to say. And there is also a fifth type of metaphor, as from action to action, as in "that man was weaving some plan in his mind." For the word "to weave," which is said of fabrics, has now been transferred to the construction of a plan.

{13. CATACRESIS.}1 Catachresis is a phrase transferred from that which was first named properly and etymologically to that which is unnamed, as when we call a flat object made of bronze a box; for a box is properly what is made of boxwood, but since things made of any other material are unnamed, we call these boxes too, misusing the name. And a man-slayer is properly one who has slain a man, but it is also said catachrestically of a woman. And a trierarch is properly the commander of a trireme, but 247 catachrestically also of a bireme and a quinquereme. Such is also the phrase "she poured the nectar as wine"; for "to pour wine," properly said of wine, was now said of nectar. Likewise also the neck of a jar and the knee of a reed and the belly of a ship and the tongue of a shoe and such things. And "to calculate" is properly to count with pebbles, but catachrestically also with the fingers. For these things, said of what is properly named, are said catachrestically also of what is unnamed. Catachresis differs from metaphor, because metaphor is said of something named and applied to something else also named, whereas catachresis is from something named to something entirely unnamed, as when someone might call a person catching fish in a lake or rivers a "sea-fisher"; for a "sea-fisher" is properly said of one on the sea, but since one who catches fish in the rivers is unnamed, we also call him a "sea-fisher," misusing the name.

{14. METALEPSIS.}1 Metalepsis is a phrase that partakes of homonymy from what properly is, or that indicates the homonym through synonymy, as when someone says of one running swiftly that he is "sharp" in his running, or calls a fast-acting humor a "sharp" humor; for "sharp" is properly said of a sharpened sword, whence also "he sharpened" is used for a knife or some other sword. Or as in Homer, "from there in turn I sent them on to the swift islands." For "sharp" is synonymous with "swift" with respect to motion, but homonymous with "sharp" with respect to shape. Such also is "Teucer, using thriftiness with his arrows"; that is, precision and good aim; for with thriftiness, precision in giving is also synonymous, but with this, precision in art, that is, good aim, is homonymous. 248

{15. HYPERBATON.}1 Hyperbaton is a word that oversteps from the preceding to the very next, as when someone, instead of saying "I call upon the Lord," should say "upon the Lord I call."

{16. ANASTROPHE.}1 Anastrophe is a word that reverses from the subordinate to the superordinate, with no part of speech falling in between, as when someone, instead of saying "to come as far as us," should say "us as far as to come."

{17. SYNECDOCHE.}1 Synecdoche is a word that signifies one meaning jointly through another, as when, during peacetime, instead of saying "there is no war," one says, "there are no arms now," or "arms are idle now." Or synecdoche is a word or phrase not expressed in its entirety, but requiring some outside thought, and it has four varieties: for either from the whole it indicates the part, as in "dry oxen" instead of "shields made of ox-hides," the hide being a part of the whole; and "a bronze spear"; for the bronze is a part of the whole spear. Or from the part, the whole, as in "the goddess white-armed Hera"; for from the part, the arms, it suggests that she is wholly white. And "silver-footed Thetis." Or from the material, the product, as in "and he himself put on gold about his skin"; instead of "golden panoply." Or from the symbol, the principal thing, as in "he gave him the scepter to be honored above all." instead of "the kingdom," of which the scepter is a symbol.

εἰπεῖν. ἔστι δὲ καὶ πέμπτον εἶδος μεταφορᾶς ὡς ἀπὸ πράξεως εἰς πρᾶξιν, οἷον ἤδη πού τινα κεῖνος ἐνὶ φρεσὶ μῆτιν ὕφαινε. τὸ γὰρ ὑφαίνειν ἐπὶ τῶν ὑφασμάτων λεγόμενον νῦν ἐπὶ τὴν τῆς βουλῆς κατασκευὴν μετενήνεκται.

{1γʹ. ΚΑΤΑΧΡΗΣΙΣ.}1 Κατάχρησίς ἐστι φράσις μετενεχθεῖσα ἀπὸ τοῦ πρώ τως κατονομασθέντος κυρίως καὶ ἐτύμως ἐπὶ τὸ ἀκατο νόμαστον, ὡς ὅταν τὸ ἀπὸ χαλκοῦ ἐπίπεδον πυξίδα εἴ πωμεν· πυξὶς γὰρ ἡ ἐκ πύξου γεγονυῖα καλεῖται, ἐπει δὴ δὲ καὶ τὰ ἐξ ἄλλης οἱασοῦν ὕλης κατασκευασθέντα ἀκατονόμαστά εἰσι, πυξίδας καὶ ταῦτα καλοῦμεν κατα χρώμενοι τῷ ὀνόματι. καὶ ἀνδροφόνος κυρίως μέν ἐστιν ὁ ἄνδρα φονεύσας, καταχρηστικῶς δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ γυναικὸς λέγεται. καὶ τριήραρχος κυρίως ὁ τριήρους ἄρχων, κα 247 ταχρηστικῶς δὲ καὶ ὁ διήρους καὶ ὁ πεντήρους. τοιοῦ τόν ἐστι καὶ τὸ 20νέκταρ ᾠνοχόει20· τὸ γὰρ οἰνοχοεῖν κυρίως ἐπὶ τοῦ οἴνου λεχθὲν νῦν ἐπὶ τοῦ νέκταρος ἐλέχθη. ὡσαύτως καὶ τράχηλος κεραμίου καὶ γόνυ κα λάμου καὶ γαστὴρ νηὸς καὶ γλῶσσα ὑποδήματος καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα. καὶ ψηφίζειν κυρίως τὸ ταῖς ψήφοις μετρεῖν, καταχρηστικῶς δὲ καὶ τοῖς δακτύλοις. ταῦτα γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν κυρίως ὀνομασθέντων λεγόμενα καταχρηστικῶς καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνονομάστων λέγεται. διαφέρει δὲ κατάχρησις μεταφορᾶς, ὅτι ἡ μὲν μεταφορὰ ἀπὸ κατωνομασμένου ἐπὶ κατωνομασμένον πάλιν λέγεται, ἡ δὲ κατάχρησις ἀπὸ κατωνομασμένου ἐπὶ πάντη ἀκατονόμαστον, ὡς ὅταν τὸν ἐν λίμνῃ ἢ ποταμοῖς ἰχθύας ἀγρεύοντα ἁλιέα εἴ ποι τις· κυρίως γὰρ ἁλιεὺς ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης λέγεται, ἐπειδὴ δὲ καὶ ὁ ἐν τοῖς ποταμοῖς ἀγρεύων ἀνονόμαστός ἐστι, καλοῦμεν καὶ τοῦτον ἁλιέα καταχρώμενοι τῷ ὀνό ματι.

{1∆ʹ. ΜΕΤΑΛΗΨΙΣ.}1 Μετάληψίς ἐστι φράσις μεταλαμβάνουσα τῆς ὁμω νυμίας ἐκ τοῦ κυρίως ὄντος ἢ διὰ τῆς συνωνυμίας τὸ ὁμώνυμον δηλοῦσα, ὡς ὅταν τις τὸν γοργῶς τρέχοντα ὀξὺν παρὰ τὸν δρόμον εἴπῃ, ἢ τὸν ταχυπαθῆ χυμὸν ὀξὺν καλέσῃ χυμόν· ὀξὺ γὰρ κυρίως τὸ ἠκονημένον ξί φος λέγεται, ὅθεν καὶ τὸ ὤξυνεν ἐπὶ μαχαίρας ἢ ἑτέρου τινὸς ξίφους παραλαμβάνεται. ἢ ὡς παρὰ τῷ Ὁμήρῳ ἔνθεν δ' αὖ νήσοισιν ἐπιπροέηκα θοῇσιν. τῷ μὲν γὰρ θοῷ συνωνυμεῖ τὸ ὀξὺ κατὰ τὴν κίνησιν, ὁμωνυμεῖ τὸ ὀξὺ κατὰ τὸ σχῆμα. τοιοῦτόν ἐστι καὶ τὸ Τεῦκρος δὲ τόξων χρώμενος φειδωλίᾳ· τουτέστιν ἀκριβείᾳ καὶ εὐστοχίᾳ· τῇ μὲν γὰρ φειδωλίᾳ συνωνυμεῖ καὶ ἡ κατὰ δόσιν ἀκρίβεια, τῇ δὲ ὁμωνυμεῖ ἡ κατὰ τέχνην ἀκρίβεια, ἤγουν ἡ εὐστοχία. 248

{1εʹ. ΥΠΕΡΒΑΤΟΝ.}1 Ὑπερβατόν ἐστι λέξις ὑπερβαίνουσα ἐκ τοῦ προη γουμένου εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ ἑπόμενον, οἷον ὡς ὅταν τις ἀντὶ τοῦ εἰπεῖν ἐπικαλοῦμαι τὸν κύριον, εἴποι ἐπὶ τὸν κύριον καλοῦμαι.

{1ʹ. ΑΝΑΣΤΡΟΦΗ.}1 Ἀναστροφή ἐστι λέξις ἀναστρέφουσα ἐκ τοῦ ὑποκει μένου εἰς τὸ προκείμενον, μηδενὸς μέρους λόγου μεταξὺ πίπτοντος, οἷον ὅταν τις ἀντὶ τοῦ εἰπεῖν ἕως ἡμῶν ἐλ θεῖν εἴπῃ ἡμῶν ἕως ἐλθεῖν.

{1ζʹ. ΣΥΝΕΚ∆ΟΧΗ.}1 Συνεκδοχή ἐστι λέξις δι' ἑτέρου καὶ ἕτερον συνεκ δηλοῦσα νόημα, ὡς ὅταν εἰρήνης οὔσης ἀντὶ τοῦ εἰπεῖν οὐκ ἔστι πόλεμος εἴπῃ, οὐκ ἔνι ὅπλα νῦν, ἢ ἀργοῦσιν ὅπλα νῦν. ἢ συνεκδοχή ἐστι λέξις ἢ φράσις οὐ κατὰ τὸ πλῆρες ἐκφερομένη, προσδεομένη δέ τινος ἔξωθεν δια νοίας, ἔχει δὲ διαφορὰς τέσσαρας· ἢ γὰρ ἀπὸ ὅλου δηλοῖ τὸ μέρος, οἷον βόας αὔας ἀντὶ τοῦ ἀσπίδας τὰς ἐκ βοείων βυρσῶν, μέρος δὲ τοῦ ὅλου βύρσα· καὶ χάλκεον ἔγχος· μέρος γὰρ τοῦ ὅλου ἔγχους ὁ χαλκός. ἢ ἀπὸ μέρους τὸ πᾶν, οἷον θεὰ λευκώλενος Ἥρη· αἰνίττεται γὰρ ἀπὸ μέρους τῶν χειρῶν τὴν ὅλην λευκὴν εἶναι. καὶ ἀργυ ρόπεζα Θέτις. ἢ ἀπὸ τῆς ὕλης τὸ ἀποτέλεσμα, οἷον χρυσὸν δ' αὐτὸς ἔδυνε περὶ χροΐ· ἀντὶ τοῦ χρυσῆν πανοπλίαν. ἢ ἀπὸ τοῦ συμβόλου τὸ κύριον, οἷον σκῆπτρον μέν τοι δῶκε τετιμῆσθαι περὶ πάντων. ἀντὶ τοῦ βασιλείαν, ἧς τὸ σκῆπτρον σύμβολον.