facing the sea and bordering Caria is called Lycia. Now, whatever parts are inland and neighboring the Taurus and extending as far as the borders of Cappadocia are called Anatolica; for they are parts of the Anatolic theme. Here then is the boundary of the Anatolic theme, having its beginning from Meros, which is the end of the Opsikion, and terminating as far as the borders of Isauria in length; and in breadth it has on the left some parts of the Boukellarion and the beginning of Cappadocia; and on the right both Isauria and the beginning of the parts of the Kibyrrhaiotai. Behold then the Anatolic theme; and at first it was not so; but the military corps was divided into chiliarchies and pentacosiarchies [and hecatontarchies and pentecontarchies], and a certain proconsul held command of the whole corps, just as in later times, and until Justinian a magister was sent to the corps as exarch. And a witness is the tomb of a certain Publius the proconsul lying in Smyrna, writing thus: "Publius the proconsul, ruler of Ionia, Phrygia, Aeolis, Maeonia, Lydia, Hellespontus, Mysia, Bithynia, Tarsia, Galatia, Mariandyni, Pontus, Paphlagonia, Cappadocia Minor and Major, Isauria and Lycaonia and as far as the borders of the Taurus and of Lesser Armenia". Behold the command of one proconsul. And in later times there was also another strategelates, a patrician in rank, by name Iordanes, whose are the silver missoria in relief, which lie in the imperial vestiary, bearing an inscription such as this: "Of Iordanes, strategelates of the East and of the other nations under Asia Minor". For he too was sole ruler of the same East, that is, of Asia Minor, and he flourished and was held in high repute in the days of Arcadius the emperor. As we said before, therefore, the theme now called Anatolic is inhabited by five nations: Phrygians, Lycaonians, Isaurians, Pamphylians, Pisidians. Each of their nations, therefore, had a leader when they were free and before the Roman yoke and rule fell upon them. But when the yoke of the Romans fell upon them and their empire grew, they were all enslaved and became mixed together under one rule. And they were divided and became themes, when the rule of the Romans began to be cut short and mutilated and gradually constricted by the godless Hagarenes; and until Justinian the emperor and the reign of Maurice they were all under one rule; and the witness is Belisarius himself, who was sole general of all the East. But when the Hagarenes began to campaign against the Romans and to destroy their lands and cities, the emperors of the time were forced to cut the one rule into small parts, and they assigned one part to a certain general and called it Anatolic, because, as we said before, from us who dwell in Byzantium, it lies to the east. But in ancient times there was a leader for each nation; and they were governed as was their custom, some by democracies, others being subject to tyrants. But having come under the rule of the Romans, they were divided into provinces and hegemonies and duchies and the so-called consulares, that is, councillors. And some of them were also principes, as is described in the martyrologies of the saints, and indeed also scriniarii. And the prefects were of two kinds, some of the praetoria, others of the cities; and those of the praetoria served the campaigning emperors, both providing the soldiers' rations from what was ready, and arranging the emperors' camps and clearing the roads. And these things were of the Romans; but when the Persians ruled, and after them the Macedonians, all Asia was divided into satrapies, and there was a satrap of the Lydians, and another of the Phrygians, another of the Ionians, another of the Pamphylians, another of the Carians, another of the Paphlagonians, another of the Bithynians, and simply all of Asia called Minor, as it seemed good to the Persian, and then to the Macedonians, was both partitioned and organized, and one ruled over public affairs, and another over

θάλασσαν νεύοντα καὶ διορίζοντα τὴν Καρίαν καλεῖται Λυκία. Ὅσα μὲν οὖν εἰσι μεσόγαια καὶ πρόσοικα τῷ Ταύρῳ καὶ διήκοντα μέχρι τῶν ὁρίων Καππαδοκίας καλεῖται Ἀνατολικά· μέρη γάρ εἰσι τοῦ Ἀνατολικοῦ θέματος. Ἐνταῦθατοίνυν τὸ τοῦ Ἀνατολικοῦ θέματός ἐστι πέρας, ἀρχὴν μὲν ἔχον ἀπὸ τῆς Μηροῦ, ἥ ἐστι τέλος τοῦ Ὀψικίου, τερματίζον δὲ μέχρι τῶν ὁρίων Ἰσαυρίας πρὸς μῆκος· πρὸς δὲ πλάτος ἔχει μὲν ἐξ ἀριστερῶν μέρη τινὰ τοῦ Βουκελλαρίου καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς Καππαδοκίας· πρὸς δὲ δεξιὰν τήν τε Ἰσαυρίαν καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν τῶν μερῶν τοῦ Κιβυρραιώτου. Ἰδοὺ τοίνυν τὸ θέμα τὸ Ἀνατολικόν· καὶ κατ' ἀρχὰς μὲν οὐκ ἦν οὕτως· ἀλλ' εἰς χιλιαρχίας καὶ πεντακοσιαρχίας [καὶ ἑκατονταρχίας καὶ πεντηκονταρχίας] διῄρητο τὸ τάγμα τὸ στρατιωτικόν, εἷς δέ τις ἀνθύπατος ἐκράτει τῶν ὅλων ταγμάτων, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῶν κάτω χρόνων, καὶ ἕως Ἰουστινιανοῦ μάγιστρος ἐπέμπετο τοῖς τάγμασιν ἔξαρχος. Καὶ μάρτυς ὁ ἐν Σμύρνῃ κείμενος τάφος Πουπλίου τινὸς ἀνθυπάτου γράφων οὕτως· "Πούπλιος ἀνθύπατος ἄρχων Ἰωνίας Φρυγίας Αἰολίδος Μαιονίας Λυδίας Ἑλλησπόντου Μυσίας Βιθυνίας Ταρσίας Γαλατίας Μαριανδυνῶν Πόντου Παφλαγονίας Καππαδοκίας μικρᾶς καὶ μεγάλης Ἰσαυρίας τε καὶ Λυκαονίας καὶ μέχρι τῶν ὁρίων τοῦ Ταύρου καὶ τῆς μικρᾶς Ἀρμενίας". Ἰδοὺ ἀρχὴ ἑνὸς ἀνθυπάτου. Ἐγένετο δὲ καὶ ἐν τοῖς κάτω χρόνοις ἄλλος τις στρατηλάτης τὴν ἀξίαν πατρίκιος, τοὔνομα Ἰορδάνης, οὗτινός εἰσι τὰ ἀργυρὰ μινσούρια τὰ ἀνάγλυφα, ἅπερ κεῖνται ἐν τῷ βασιλικῷ βεστιαρίῳ, ἐπιγραφὴν ἔχοντα τοιάνδε· "Ἰορδάνου στρατηλάτου τῆς Ἀνατολῆς καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν ἐθνῶν τῶν ὑπὸ τὴν μικρὰν Ἀσίαν". Καὶ οὗτος γὰρ μόναρχος ἦν τῆς αὐτῆς Ἀνατολῆς ἤγουν μικρᾶς Ἀσίας, ἤνθει δὲ καὶ εὐδοκίμει ἐπὶ τῶν ἡμερῶν Ἀρκαδίου τοῦ βασιλέως. Ὡς οὖν προείπομεν, τὸ νῦν Ἀνατολικὸν καλούμενον θέμα ὑπὸ πέντε ἐθνῶν κατοικεῖται, Φρυγῶν, Λυκαόνων, Ἰσαύρων, Παμφύλων, Πισιδῶν. Κατ' ἔθνος οὖν αὐτῶν ἦν ἀρχηγὸς ὅτε ἦσαν ἐλεύθεροι καὶ πρὸ τοῦ τὸν ζυγὸν καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐμπεσεῖν ἐπ' αὐτοὺς τὴν Ῥωμαϊκήν. Ἐμπεσόντος δὲ τοῦ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ζυγοῦ καὶ αὐξηθείσης τῆς βασιλείας αὐτῶν, ἐδουλώθησαν ἅπαντες καὶ ἐγένοντο συμμιγεῖς ὑπὸ μίαν ἀρχήν. ∆ιῃρέθησαν δὲ καὶ ἐγένοντο θέματα, ὅτε ἡ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἀρχὴ παρὰ τῶν ἀθέων Ἀγαρηνῶν ἤρξατο κολοβοῦσθαι καὶ ἀκρωτηριάζεσθαι καὶ συστέλλεσθαι κατὰ μικρόν· καὶ ἕως μὲν Ἰουστινιανοῦ τοῦ βασιλέως ὑπὸ μίαν ἀρχὴν ἦσαν ἅπαντες καὶ τῆς Μαυρικίου βασιλείας· καὶ μάρτυς αὐτὸς Βελισάριος, ὃς ἦν μονοστράτηγος πάσης Ἀνατολῆς. Ἐπεὰν δὲ ἤρξαντο οἱ Ἀγαρηνοὶ ἐκστρατεύειν κατὰ Ῥωμαίων καὶ διαφθείρειν τὰς χώρας καὶ πόλεις αὐτῶν, ἠναγκάσθησαν οἱ κατὰ καιρὸν βασιλεῖς τέμνειν εἰς μικρὰ τὴν μίαν ἀρχήν, καὶ τὸ μὲν ἀπένειμον στρατηγῷ τινι καὶ ἐκάλεσαν Ἀνατολικόν, διότι, ὡς προείπομεν, πρὸς ἡμᾶς τοὺς κατοικοῦντας τὸ Βυζάντιον, πρὸς ἀνατολὴν κεῖται. Τὸ δὲ παλαιὸν κατὰ ἔθνος ἦν ἀρχηγός· ἐπολιτεύοντο δὲ ὡς ἦν ἔθος αὐτοῖς, ἄλλοι μὲν δημοκρατίαις, ἄλλοι δὲ τυράννοις ὑποταττόμενοι. Ὑπὸ δὲ τὴν τῶν Ῥωμαίων βασιλείαν γενόμενοι, εἰς ἐπαρχίας διῃρέθησαν καὶ ἡγεμονίας καὶ δουκάτα καὶ τοὺς καλουμένους κονσιλαρίους, τουτέστι βουλευτάς. Ἦσαν δὲ καί τινες αὐτῶν πρίγκιπες, ὡς ἐν τοῖς τῶν ἁγίων μαρτυρίοις διαγράφει, ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ σκρινιάριοι. Ὕπαρχοι δὲ ἦσαν διττοί, ἕτεροι μὲν πραιτωρίων, ἕτεροι δὲ πόλεων· καὶ οἱ τῶν πραιτωρίων διηκόνουν τοῖς βασιλεῦσι στρατεύουσι, καὶ τὰς τῶν στρατιωτῶν τροφὰς ἐξ ἑτοίμου παρέχοντες, τά τε τῶν βασιλέων ἄπληκτα διευθετοῦντες καὶ τὰς ὁδοὺς ἐκκαθαίροντες. Καὶ ταῦτα μὲν τὰ τῶν Ῥωμαίων· ὅτε δὲ Πέρσαι ἐκράτουν καὶ μετ' αὐτοὺς Μακεδόνες, εἰς σατραπείας ἦν διῃρημένη ἡ πᾶσα Ἀσία, καὶ σατράπης μὲν ἦν Λυδῶν, ἕτερος δὲ Φρυγῶν, ἄλλος δὲ Ἰώνων, ἕτερος δὲ Παμφύλων, ἄλλος δὲ Καρῶν, ἄλλος δὲ Παφλαγόνων, ἄλλος δὲ Βιθυνῶν, καὶ ἁπλῶς ἡ πᾶσα Ἀσία μικρὰ καλουμένη, ὡς ἐδόκει τῷ Πέρσῃ, κἄπειτα τοῖς Μακεδόσι, διεμεμέριστό τε καὶ διετάττετο, καὶ ἄλλος μὲν τῶν δημοσίων πραγμάτων ἦρχεν, ἄλλος δὲ τῶν