such as are often signified also through the moon; for when it is thin in its beams around the day and clear, it announces stable fair weather; but when it appears thick in its horns and reddish, it indicates that there will be either torrential water from clouds or a storm; likewise also the sun, when it becomes like charcoal and blood-red in its rays or in its gleam, reveals that a violent movement is coming; therefore many sailors and farmers and travelers have often been helped by such observation. [5] Concerning the fish and the birds. And on the fifth day he commanded the waters to bring forth creeping things with living souls and birds flying according to the firmament of heaven; and with the command the work was completed, the aptitude for begetting life having come to be in the waters. For immediately the sea brought forth all kinds of swimming creatures, and the rivers and lakes were filled with their own fish, according to their nature. And again the waters brought forth also the birds, having in a certain way a kinship with the swimming creatures. For just as fish in the waters move forward by the movement of their fins, and by the frequent turning of their tail they steer their straight courses, so also the birds, swimming through the air, cut through it and cross wherever they wish. 1265 905 [6] Concerning the cattle and the beasts. And again on the sixth day the earth was permitted to bring forth the living soul according to its kind, four-footed creatures and creeping things and beasts; and immediately it brought forth both wild and tame animals. And He commanded it to bring forth a living soul, so that from this the difference between the irrational soul and the human soul might be known; for the soul of irrational creatures sprang from the earth, but that of humans was constituted from the divine in-breathing; and that the soul of irrational creatures is earthly, it is possible to know again from Scripture itself; for it is said: The soul of every beast is its blood; and blood, when it congeals, is changed into flesh; and flesh, when it decays, is dissolved into earth. Reasonably, therefore, the soul of the irrational creature is earthy. [7] Concerning the creation of man. Since [then] everything was being adorned with [fitting] beauty, the heaven with the [rays] of the luminaries, [sea] ... and air with the swimming and aerial animals, and the earth with the [various differences] of plants and of cattle, [the maker of the universe introduc]es man into the world as a kind of king, not creating him last as something rejected (206a, but as one who ought to reign at the same time as his genesis. For what does the Scripture say? And God said: Let us make man in our image and after our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the air and over the beasts and over all the earth. And all other created things were brought forth by a word alone; but man had something special in his making compared to them. For he was created after counsel had first been taken, so that by this it might be shown that he is a precious thing indeed; for the saying, "Let us make man in our image and after our likeness," shows nothing other than that the Father used his only-begotten Son as a counselor in his creation, the 906 radiance of his glory, according to the Apostle, and the express image of his person. For it was not possible to use any other counselor than His living and subsistent Word, who is the exact image, consubstantial and equal in power. (22 works, as Moses says, God created in the 6 days; for which reason there are also 22 letters and that many books among the Hebrews and 22 patriarchs from Adam to Jacob.) [8] On the phrase, "In the image." Since, therefore, as has been said, man was introduced into the world as a king, it is reasonable that he has been made in the image of God; for it was necessary for the one who was to rule over the others to be, as it were, a living image of the likeness of the king, not displaying his dignity in a purple robe and scepter and diadem, since not even the archetype is in these things, but in being adorned with incorruptibility and immortality and virtue; for being honored with these things man preserves the likeness to the 1268 original image; furthermore, also free will [shows] the royal and exalted nature of man and towards the

οἷά ἐστι καὶ διὰ τῆς σελήνης πολλάκις σημαινόμενα· λεπτὴ γὰρ οὖσα ταῖς ἀκτῖσι περὶ τὴν ἡμέραν καὶ καθαρὰ, σταθερὰν εὐδίαν καταγγέλλεται· παχεῖα δὲ ταῖς κεραίαις καὶ ὑπέρυθρος φαινομένη, ἢ ὕδωρ λάβρον ἀπὸ νεφῶν ἢ χειμῶνα ἔσεσθαι μηνύει· ὡσαύτως καὶ ὁ ἥλιος ἀνθρακώδης γινόμενος καὶ ὕφαιμος ταῖς ἀκτῖσιν ἢ τῷ ἀπαυγάσματι, βιαίαν κίνησιν δηλοῖ ἐπιγενέσθαι· πολλάκις οὖν ἐκ τῆς τοιαύτης σημειώσεως ὠφελήθησαν πολλοὶ πλωτῆρές τε καὶ γεωργοὶ καὶ ὁδοιπόροι. [Εʹ] Περὶ τῶν ἰχθύων καὶ τῶν πετεινῶν. Ἐν δὲ τῇ εʹ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκέλευσεν ἐξαγαγεῖν τὰ ὕδατα ἑρπετὰ ψυχῶν ζωσῶν καὶ πετεινὰ κατὰ τὸ στερέωμα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ πετόμενα· καὶ σὺν τῷ προστάγματι τὸ ἔργον ἐτελειοῦτο, τῆς πρὸς τὸ ζωογονεῖν ἐπιτηδειότητος ἐγγενομένης τοῖς ὕδασιν. Εὐθὺς γὰρ θάλασσα μὲν τὰ παντοδαπὰ γένη τῶν νηκτῶν ἀπέτεκεν, ποταμοὶ δὲ καὶ λίμναι τῶν οἰκείων καὶ κατὰ φύσιν ἰχθύων ἐπληρώθησαν. Προήγαγε δὲ αὖθις καὶ τὰ πετεινὰ τὰ ὕδατα, τρόπον τινὰ καὶ συγγένειαν πρὸς τὰ νηκτὰ ἔχοντα. Ὥσπερ γὰρ οἱ ἰχθύες ἐν τοῖς ὕδασι τῇ κινήσει τῶν πτερύγων ἐπὶ τὸ πρόσω χωροῦσιν, τῇ δὲ συχνῇ μεταστροφῇ τοῦ οὐραίου τὰς εὐθείας αὐτοῖς ὁρμὰς ὑακίζουσιν, οὕτως καὶ τὰ πετεινὰ κατὰ τὸν ἀέρα νηχόμενα τέμνουσι μὲν τοῦτον, περῶσι δὲ ὅπου καὶ βούλονται. 1265 905 [ʹ] Περὶ τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ τῶν θηρίων. Αὖθις δὲ ἐν τῇ ʹ ἡμέρᾳ ἐπετράπη ἐξαγαγεῖν ἡ γῆ ψυχὴν ζῶσαν κατὰ γένος, τετράποδα καὶ ἑρπετὰ καὶ θηρία· καὶ εὐθὺς προήγαγε τά τε ἄγρια καὶ ἥμερα ζῶα. Ψυχὴν δὲ ζῶσαν ἐξαγαγεῖν ἐκέλευσεν, ἵνα ἐκ τούτου γινώσκηται τῆς τε ἀλόγου ψυχῆς ἡ διαφορὰ καὶ τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης· ἐκ γὰρ γῆς ἐφύη τῶν ἀλόγων ἡ ψυχὴ, ἡ δὲ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐκ τοῦ θείου ἐμφυσήματος συνέστηκεν· καὶ ὅτι γεηρὰ ἡ τῶν ἀλόγων ψυχὴ, ἐξ αὐτῆς ἔστι γνῶναι πάλιν τῆς Γραφῆς· εἴρηται γάρ· Ψυχὴ παντὸς κτήνους τὸ αἷμα αὐτοῦ ἐστιν· αἷμα δὲ πηγνύμενον εἰς σάρκα μεταβάλλεται· σὰρξ δὲ φθει[ρομένη] εἰς γῆν ἀναλύεται. Εἰκότως οὖν γεώδης ἡ ψυχὴ τοῦ ἀλόγου. [Ζʹ] Περὶ τῆς κατασκευῆς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. Ἐπειδὴ [δὲ] λοιπὸν [τῷ καταλλ]ήλῳ κάλλει πάντα διεκοσμεῖτο, ὁ οὐρανὸς μὲν ταῖς τῶν φωστήρων, [αὐγαῖς, θάλασσα] ... δὲ καὶ ἀὴρ τοῖς νηκτοῖς καὶ ἀερίοις τῶν ζώων, γῆ δὲ ταῖς [παντοίαις διαφοραῖς] τῶν φυτῶν τε καὶ βοσκημάτων, ὥσπερ τινὰ βασιλέα [ὁ τοῦ παντὸς ποιητὴς εἰσάγ]ει τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐν κόσμῳ, οὐχ ὡς ἀπόβλητον ἔσχατον (206ἀ κτίσας, ἀλλ' ὡς ἅμα τῇ γενέσει βασιλεύειν ὀφείλοντα. Τί γάρ φησιν ἡ Γραφή; Καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Θεός· Ποιήσωμεν ἄνθρωπον κατ' εἰκόνα ἡμετέραν καὶ καθ' ὁμοίωσιν, καὶ ἀρχέτωσαν τῶν ἰχθύων τῆς θαλάσσης καὶ τῶν πετεινῶν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ τῶν θηρίων καὶ πάσης τῆς γῆς. Καὶ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα πάντα κτίσματα ῥήματι μόνῳ παρήχθη· ὁ δὲ ἄνθρωπος ἔσχεν ἐξαίρετόν τι κατὰ τὴν ποίησιν παρὰ ταῦτα. Βουλῆς γὰρ προηγησαμένης ἐκτίσθη, ἵνα ἐκ τούτου δειχθῇ, ὅτι περ τίμιόν τι χρῆμα ὑπάρχει· τὸ γάρ· Ποιήσωμεν ἄνθρωπον κατ' εἰκόνα ἡμετέραν καὶ καθ' ὁμοίωσιν, οὐδὲν ἕτερον δείκνυσιν ἢ ὅτι συμβούλῳ ἐχρήσατο ὁ Πατὴρ τῷ μονογενεῖ αὐτοῦ Υἱῷ ἐπὶ τῇ τούτου κατασκευῇ τῷ 906 ἀπαυγάσματι τῆς δόξης, κατὰ τὸν Ἀπόστολον, καὶ χαρακτῆρι τῆς ὑποστάσεως αὐτοῦ. Οὔτε γὰρ ἐνῆν ἄλλῳ τινὶ συμβούλῳ τινὶ κεχρῆσθαι ἢ τῷ ζῶντι καὶ ἐνυποστάτῳ αὐτοῦ Λόγῳ τῷ ἀπαραλλάκτῳ κατ' εἰκόνα καὶ ὁμοουσίῳ καὶ ἰσοδυνάμῳ. (Κβʹ ἔργα, ὡς λέγει Μωϋσῆς, ἔκτισεν ὁ Θεὸς ἐν ταῖς ʹ ἡμέραις· διὸ καὶ κβʹ γράμματα καὶ βιβλία τοσαῦτα παρ' Ἑβραίοις καὶ κβʹ γενεαρχίαι ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ μέχρι Ἰακώβ.) [Ηʹ] Εἰς τὸ, Κατ' εἰκόνα. Ἐπειδὴ τοίνυν, ὡς εἴρηται, βασιλεὺς ὥσπερ εἰσήχθη ἐν κόσμῳ ὁ ἄνθρωπος, εἰκότως οὖν καὶ κατ' εἰκόνα Θεοῦ γεγένηται· ἔδει γὰρ τὸν μέλλοντα ἄρχειν τῶν ἄλλων, ὥσπερ τινὰ εἰκόνα εἶναι ἔμψυχον τῆς τοῦ βασιλέως ὁμοιότητος, οὐκ ἐν πορφυρίδι καὶ σκήπτρῳ καὶ διαδήματι τὴν ἀξίαν ἐμφαίνοντα, ἐπειδὴ μηδὲ τὸ ἀρχέτυπον ἐν τούτοις ἐστὶν, ἀλλ' ἐν τῷ κοσμεῖσθαι τῇ ἀφθαρσίᾳ καὶ ἀθανασίᾳ καὶ ἀρετῇ· τούτοις γὰρ τιμηθεὶς ὁ ἄνθρωπος τὴν πρὸς τὴν 1268 πρωτότυπον εἰκόνα ὁμοιότητα διασώζει· ἔτι δὲ καὶ ἡ αὐτεξουσιότης τὸ βασιλικὸν καὶ ἐπῃρμένον τῆς φύσεως τοῦ ἀνθρώπου καὶ πρὸς τὴν