Basil of Caesarea, Homily on the Rich

has more than his neighbor; but indeed you appear to have many possessions. From where are these? Or is it not clear that you are making your own enjoyment more important than the comfort of the many? In as much, then, as you abound in wealth, so much you are lacking in love. For you would have long ago practiced the alienation of your money, if you had loved your neighbor. But now your money clings to you more than the members of your body, and its separation grieves you like the amputation of your vital parts. For if you had clothed the naked, if you had given your bread to the hungry, if your door had been opened to every stranger, if you had become a father to orphans, if you had suffered with every person in need, for what money would you have grieved? And where would you have been distressed at laying aside what was left, having long ago practiced distributing it to the needy? Then, at a festival no one is grieved at giving up what he has and acquiring what he needs; but the less the price he pays for the most valuable things, the more he rejoices, as if a brilliant bargain has been made by him; but you are grieved, giving gold, and silver, and possessions; that is, offering stones and dust, that you may acquire the blessed life.

2 -But what use will you make of wealth? Will you clothe yourself in costly raiment? So a tunic of two cubits will suffice for you, and the covering of one cloak will fulfill all the need for clothing. But will you use up your wealth for food? One loaf of bread is sufficient to fill a stomach. Why then are you grieved? As if being deprived of what? Of the glory from wealth? But if you do not seek glory on the ground, you will find that true and brilliant glory leading you forward in the kingdom of heaven. But the very possession of wealth is desirable, even if no benefit comes from it. That the pursuit of useless things is unprofitable, then, is known to everyone. Nevertheless, what I am about to say will perhaps seem paradoxical to you; but it is more true than anything. Wealth, when scattered in the way the Lord directs, is wont to remain; but when held back, to be alienated. If you guard it, you do not have it; if you scatter it, you will not lose it; For he has scattered, he has given to the poor; his righteousness endures forever; But wealth is not eagerly sought by the many for the sake of clothing or food, but some scheme has been devised by the devil, suggesting countless opportunities for expenditure to the rich, so that superfluous and useless things are eagerly pursued as necessary, and nothing is sufficient for them for the invention of expenditures. For they divide their wealth for both present need and for the future; and they set aside some for themselves, and some for their children. Then they also divide the same into occasions for various expenditures. For hear what their arrangements are. Let there be, he says, wealth in use, and wealth in store; and let that which serves their needs surpass the limit of necessities; let this be for luxuries at home, let that serve for display abroad; let one part furnish luxury for the one traveling, and let the other make life splendid and conspicuous for the one staying at home; so that it occurs to me to marvel at the invention of superfluities. There are countless carriages, some for carrying baggage, others for carrying them around, covered with bronze and silver. Very many horses, and these traced by genealogy from the nobility of their sires, just like men. Some carry them about the city in their luxury; others hunt with them, others are trained for travel. Bridles and belts and collars, all of silver, all sprinkled with gold. Purple carpets, adorning the horses like bridegrooms; a multitude of mules, divided according to color; charioteers for these, succeeding one another, those running before, those following behind. The number of other servants is infinite, sufficient for every luxury for them; stewards, treasurers, farmers, experts in every kind of art, both necessary and that invented for enjoyment and luxury; cooks, bakers, cupbearers, hunters,

περισσότερον κέκτηται τοῦ πλησίον· ἀλλὰ μὴν φαίνῃ ἔχων κτήματα πολλά. Πόθεν ταῦτα; ἢ δῆλον ὅτι τὴν οἰκείαν ἀπόλαυσιν προτι μοτέραν τῆς τῶν πολλῶν παραμυθίας ποιούμενος. Ὅσον οὖν πλεονάζεις τῷ πλούτῳ, τοσοῦτον ἐλλείπεις τῇ ἀγάπῃ. Ἐπεὶ πάλαι ἂν ἐμελέτησας τῶν χρημάτων τὴν ἀλλοτρίωσιν, εἰ ἠγαπήκεις σου τὸν πλησίον. Νυνὶ δὲ προσπέφυκέ σοι τὰ χρήματα πλέον ἢ τὰ μέλη τοῦ σώματος, καὶ λυπεῖ σε αὐτῶν ὁ χωρισμὸς ὡς ἀκρωτηριασμὸς τῶν καιρίων. Εἰ γὰρ ἠμφίασας γυμ νὸν, εἰ ἔδωκας πεινῶντι τὸν ἄρτον σου, εἰ ἡ θύρα σου ἠνέῳκτο παντὶ ξένῳ, εἰ ἐγένου πατὴρ ὀρφανῶν, εἰ παντὶ συνέπασχες ἀδυνάτῳ, ὑπὲρ ποίων ἂν ἐλυπήθης χρημάτων; Ποῦ δ' ἂν καὶ ἐδυσχέρανας ἀποτιθέμενος τὰ λειπό μενα, πάλαι μελετήσας αὐτὰ διανέμειν τοῖς ἐνδεέσιν; Εἶτα, ἐν μὲν πανη γύρει οὐδεὶς λυπεῖται προϊέμενος τὰ παρόντα καὶ ἀντικτώμενος τὰ ἐνδέοντα· ἀλλ' ὅσῳπερ ἂν ἐλάττονος τιμῆς τὰ πολυτίμητα πρίηται, τοσούτῳ χαίρει, ὡς λαμπροῦ αὐτῷ τοῦ συναλλάγματος γενομένου· σὺ δὲ λυπῇ, χρυσίον, καὶ ἀργύριον, καὶ κτήματα διδούς· τουτέστι, λίθους καὶ χοῦν παρεχόμενος, ἵνα κτήσῃ τὴν μακαρίαν ζωήν.

2 -Ἀλλὰ τί χρήσῃ τῷ πλούτῳ; Ἐσθῆτι πολυτιμήτῳ περιβαλεῖς σεαυτόν; Οὐκοῦν δύο μέν σοι πηχῶν χιτωνίσκος ἀρκέσει, ἑνὸς δὲ ἱματίου περιβολὴ πᾶσαν τῶν ἐνδυμάτων ἐκπληρώσει τὴν χρείαν. Ἀλλ' εἰς τροφὴν καταχρήσῃ τῷ πλούτῳ; Εἷς ἄρτος ἱκανὸς ἀποπληρῶσαι γαστέρα. Τί οὖν λυπῇ; ὡς τίνος στερούμενος; δόξης τῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ πλούτου; Ἀλλ' ἐὰν μὴ χαμαὶ ζητήσῃς τὴν δόξαν, εὑρήσεις τὴν ἀληθινὴν ἐκείνην καὶ λαμπρὰν προάγουσάν σε ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν. Ἀλλ' αὐτὸ τὸ ἔχειν τὸν πλοῦτον ἀγαπητόν ἐστι, κἂν μηδὲν ἀπ' αὐτοῦ περιγίνεται ὄφελος. Ὅτι μὲν οὖν ἀνόνητός ἐστιν ἡ τῶν ἀχρήστων σπουδὴ, παντὶ γνώριμον. Πλὴν ἀλλὰ παράδοξον ἴσως φανεῖταί σοι ὃ μέλλω λέγειν· παντὸς δέ ἐστιν ἀληθέστερον. Σκορπιζόμενος ὁ πλοῦτος, καθ' ὃν ὁ Κύριος ὑποτίθεται τρόπον, πέφυκε παραμένειν· συνεχόμενος δὲ, ἀλλοτριοῦσθαι. Ἐὰν φυλάσ σῃς, οὐκ ἔχεις· ἐὰν σκορπίσῃς, οὐκ ἀπολεῖς· Ἐσκόρπισε γὰρ, ἔδωκε τοῖς πένησιν· ἡ δικαιοσύνη αὐτοῦ μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα· Ἀλλ' οὐ γὰρ ἱματίων ἕνεκεν οὐδὲ τροφῶν ὁ πλοῦτός ἐστι τοῖς πολλοῖς περισπούδαστος, ἀλλά τις ἐπινενόηται μεθοδεία τῷ διαβόλῳ, μυρίας τοῖς πλουσίοις δαπάνης ἀφορμὰς ὑποβάλλουσα, ὥστε τὰ περιττὰ καὶ ἄχρηστα ὡς ἀναγκαῖα σπου δάζεσθαι, μηδὲν δὲ αὐτοῖς ἐξαρκεῖν πρὸς τὴν τῶν ἀναλωμάτων ἐπίνοιαν. Καταμερίζουσι γὰρ τὸν πλοῦτον πρός τε τὴν παροῦσαν χρείαν, καὶ πρὸς τὴν μέλλουσαν· καὶ τὸν μὲν ἑαυτοῖς, τὸν δὲ παισὶν ἀποτίθενται. Εἶτα καὶ διαιροῦσι τὸν αὐτὸν εἰς ἀφορμὰς δαπάνης ποικίλης. Οἷαι γὰρ αὐτῶν αἱ διατάξεις, ἄκουσον. Ἔστω, φησὶν, ὁ μὲν ἐν χρήσει πλοῦτος, ὁ δὲ ἀπό θετος· καὶ ὁ ταῖς χρείαις ὑπηρετούμενος ὑπερβαινέτω τῶν ἀναγκαίων τὸν ὅρον· οὗτος πρὸς τὰς κατ' οἶκον πολυτελείας παρέστω, ἐκεῖνος πρὸς τὰς ἔξωθεν φαντασίας ὑπηρετείτω· ὁ μὲν ὁδοιποροῦντι χορηγείτω τὴν πολυτέ λειαν, ὁ δὲ ἐφ' ἑστίας μένοντι λαμπρὸν καὶ περίβλεπτον κατασκευαζέτω τὸν βίον· ὥστε μοι θαυμάζειν ἔπεισι τῶν περιττῶν τὴν ἐπίνοιαν. Ὀχήματά ἐστι μυρία, τὰ μὲν σκευαγωγοῦντα, τὰ δὲ αὐτοὺς περιφέροντα, χαλκῷ καὶ ἀργύρῳ κεκαλυμμένα. Ἵπποι παμπληθεῖς, καὶ οὗτοι γενεαλογού μενοι ἀπὸ εὐγενείας πατέρων, ὥσπερ οἱ ἄνθρωποι. Οἱ μὲν τρυφῶντας αὐτοὺς κατὰ τὴν πόλιν περιφέρουσιν· ἄλλοι συνθηρεύουσιν, ἄλλοι πρὸς ὁδοιπορίαν ἐξησκημένοι. Χαλινοὶ καὶ ζῶναι καὶ περιδέῤῥεα, πάντα ἀργυρᾶ, πάντα χρυσόπαστα. Τάπητες ἁλουργοὶ, κοσμοῦντες τοὺς ἵππους ὥσπερ νυμφίους· ἡμιόνων πλῆθος, κατὰ χρόαν διῃρημένων· ἡνίοχοι τούτων, ἀλλήλων διάδοχοι, οἱ προτρέχοντες, οἱ παρεπόμενοι. Τῶν ἄλλων οἰκετῶν ἀριθμὸς ἄπειρος πρὸς πᾶσαν αὐτοῖς πολυτέλειαν ἐξαρκῶν· ἐπίτρο ποι, ταμίαι, γεωργοὶ, παντοδαπῆς ἔμπειροι τέχνης, τῆς τε ἀναγκαίας καὶ τῆς πρὸς ἀπόλαυσιν καὶ τρυφὴν εὑρημένης· μάγειροι, σιτοποιοὶ, οἰνοχόοι, θηρευταὶ,