John Chrysostom, On Fasting

Moses? a law and a fast that lasted for forty days. But before it was brought down, the law, the people were seen to have committed impiety. The first commandment, the Lord God is one; and those who were about to receive such a commandment say, These are your gods. Great weakness; for before the living God, the likeness of a calf was preferred. What then is the remedy for so great an evil? Again Moses, who had not sinned, fasts, and the root of the old law is forgiven to those who had sinned. From fasting began the preaching of the New Testament, from fasting it took its beginning. For the Savior, having been baptized for us, and having gone into the desert, first fasted, and thus began His signs, not needing the fast Himself, but teaching us to have recourse to the power of fasting. If, therefore, the Old begins from fasting, and the New lays its foundation from it, let us not think fasting is an evil thing. Some are displeased, seeing the laborious law, and do not see the profit gained from this law. Do you not see that even lions in a den were persuaded to fast, and did not touch Daniel? If then lions obey the command, and put aside their savage nature, and are like acquaintances, and do not approach as strangers, let us hasten to the fast having been commanded. Again it is written, when Jeroboam the king of Judea had committed impiety, worshipping a calf according to his paternal inheritance, a prophet appeared, and said nothing to the king and to the people, knowing that both the ruler and the ruled were disobedient; but leaving the people who would not listen, he speaks to the place of sacrifice, that is, to the altar, to show that the stones listen more than the people; he says, Let Josiah be born, and he will burn the bones of those who sacrifice upon the altar. He did not bear the dishonor, and he who was being rebuked became indignant; with power he stretched out his hand to turn back the benefactor, the prophet; he stretched it out, but was not able to bend it back; for sin had withered his hand. He who had stretched out his hand cries out, to seize the prophet, and as he cried out the prophet heals his hand; and the king says to him: come up with me to the house, taste bread and drink water, and so you shall go, The prophet answers: I have a command from God in these places, in which impiety reigns, not to taste water and bread. The prophet departs. But pay attention to the end of the story. Another prophet, hearing that a prophet who had arrived said such things, pursues and overtakes him, and urges the prophet to enter and eat with him, and persuades him. And he persuaded him by saying, that 'The Lord also told me to do this.' He entered and ate. And while they were eating, the Holy Spirit comes upon the prophet who had invited him, and he then prophesies, not from his heart, but from the spirit, and says to the one who had entered and eaten: Because you did not listen to the Lord your God, and you ate where you were commanded not to eat, you shall depart from here, and 62.734 a lion will eat you. Do you see how great an evil disobeying a command to fast causes? The prophet departs, and the dignity of his prophecy did not protect him because of his disobedience. A lion came out, not to eat, but to show that it hears a command, and it pursues the one who did not listen, and it seized the body of the disobedient one to such an extent, as only to kill him; and it killed him to punish the disobedient one. And having killed him, the lion employed fasting in place of the disobedient one's indulgence; for the prophet lay dead, and his donkey stood alive, not because it was not easier to kill a donkey than a man, but the irrational lion discerned by command, and did not kill the donkey which had not sinned, nor did it touch it, but the one who disobeyed, no longer a prophet insofar as his disobedience was concerned, it killed. And there were three wonders to see concerning him: the prophet lay there signifying his disobedience; sitting beside him was the

Μωϋσῆς; νόμον καὶ νηστείαν γενομένην ἐπὶ τεσσαράκοντα ἡμέρας. Ἀλλὰ πρὶν ἢ κατηνέχθη, ὁ νόμος ὤφθη ὁ λαὸς ἀσεβήσας. Ἡ πρώτη ἐντολὴ, Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς εἷς ἐστι· καὶ οἱ μέλλοντες δέχεσθαι τὴν τοιαύτην ἐντολὴν, λέγουσιν, Οὗτοι οἱ θεοί σου. Μεγάλη ἀσθένεια· πρὸ γὰρ Θεοῦ ζῶντος μίμημα μόσχου προετιμήθη. Τί οὖν ἐστι τὸ φάρμακον τοῦ τοσούτου κακοῦ; Πάλιν νηστεύει Μωϋσῆς ὁ μὴ ἁμαρτήσας, καὶ συγχωρεῖται τοῖς ἁμαρτήσασι τοῦ παλαιοῦ νόμου ἡ ῥίζα. Ἀπὸ νηστείας ἤρξατο τῆς Καινῆς ∆ιαθήκης τὸ κήρυγμα, ἀπὸ νηστείας εἴληφε τὴν ἀρχήν. Βαπτισθεὶς γὰρ ὁ Σωτὴρ δι' ἡμᾶς, καὶ εἰς ἔρημον ἀπελθὼν, πρότερον ἐνήστευσε, καὶ οὕτω τῶν σημείων ἤρξατο, οὐκ αὐτὸς χρῄζων νηστείας, ἡμᾶς δὲ διδάσκων εἰς δύναμιν νηστείας ἔχειν τὴν τροπήν. Εἰ τοίνυν ἡ Παλαιὰ ἀπὸ νηστείας ἄρχεται, καὶ ἡ Καινὴ ἀπὸ ταύτης τίθεται τὸν θεμέλιον, μὴ νομίσωμεν κακὸν εἶναι τὴν νηστείαν. ∆υσχεραίνουσί τινες, τὸν ἐπίπονον νόμον ὁρῶντες, καὶ οὐχ ὁρῶσι τὸ ἐκ τοῦ νόμου τούτου προσγινόμενον κέρδος. Οὐχ ὁρᾷς ὅτι καὶ λέοντες ἐν λάκκῳ ἐπείσθησαν νηστεῦσαι, καὶ οὐχ ἥψαντο τοῦ ∆ανιήλ; Εἰ δὲ λέοντες πειθαρχοῦσι τῷ προστάγματι, καὶ τῆς ἀγριότητος τὴν φύσιν ἐξέθεντο, καὶ εἰσὶν ὡς γνώριμοι, καὶ οὐκ ἐπέρχονται ὡς ἀλλότριοι, σπεύσωμεν ἐπὶ νηστείαν προσταχθέντες. Πάλιν γέγραπται, ὅτε Ἱεροβοὰμ ὁ βασιλεὺς τῆς Ἰουδαίας ἠσεβήκει, μόσχον προσκυνῶν κατὰ κληρονομίαν πατρικὴν, ἐπέστη προφήτης, καὶ τῷ βασιλεῖ καὶ τῷ λαῷ εἶπεν οὐδὲν, εἰδὼς ὅτι ἀπειθεῖς καὶ ὁ ἄρχων καὶ οἱ ἀρχόμενοι· ἐάσας δὲ τοὺς μὴ ἀκούοντας ἀνθρώπους, λέγει πρὸς τὸ θυσιαστήριον, τουτέστι, πρὸς τὸν βωμὸν, ἵνα δείξῃ ὅτι οἱ λίθοι μᾶλλον ἀκούουσιν ἢ οἱ ἄνθρωποι· λέγει, Γεννηθήτω Ἰωσίας, καὶ τὰ ὀστᾶ τῶν θυόντων καύσει ἐπὶ τὸν βωμόν. Οὐκ ἤνεγκε τὴν ἀτιμίαν, καὶ ἠγανάκτησεν ὁ ἐλεγχόμενος· δυνάμει ἥπλωσε τὴν χεῖρα, ἵνα ἀναστρέψῃ τὸν εὐεργέτην τὸν προφήτην· ἥπλωσε μὲν, οὐκ ἐδυνήθη δὲ κάμψαι· ἡ γὰρ ἁμαρτία ἐξήρανεν αὐτοῦ τὴν χεῖρα. Φθέγγεται ὁ ἐκτείνας τὴν χεῖρα, κρατῆσαι τὸν προφήτην, καὶ ἅμα τῷ βοῆσαι ἰᾶται τὴν χεῖρα ὁ προφήτης· καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ βασιλεύς· ἄνελθε μετ' ἐμὲ εἰς τὸν οἶκον, γεῦσαι ἄρτου καὶ πίε ὕδατος, καὶ οὕτω πορεύσῃ, Ἀποκρίνεται ὁ προφήτης· πρόσταγμα ἔχω Θεοῦ ἐν τοῖς τόποις τούτοις, ἐν οἷς ἀσέβεια πολιτεύεται, μὴ γεύσασθαι ὕδατος καὶ ἄρτου. Ἀναχωρεῖ ὁ προφήτης. Πρόσεχε δὲ τῷ τέλει τοῦ λόγου. Ἄλλος προφήτης ἀκούσας ὅτι προφήτης παραγενόμενος τοιαῦτα εἶπε, διώκει καὶ καταλαμβάνει, καὶ παρακαλεῖ τὸν προφήτην εἰσελθεῖν καὶ γεύσασθαι μετ' αὐτοῦ, καὶ πείθει. Ἔπεισε δὲ εἰπὼν, ὅτι Κἀμοὶ Κύριος εἶπε τοῦτο ποιῆσαν. Εἰσῆλθε καὶ ἔφαγεν. Ἐν δὲ τῷ ἐσθίειν μετέρχεται τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον ἐπὶ τὸν καλέσαντα προφήτην, καὶ λοιπὸν προφητεύει, οὐ τὰ ἀπὸ καρδίας, ἀλλὰ τὰ ἀπὸ πνεύματος, καί φησι πρὸς ἐκεῖνον τὸν εἰσελθόντα καὶ φαγόντα· Ἐπειδὴ οὐκ ἤκουσας Κυρίου τοῦ Θεοῦ σου, καὶ ἔφαγες ὅπου ἐκελεύσθης μὴ φαγεῖν, ἀπέρχῃ ἐντεῦθεν, καὶ 62.734 ἐσθίει σε λέων. Ὁρᾷς τὸ παριδεῖν προστάγματος νηστείας, ὅσον κακὸν προξενεῖ; Ἀναχωρεῖ ὁ προφήτης, καὶ οὐ προέστη αὐτοῦ τὸ ἀξίωμα τῆς προφητείας διὰ τὴν παρακοήν. Ἐξῆλθε λέων, οὐχ ἵνα φάγῃ, ἀλλ' ἵνα δείξῃ ὅτι αὐτὸς προστάγματος ἀκούει, καὶ μετέρχεται τὸν μὴ ἀκούσαντα, καὶ ἐφήψατο τοῦ σώματος τοῦ παρακούσαντος ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον, ὡς ἀνελεῖν μόνον· καὶ ἀνεῖλεν ἵνα κολάσῃ τὸν παρακούσαντα. Ἀνελὼν δὲ προσεχρήσατο ὁ λέων τῇ νηστείᾳ ἀντὶ τῆς τρυφῆς τοῦ παρακούσαντος· ἔκειτο γὰρ νεκρὸς ὁ προφήτης, εἰστήκει δὲ ἡ ὄνος αὐτοῦ ζῶσα, οὐχ ὅτι οὐκ ἦν εὐμαρέστερον ὄνον ἀποκτεῖναι ἢ ἄνθρωπον, ἀλλ' ὁ ἄλογος λέων προστάγματι διέκρινε, καὶ τὴν μὴ ἁμαρτήσασαν ὄνον οὐκ ἀπέκτεινεν, οὐδὲ ἥψατο, τὸν δὲ παρακούσαντα, οὐκέτι προφήτην ὅσον εἰς παρακοὴν, ἀπέκτεινε. Καὶ ἦν ἰδεῖν περὶ αὐτοῦ τριπλᾶ θαυμάσια· ἔκειτο ὁ προφήτης μηνύων τὴν παρακοήν· παρεκαθέζετο ὁ