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to keep, and not to tolerate Paul abrogating these things. For those around Peter and James and John, he says, do not forbid these things, the

first of the apostles, those who were with Christ. And truly they did not forbid it; but they did this not by dogmatizing, but by condescending to the weakness of the believers from among the Jews. But Paul, preaching to the Gentiles, had no need of this condescension. When therefore he was in Judea, he himself also used this condescension. But the deceivers, not stating the reasons for which both he and they condescended, misled the more simple, saying, that one must not tolerate Paul; for he appeared yesterday and today, but they, those around Peter, were first; and he has become a disciple of the apostles, but they of Christ; and he is alone, but they are many, and pillars of the Church. And they slandered him as a hypocrite, saying that this same man who abrogates circumcision, is seen also to have used these things elsewhere, and preaches one way to you, and another way to others. Since therefore he saw a whole nation set on fire, and a terrible pyre kindled against the Church of the Galatians, and the building shaken and in danger of falling, he was seized partly by righteous anger, and partly by despondency; (for he indicated this also by saying, that I wished to be present with you now, and to change my tone), he writes the Epistle, defending himself against all these things. And from the very beginning he addresses that point which they, undermining his reputation, were saying, that the others were of Christ, but he had become a disciple of the apostles. For this reason he also began thus: Paul, an apostle, not from men, nor through men. For those deceivers said, as I mentioned before, that he is the last of all the apostles, and was taught by them. For Peter and James and John were both called first, and are the leaders of the disciples, and received their doctrines from Christ, and one must obey them rather than him; and they do not forbid being circumcised, nor not keeping the law.

2. And saying these things and such things, and putting him down, while elevating their

reputation, not in order to praise them, but in order to deceive the Galatians, they persuaded them to adhere unseasonably to the law. Reasonably therefore did he begin thus. For since they were disparaging his 61.614 teaching, saying it was from men, but that of Peter was from Christ, he stands up to this from the very beginning, saying that he is an apostle, not from men, nor through men. For Ananias indeed baptized him, but it was not he who delivered him from his error, nor led him to the faith; but Christ Himself from above uttered that wonderful voice to him, through which He caught him in His net. For He called Peter and his brother, and John and his brother, while walking by the sea, but Paul after He had ascended into heaven. And just as they did not need a second voice, but immediately left their nets and everything else and followed him; so also he from the first call ascended to the highest peak, at once being baptized and taking up an implacable war against the Jews, and in this especially excelling the apostles; For I have labored more abundantly than they, he says. But for the present he does not establish this, but is content to be their equal. For his purpose was not to show himself superior to them, but to destroy the basis of the error. The phrase, then, Not from men, was common to all; for the preaching has its beginning and its root from above; but the phrase, Nor through men, was peculiar to the apostles; for He did not call them through men, but Himself through Himself.

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τηρεῖν, καὶ μὴ ἀνέχεσθαι Παύλου ταῦτα ἀναιροῦντος. Οἱ γὰρ περὶ Πέτρον καὶ Ἰάκωβον καὶ Ἰωάννην ταῦτα, φησὶν, οὐ κωλύουσιν, οἱ

πρῶτοι τῶν ἀποστόλων, οἱ μετὰ Χριστοῦ γενόμενοι. Καὶ ἀληθῶς οὐκ ἐκώλυον· ἀλλ' οὐ δογματίζοντες τοῦτο ἐποίουν, ἀλλὰ τῇ ἀσθενείᾳ συγκαταβαίνοντες τῶν ἐξ Ἰουδαίων πιστευόντων. Ὁ δὲ Παῦλος εἰς τὰ ἔθνη κηρύττων, οὐ χρείαν εἶχε τῆς συγκαταβάσεως ταύτης. Ὅτε οὖν ἐν Ἰουδαίᾳ γέγονε, καὶ αὐτὸς τῇ συγκαταβάσει ἐχρήσατο ταύτῃ. Ἀλλ' οἱ ἀπατῶντες, οὐ λέγοντες τὰς αἰτίας, δι' ἃς καὶ οὗτος καὶ ἐκεῖνοι συγκατέβαινον, παρελογίζοντο τοὺς ἀφελεστέρους λέγοντες, ὅτι οὐ δεῖ Παύλου ἀνέχεσθαι· οὗτος γὰρ χθὲς καὶ σήμερον ἐφάνη, ἐκεῖνοι δὲ πρῶτοι οἱ περὶ Πέτρον· καὶ οὗτος μὲν μαθητὴς τῶν ἀποστόλων γέγονεν, ἐκεῖνοι δὲ τοῦ Χριστοῦ· καὶ οὗτος μὲν μόνος, ἐκεῖνοι δὲ πολλοὶ, καὶ στῦλοι τῆς Ἐκκλησίας. Καὶ εἰς ὑπόκρισιν δὲ αὐτὸν διέβαλλον λέγοντες, ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς οὗτος ὁ ἀναιρῶν περιτομὴν, φαίνεται καὶ τούτοις χρησάμενος ἀλλαχοῦ, καὶ ἑτέρως μὲν ὑμῖν, ἑτέρως δὲ ἄλλοις κηρύττων. Ἐπεὶ οὖν ἐμπρησθὲν εἶδεν ἔθνος ὁλόκληρον, καὶ πυρὰν χαλεπὴν κατὰ τῆς τῶν Γαλατῶν ἁφθεῖσαν Ἐκκλησίας, καὶ τὴν οἰκοδομὴν σαλευομένην καὶ κινδυνεύουσαν καταπεσεῖν, τοῦτο μὲν ὑπὸ θυμοῦ δικαίου, τοῦτο δὲ ὑπὸ ἀθυμίας κατεχόμενος· καὶ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο ἐδήλωσεν εἰπὼν, ὅτι Ἤθελον παρεῖναι πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἄρτι, καὶ ἀλλάξαι τὴν φωνήν μου), γράφει τὴν Ἐπιστολὴν, πρὸς ἅπαντα ταῦτα ἀπολογούμενος. Καὶ ἐκ προοιμίων εὐθέως πρὸς ἐκεῖνο ἀποτείνεται, ὃ διορύττοντες αὐτοῦ τὴν ὑπόληψιν ἔλεγον, ὅτι οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι τοῦ Χριστοῦ, αὐτὸς δὲ τῶν ἀποστόλων γέγονε μαθητής. ∆ιὸ καὶ οὕτως ἤρξατο· Παῦλος ἀπόστολος, οὐκ ἀπ' ἀνθρώπων, οὐδὲ δι' ἀνθρώπων. Ἔλεγον γὰρ, ὃ ἔφθην εἰπὼν, οἱ ἀπατεῶνες ἐκεῖνοι, ὅτι τῶν ἀποστόλων ἁπάντων ἔσχατος οὗτός ἐστι, καὶ παρ' ἐκείνων ἐδιδάχθη. Πέτρος γὰρ καὶ Ἰάκωβος καὶ Ἰωάννης καὶ ἐκλήθησαν πρῶτοι, καὶ κορυφαῖοι τῶν μαθητῶν εἰσι, καὶ τὰ δόγματα ἐδέξαντο παρὰ τοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ χρὴ μᾶλλον ἐκείνοις πείθεσθαι, ἢ τούτῳ· ἐκεῖνοι δὲ οὐ κωλύουσι περιτέμνεσθαι, οὐδὲ νόμον μὴ τηρεῖν.

βʹ. Καὶ ταῦτα, καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα λέγοντες, καὶ τοῦτον μὲν καθαιροῦντες, ἐκείνων δὲ

τὴν δόξαν ἐπαίροντες, οὐχ ἵνα ἐκείνους ἐγκωμιάσωσιν, ἀλλὰ ἵνα Γαλάτας ἀπατήσωσιν, ἔπειθον ἀκαίρως τῷ νόμῳ προσέχειν. Εἰκότως οὖν οὕτως ἤρξατο. Ἐπεὶ γὰρ τὴν μὲν αὐτοῦ 61.614 διδασκαλίαν ἐξηυτέλιζον, παρὰ ἀνθρώπων αὐτὴν λέγοντες εἶναι, τὴν δὲ Πέτρου παρὰ τοῦ Χριστοῦ, ἐκ προοιμίων εὐθέως πρὸς τοῦτο ἵσταται, λέγων ἀπόστολος εἶναι, οὐκ ἀπ' ἀνθρώπων, οὐδὲ δι' ἀνθρώπων. Ἐβάπτισε μὲν γὰρ αὐτὸν Ἀνανίας, ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐκεῖνος τῆς πλάνης ἀπήλλαξεν, οὐδὲ πρὸς τὴν πίστιν ἤγαγεν· ἀλλ' αὐτὸς ἄνωθεν ὁ Χριστὸς τὴν θαυμαστὴν ἐκείνην πρὸς αὐτὸν ἀφῆκε φωνὴν, δι' ἧς αὐτὸν ἐσαγήνευσε. Τὸν μὲν γὰρ Πέτρον καὶ τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ, καὶ Ἰωάννην καὶ τὸν ἀδελφὸν τὸν ἐκείνου, περιπατῶν παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν ἐκάλεσε, τὸν δὲ Παῦλον εἰς οὐρανοὺς ἀνελθών. Καὶ ὥσπερ οὐκ ἐδεήθησαν ἐκεῖνοι δευτέρας φωνῆς, ἀλλ' εὐθέως ἀφέντες τὰ δίκτυα καὶ πάντα τὰ ἄλλα ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ· οὕτω καὶ οὗτος ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης κλήσεως πρὸς ἄκραν ἀνέβη κορυφὴν, ὁμοῦ τε βαπτισάμενος καὶ πόλεμον ἄσπονδον πρὸς Ἰουδαίους ἑλόμενος, καὶ ταύτῃ μάλιστα τῶν ἀποστόλων πλεονεκτήσας· Περισσότερον γὰρ αὐτῶν ἐκοπίασα, φησίν. Ἀλλὰ τέως οὐ κατασκευάζει τοῦτο, ἀλλ' ἀγαπᾷ τὰ ἴσα φέρων. Τὸ γὰρ σπουδαζόμενον ἦν αὐτῷ, οὐ δεῖξαι ἑαυτὸν ἐκείνων ὑπερέχοντα, ἀλλὰ τῆς πλάνης καταλῦσαι τὴν ὑπόθεσιν. Τὸ μὲν οὖν, Οὐκ ἀπ' ἀνθρώπων, κοινὸν ἁπάντων ἦν· ἄνωθεν γὰρ τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ τὴν ῥίζαν ἔχει τὸ κήρυγμα· τὸ δὲ, Οὐ δι' ἀνθρώπων, ἴδιον τῶν ἀποστόλων· οὐ γὰρ δι' ἀνθρώπων ἐκάλεσεν αὐτοὺς, ἀλλ' αὐτὸς δι' ἑαυτοῦ.