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but desiring again, and not obtaining similar things, it learned to murder and to do wrong. But how it does these things, it is reasonable to indicate according to our ability.

4 Having turned away from the contemplation of intelligible things, and misusing the partial activities of the body, and having taken pleasure in the contemplation of the body and seeing that pleasure was a good for itself, having gone astray, it misused the name of 'the good,' and considered pleasure to be the truly good itself; just as if someone, having gone mad, and demanding a sword against those he meets, might think this to be acting with self-control. But having fallen in love with pleasure, it began to activate it in various ways. For being mobile by nature, even if it turned away from good things, yet it does not cease from being moved. Therefore, it is no longer moved according to virtue, nor so as to see God; but contemplating non-beings, it alters its own potential, misusing this for the desires it has devised, since it has also become self-determining. For it is able just as to incline toward good things, so also to turn away from good things; and turning away from the good, it by all means considers the opposite things; for it is not able to cease from being moved at all, being, as I said before, mobile by nature. And knowing its own free will, it sees that it is able to use the members of the body in both ways, for both existing things and non-existing things; existing things are the good things, and non-existing things are the evil things. And I say that good things are existing things, inasmuch as they have their patterns from the existing God; and I say that evil things are non-existing things, inasmuch as non-beings have been fabricated by human inventions. For since the body has eyes for seeing creation, and through this all-harmonious arrangement to know the Creator; and has hearing for hearkening to the divine oracles and the laws of God; and has hands, both for the working of necessities and the extension of prayer to God; the soul, having turned away from the contemplation of good things, and from movement in them, henceforth wanders and is moved toward the opposite things. Then, seeing its own potential, as I said before, and misusing this, it conceived that it is able to move the members of the body toward opposite things also; and for this reason, instead of seeing creation, it turns the eye to desires, showing that it can do this also and thinking that, once it is moving, it preserves its own worth, and does not sin by doing what it is able to do; not knowing that not simply to be moved, but to be moved toward what is necessary was it made; for on this account the apostolic voice also enjoins: All things are lawful, but not all things are profitable.

5 But the audacity of men, not looking to what is profitable and fitting, but to what is possible, began to do the opposite things; whence, moving the hands to the contrary, it has caused murder, and led the hearing to disobedience, and the other members to commit adultery instead of lawful procreation; and the tongue, instead of praise, to blasphemies and revilings and perjuries, and the hands again in turn to stealing and striking fellow men; and the sense of smell to varieties of erotic scents; and the feet to swiftness to shed blood; and the stomach to drunkenness and insatiable surfeit; all of which is wickedness and sin of the soul. And the cause of these things is nothing, but the turning away from better things. For just as if a charioteer, having mounted his horses in a stadium, should disdain the goal toward which it is proper for him to drive, and having turned away from it, he should simply drive the horse as he is able; and he is able as he wishes; and often he rushes at those he meets, and often he drives over cliffs, being carried wherever the swiftness of the horses might carry him, thinking that by running thus, he has not missed the goal; for he looks only at the race, and does not see that he has gone outside the goal; so also the soul, having turned away from the road to God, and driving the members of the body contrary to what is fitting, or rather being driven itself by itself along with them, sins and fashions evil for itself, not seeing that it has wandered from the road, and has gone outside the goal of truth, toward which the

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ἐπιθυμοῦσα δὲ πάλιν, καὶ μὴ τυγχάνουσα τῶν ὁμοίων, ἔμαθε φονεύειν καὶ ἀδικεῖν. πῶς δὲ καὶ ταῦτα ποιεῖ, εὔλογον κατὰ δύναμιν σημᾶναι.

4 Ἀποστᾶσα τῆς τῶν νοητῶν θεωρίας, καὶ ταῖς κατὰ μέρος τοῦ σώματος ἐνεργείαις καταχρωμένη, καὶ ἡσθεῖσα τῇ τοῦ σώματος θεωρίᾳ καὶ ἰδοῦσα καλὸν ἑαυτῇ εἶναι τὴν ἡδονήν, πλανηθεῖσα κατεχρήσατο τῷ τοῦ καλοῦ ὀνόματι, καὶ ἐνόμισεν εἶναι τὴν ἡδονὴν αὐτὸ τὸ ὄντως καλόν· ὥσπερ εἴ τις, τὴν διάνοιαν παραπληγείς, καὶ ἀπαιτῶν ξίφος κατὰ τῶν ἀπαντώντων, νομίζοι τοῦτο εἶναι τὸ σωφρονεῖν. ἐρασθεῖσα δὲ τῆς ἡδονῆς, ποικίλως αὐτὴν ἐνεργεῖν ἤρξατο. οὖσα γὰρ τὴν φύσιν εὐκίνητος, εἰ καὶ τὰ καλὰ ἀπεστράφη, ἀλλὰ τοῦ κινεῖσθαι οὐ παύεται. κινεῖται οὖν οὐκ ἔτι μὲν κατὰ ἀρετήν, οὐδὲ ὥστε τὸν Θεὸν ὁρᾷν· ἀλλὰ τὰ μὴ ὄντα λογιζομένη, τὸ ἑαυτῆς δυνατὸν μεταποιεῖ, καταχρωμένη τούτῳ εἰς ἃς ἐπενόησεν ἐπιθυμίας, ἐπεὶ καὶ αὐτεξούσιος γέγονε. δύναται γὰρ ὥσπερ πρὸς τὰ καλὰ νεύειν, οὕτω καὶ τὰ καλὰ ἀποστρέφεσθαι· ἀποστρεφομένη δὲ τὸ καλόν, πάντως τὰ ἐναντία λογίζεται· παύσασθαι γᾶρ καθόλου τοῦ κινεῖσθαι οὐ δύναται, τὴν φύσιν οὖσα, ὡς προεῖπον, εὐκίνητος. καὶ γινώσκουσα τὸ αὐτεξούσιον ἑαυτῆς, ὁρᾷ ἑαυτὴν δύνασθαι κατ' ἀμφότερα τοῖς τοῦ σώματος μέλεσι χρᾶσθαι εἴς τε τὰ ὄντα καὶ τὰ μὴ ὄντα· ὄντα δέ ἐστι τὰ καλά, οὐκ ὄντα δὲ τὰ φαῦλα. ὄντα δέ φημι τὰ καλά, καθότι ἐκ τοῦ ὄντος Θεοῦ τὰ παραδείγματα ἔχει· οὐκ ὄντα δὲ τὰ κακὰ λέγω, καθότι ἐπινοίαις ἀνθρώπων οὐκ ὄντα ἀναπέπλασται. ἔχοντος γὰρ τοῦ σώματος ὀφθαλμοὺς εἰς τὸ τὴν κτίσιν ὁρᾷν, καὶ διὰ τῆς παναρμονίου ταύτης συντάξεως γινώσκειν τὸν ∆ημιουργόν· ἔχοντος δὲ καὶ ἀκοὴν εἰς ἐπακρόασιν τῶν θείων λογίων καὶ τῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ νόμων· ἔχοντος δὲ καὶ χεῖρας, εἴς τε τὴν τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐνέργειαν καὶ ἔκτασιν τῆς πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν εὐχῆς· ἡ ψυχὴ ἀποστᾶσα τῆς πρὸς τὰ καλὰ θεωρίας, καὶ τῆς ἐν αὐτοῖς κινήσεως, λοιπὸν πλανωμένη κινεῖται εἰς τὰ ἐναντία. εἶτα τὸ δυνατὸν ἑαυτῆς, ὡς προεῖπον, ὁρῶσα, καὶ τούτῳ καταχρωμένη, ἐνενόησεν ὅτι καὶ εἰς τὰ ἐναντία δύναται κινεῖν τὰ τοῦ σώματος μέλη· καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἀντὶ τοῦ τὴν κτίσιν ὁρᾷν, εἰς ἐπιθυμίας τὸν ὀφθαλμὸν ἀποστρέφει, δεικνύουσα ὅτι καὶ τοῦτο δύναται καὶ νομίζουσα ὅτι, ἅπαξ κινουμένη, σώζει τὴν ἑαυτῆς ἀξίαν, καὶ οὐχ ἁμαρτάνει ποιοῦσα ὃ δύναται· οὐκ εἰδυῖα ὅτι οὐχ ἁπλῶς κινεῖσθαι, ἀλλ' εἰς ἃ δεῖ κινεῖσθαι γέγονε· τούτου γὰρ χάριν καὶ ἀποστολικὴ παρεγγυᾷ φωνή· Πάντα ἔξεστιν, ἀλλ' οὐ πάντα συμφέρει.

5 Ἀλλὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἡ τόλμα οὐκ εἰς τὸ συμφέρον καὶ πρέπον, ἀλλ' εἰς τὸ δυνατὸν σκοπήσασα, τὰ ἐναντία ποιεῖν ἤρξατο· ὅθεν, καὶ τὰς χεῖρας εἰς τὸ ἐναντίον κινουμένη, φονεύειν πεποίηκε, καὶ τὴν ἀκοὴν εἰς παρακοὴν παρήγαγε, καὶ τὰ ἄλλα μέλη εἰς τὸ μοιχεύειν ἀντὶ νομίμης τεκνογονίας· καὶ τὴν μὲν γλῶτταν ἀντὶ εὐφημίας εἰς βλασφημίας καὶ λοιδορίας καὶ ἐπιορκίας, τὰς δὲ χεῖρας αὖ πάλιν εἰς τὸ κλέπτειν καὶ τύπτειν τοὺς ὁμοίους ἀνθρώπους· καὶ τὴν μὲν ὄσφρησιν εἰς ὀδμῶν ἐρωτικῶν ποικιλίας· τοὺς δὲ πόδας εἰς ὀξύτητα τοῦ ἐκχέαι αἷμα· καὶ τὴν μὲν γαστέρα εἰς μέθην καὶ κόρον ἀπλήρω τον· ἅπερ πάντα κακία καὶ ἁμαρτία ψυχῆς ἐστιν. αἰτία δὲ τούτων οὐδεμία, ἀλλ' ἡ τῶν κρειττόνων ἀποστροφή. ὡς γὰρ ἐὰν ἡνίοχος, ἐπιβὰς ἵπποις ἐν σταδίῳ καταφρονήσῃ μὲν τοῦ σκοποῦ, εἰς ὃν ἐλαύνειν αὐτὸν προσήκει, ἀποστραφεὶς δὲ τοῦτον, ἁπλῶς ἐλαύνῃ τὸν ἵππον ὡς ἂν δύνηται· δύναται δὲ ὡς βούλεται· καὶ πολλάκις μὲν εἰς τοὺς ἀπαντῶντας ὁρμᾷ, πολλάκις δὲ καὶ κατὰ κρημνῶν ἐλαύνει, φερόμενος ὅπου δ' ἂν ἑαυτὸν τῇ ὀξύτητι τῶν ἵππων φέροι, νομίζων ὅτι οὕτω τρέχων, οὐκ ἐσφάλη τοῦ σκοποῦ· πρὸς γὰρ μόνον τὸν δρόμον ἀποβλέπει, καὶ οὐχ ὁρᾷ ὅτι ἔξω τοῦ σκοποῦ γέγονεν· οὕτω καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ ἀποστραφεῖσα τὴν πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν ὁδόν, καὶ ἐλαύνουσα παρὰ τὸ πρέπον τὰ τοῦ σώματος μέλη, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ αὐτὴ μετ' αὐτῶν ὑφ' ἑαυτῆς ἐλαυνομένη, ἁμαρτάνει καὶ τὸ κακὸν ἑαυτῇ πλάττει, οὐχ ὁρῶσα ὅτι πεπλάνηται τῆς ὁδοῦ, καὶ ἔξω γέγονε τοῦ τῆς ἀληθείας σκοποῦ, εἰς ὃν ὁ