and for this reason it was called a ministry of death. How then, he says, was it added for the sake of transgressions? In a brief word it is something like this: before the law both the mind of men with the flesh served sin and loved evil, but when the law was given, the mind was instructed, but the flesh was still held fast. Since, then, the one who does not know that sin was sin, pursuing impiety as piety and applying himself to it more earnestly, but the one who knows that it is evil, will at least gain this: the awareness that he is transgressing, and he desires to obey God. for this reason a law was given that was able to give life, instead of if a law had been given, it was not given, he says, against the promises of God, but neither was it able to prevail for all time. Gal 3,23 Even if the law accomplished nothing else, yet it provided the knowledge of God. And to know God made one ready for the reception of grace. Gal 3,27-28 It is not the observance of the law, he says, that makes the Jews who have believed better than those from the Gentiles, but the power of baptism, which provides the putting on of Christ, makes grace common to all alike, barbarians, Greeks, Jews, female, male. And he did not simply mix in the female and the male—for how much did he seek one thing in his statement with respect to the matter at hand—but if baptism brings together the different male and female into one grace, how much more a Greek and a Jew. Gal 4,8-10 Now he wants to show that after grace has come, even if someone seems to observe the Sabbath and new moons and feasts according to the law, it is as if he is committing idolatry to the elements which he worshipped when he was a Gentile, serving in another way. And he does not keep the law; for it has ceased. And by calling them weak elements he did not accuse them as being wicked, but as being unable to enrich and to be sufficient for piety. 302 Gal 4,12 Do not think, he says, that I had some other grief toward you and for this reason I am rebuking you; for the passion of his pain continually compels him to change the form of his discourse, and now to rebuke, now to exhort, and at one time to accuse, at another to lament. Here, therefore, he teaches that what he writes, he writes out of affection—for, he says, I have been wronged in nothing by you—but also as a healing, because I have been deemed worthy of the greatest. Gal 4,15- 18 What then is the blessing? instead of, none. Or thus: to keep the law or to live by faith? And since he said that they wish not to be zealous for you, so that they themselves might have the perfection of faith by not keeping the law, but that you be zealous for them, he added that I say these things not envying them; for I wish that they too were perfect, using faith, and it was not forbidden for them to be emulated and to imitate us. Therefore, you also do such things as make you worthy of emulation, so that all may imitate you, and not that when I come you become such out of respect for me, but that you correct yourselves even when I am not present. Gal 4,23-24 Now he has used the name, not the power of allegory. For allegory does not conform to the literal words, but introduces certain other things that appear from the sequence according to the texture of the thoughts, such as "Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth," from the Song of Songs; for there is neither kiss nor hair nor belly nor thighs nor anything else, but other things are introduced through other things, and this is the proper form of allegory. But here the history is also acknowledged, and it has been shown that it is a type of what is to come. The prophecy through works has now been called allegory. For of prophecies, some are through words only, as "Behold, the virgin shall conceive," others through works only, as "Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness," and others both through works and through words, as that which was said to 303 Jeremiah, "Take a new loincloth and put it on;" then, "Bury it by the Euphrates," and as it was ruined and corroded by time, "Take it," he says, "from there." For up to this point the prophecy is through works, but what follows is also through words: "For so I put on the sons of Israel and so I helped them, and so I am leading them as captives to Babylon, and having been rotted and corrupted I am leading them up from there and restoring them." Now, therefore, he has called the prophecy through works an allegory. Gal 4,25 He did not simply mention the

καὶ διακονία θανάτου διὰ τοῦτο ὠνόμασται. πῶς οὖν τῶν παραβάσεων χάριν προσετέθη, φησίν; ἐν συντόμῳ ῥήματι τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν· πρὸ νόμου καὶ ὁ νοῦς τῶν ἀνθρώπων μετὰ τῆς σαρκὸς ἐδούλευσε τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ καὶ ἔστεργε τὸ κακόν, δοθέντος τοῦ νόμου ὁ μὲν νοῦς ἐπαιδεύθη, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἔτι κατείχετο. ἐπεὶ οὖν ὁ μὲν ἀγνοῶν τὴν ἁμαρτίαν ὅτι ἁμαρτία ἦν, τὴν ἀσέβειαν ὡς εὐσέβειαν μετιὼν καὶ σπουδαιότερον αὐτῇ προσέχει, ὁ δὲ γνοὺς ὅτι κακόν, τοῦτο γοῦν κερδανεῖ τὸ συνειδέναι ὅτι παραβαίνει, καὶ ἐπιθυμεῖ τῷ θεῷ ὑπακοῦσαι. διὰ τοῦτο ἐδόθη νόμος ὁ δυνάμενος ζωοποιῆσαι, ἀντὶ τοῦ εἰ ἐδόθη νόμος, οὐκ ἐδόθη, φησί, κατὰ τῶν ἐπαγγελιῶν τοῦ θεοῦ, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ διὰ παντὸς κρατεῖν ἐδύνατο. Gal 3,23 Εἰ καὶ μηδὲν ἕτερον κατώρθου ὁ νόμος, ἀλλὰ τὸ τὸν θεὸν εἰδέναι παρεῖχεν. τὸ δὲ τὸν θεὸν εἰδέναι ἕτοιμον ἐποίει πρὸς τὴν τῆς χάριτος ὑποδοχήν. Gal 3,27-28 Οὐχ ἡ τοῦ νόμου τήρησις, φησί, βελτίονας ποιεῖ τοὺς πιστεύσαντας τῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ἐθνῶν τοὺς Ἰουδαίους, ἀλλ' ἡ δύναμις τοῦ βαπτίσματος τὸ Χριστὸν ἐνδύσασθαι παρέχουσα, κοινὴν ποιεῖ τὴν χάριν πάντων ὁμοῦ, βαρβάρων, Ἑλλήνων, Ἰουδαίων, θήλεος, ἄρρενος. οὐχ ἁπλῶς δὲ παρέμιξε τὸ θῆλυ καὶ τὸ ἄρρεν-ὅσον γὰρ εἷς τῷ ῥήματι ἐζήτει πρὸς τὸ προκείμενον-, ἀλλ' εἰ τὸ ἄρρεν καὶ τὸ θῆλυ διαφέρον εἰς μίαν χάριν συνάγει τὸ βάπτισμα, πόσῳ μᾶλλον Ἕλληνα καὶ Ἰουδαῖον. Gal 4,8-10 Νῦν βούλεται δεῖξαι ὅτι μετὰ τὸ τὴν χάριν ἐλθεῖν, κἂν δοκῇ τις κατὰ νόμον σάββατον τηρεῖν καὶ νεομηνίας καὶ ἑορτάς, ὥσπερ εἰδωλολατρεῖ τοῖς στοιχείοις οἷς ἐθρήσκευεν ἐθνικὸς ὤν, ἄλλως δουλεύων. καὶ οὐ νόμον τηρεῖ· πέπαυται γάρ. πτωχὰ δὲ στοιχεῖα εἰπὼν οὐ κατηγόρησεν ὡς πονηρῶν, ἀλλ' ὡς πλουτίζειν μὴ δυναμένων καὶ ἀρκεῖν πρὸς εὐσέβειαν. 302 Gal 4,12 Μὴ νομίσητε, φησίν, ὅτι ἄλλην τινὰ λύπην εἶχον πρὸς ὑμᾶς καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐπιπλήττω· τῆς γὰρ ὀδύνης τὸ πάθος συνεχῶς αὐτὸν μεταβάλλειν ἀναγκάζει τοῦ λόγου τὸ εἶδος, καὶ νῦν μὲν ἐπιτιμᾶν, νῦν δὲ παρακαλεῖν, καὶ ποτὲ μὲν κατηγορεῖν, ποτὲ δὲ θρηνεῖν. ἐνταῦθα τοίνυν διδάσκει ὡς ἅπερ γράφει, διὰ φιλοστοργίαν γράφει-οὐδὲν γάρ, φησί, παρ' ὑμῶν ἠδίκημαι-, ἀλλὰ καὶ θεραπείαν, ὅτι μάλιστα πλείστης ἠξίωμαι. Gal 4,15- 18 Τίς οὖν ὁ μακαρισμός; ἀντὶ τοῦ οὐδείς. ἢ οὕτως· τὸ τηρεῖν νόμον ἢ τὸ πίστει ζῆν; καὶ ἐπειδὴ εἶπεν ὅτι ἐκεῖνοι θέλουσιν οὐχὶ ὑμᾶς ζηλοῦν, ἵνα τὸ τέλειον αὐτοὶ ἔχωσι τῆς πίστεως μὴ τηροῦντες νόμον, ἀλλ' αὐτοὺς ὑμᾶς ζηλοῦν, ἐπήγαγεν ὅτι ταῦτα λέγω οὐ φθονῶν αὐτοῖς· ὤφελον γὰρ κἀκεῖνοι τέλειοι ἦσαν τῇ πίστει κεχρημένοι, καὶ ἀκώλυτον ἦν αὐτοὺς ζηλοῦσθαι καὶ μιμεῖσθαι ἡμᾶς. καὶ ὑμεῖς οὖν τοιαῦτα πράττετε ἃ καὶ ζηλωτοὺς ὑμᾶς ποιεῖ, ἵνα πάντες ὑμᾶς μιμῶνται, καὶ μὴ ὅταν ἔλθω αἰδεσθέντες με τοιοῦτοι γίνεσθε, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐμοῦ μὴ παρόντος ἑαυτοὺς διορθοῦσθε. Gal 4,23-24 Νῦν τῷ ὀνόματι κατεχρήσατο, οὐ τῇ δυνάμει τῆς ἀλληγορίας. ἡ γὰρ ἀλληγορία οὐ στοιχεῖ τοῖς ῥητοῖς, ἄλλα δέ τινα ἐμφαινόμενα ἀπὸ τῆς κατὰ τὴν ὑφὴν τῶν νοημάτων ἀκολουθίας εἰσάγει, οἷόν ἐστι τὸ φιλησάτω με ἀπὸ φιλημάτων στόματος αὐτοῦ, τοῦ ἐν τοῖς Ἄσμασι τῶν Ἀσμάτων· ἐκεῖ γὰρ οὔτε φίλημα οὔτε θρὶξ οὔτε κοιλία οὐδὲ μηροὶ οὐδὲ ἕτερόν τι, ἀλλ' ἄλλα δι' ἄλλων εἰσάγεται, καὶ τοῦτό ἐστιν ἀλληγορίας εἶδος κύριον. ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ ἡ ἱστορία ὡμολόγηται, καὶ ὅτι τύπος ἐστὶ τοῦ μέλλοντος ἀποδέδεικται. ἡ οὖν δι' ἔργων προφητεία ἀλληγορία νῦν ὠνόμασται. τῶν γὰρ προφητειῶν αἱ μέν εἰσι διὰ λόγων μόνον ὡς τὸ ἰδοὺ ἡ παρθένος ἐν γαστρὶ λήψεται, αἱ δὲ δι' ἔργων μόνον ὡς Μωϋσῆς ὕψωσε τὸν ὄφιν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ, αἱ δὲ καὶ δι' ἔργων καὶ διὰ λόγων ὡς τὸ πρὸς 303 Ἰερεμίαν ῥηθέν, τὸ λάβε περίζωμα καινὸν καὶ περίθου· εἶτα θάψον αὐτὸ παρὰ τὸν Εὐφράτην, καὶ ὡς διερρύη τῷ χρόνῳ καὶ διεβρώθη, λάβε αὐτό, φησίν, ἐκεῖθεν. ἕως γὰρ τούτου δι' ἔργων ἡ προφητεία, τὸ δὲ ἑξῆς καὶ διὰ λόγων· ὅτι οὕτως κἀγὼ τοὺς υἱοὺς Ἰσραὴλ περιεθέμην καὶ οὕτως αὐτοῖς ἐβοήθησα, καὶ οὕτως αὐτοὺς εἰς Βαβυλῶνα ἀπάγω αἰχμαλώτους καὶ σαθρωθέντας καὶ φθαρέντας ἐκεῖθεν ἀναγάγω καὶ ἀποκαθιστῶ. νῦν οὖν τὴν δι' ἔργων προφητείαν ἀλληγορίαν ὠνόμασεν. Gal 4,25 Οὐχ ἁπλῶς ἐμνημόνευσε τοῦ