς ἐλπίζοντας ἐπ' αὐτόν. Ὁ μὲν βασιλεὺς ὁ ἐπίγειος ἐ σφράγισεν τὸν λάκκον, ὁ δὲ ἐπουράνιος βασιλεὺς ἐσφράγισεν τὰ στόματα τῶν λεόντων. Ἐνήστευσεν τὸ πῦρ ἐν τῇ καμίνῳ καὶ οὐκ ἐχρήσατο τοῖς συνδούλοις εἰς βρῶσιν, ἀλλὰ νηστεῦσαν ἐξεπήδησεν τῆς καμίνου, παραχωρῆσαν τοῖς τρισὶν διὰ τὸν τέταρτον.

4 Ἐνήστευσεν τὸ κῆτος ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ, ὅτε ἐδέξατο τὸν Ἰωνᾶν ἐν τοῖς τῆς κοιλίας ταμιείοις· ἔχον γὰρ τὸν προφήτην ὡς παραθήκην, ἐπεδείξατο τὸ τῆς νηστείας σημεῖον. Ἀντὶ γὰρ νηὸς τῷ ναυαγήσαντι γενόμενον, ἔφερεν τὸν ξένον διὰ θαλάσσης καὶ βυθοῦ καὶ φόβου μεγάλου καί, ἵνα μὴ διαφθείρῃ τὸν ξένον ἐν τοῖς τῆς κοιλίας ταμιείοις, ἀπεκατέστησεν σώαν τὴν παραθήκην, παραδοὺς τῷ παρακαταθεμένῳ δεσπότῃ. Ἐνήστευσεν ∆αυὶδ καί, διὰ τῆς νηστείας καὶ τῆς μετανοίας, συνεχώρησεν αὐτῷ ὁ θεὸς τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τῆς γυναικὸς Οὐρίου. Ἐνή- στευσεν Ἠλίας τεσσαράκοντα ἡμέρας καὶ τὰς κλεῖς τῶν οὐρανῶν ἔλαβεν καί, ὅτε ἠθέλησεν, ἐκώλυσεν τὸν ὑετὸν καί, ὅτε ἠθέλησεν, ἤνεγκεν αὐτὸν διὰ νηστειῶν καὶ εὐχῶν.

5 Ἐνήστευ<σεν> ὁ σωτὴρ ἡμ<ῶν> τεσσαράκοντα ἡμέρας καὶ τὸν διάβολον κατῄσχυνεν, ὁ ἁμαρτίαν μὴ ποιήσας μηδὲ δόλος εὑρέθη ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ. Ἐνήστευσεν δὲ τύπον ἡμῖν διδοὺς ὅτι διὰ νηστειῶν δυνάμεθα τυχεῖν ἐξιλασμοῦ