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kill us root and branch with our children, if indeed any men live in the manner of wild beasts; and yet even wild beasts do not touch those of their own kind, and by a law of nature they mate for one season, that of procreation, not with license, and they recognize those by whom they are benefited. If anyone, therefore, is more savage than wild beasts, what penalty having undergone for such great crimes [and] will he be considered to have been punished according to his desert? But if these are fabrications and empty slanders, since by natural reason vice is opposed to virtue and opposites war with each other by a divine law, and you are witnesses that we are guilty of none of these things, ordering us not to confess, it remains for you to make an examination of our life, our doctrines, our zeal and obedience towards you and your house and kingdom, and so at last to grant to us no more <than> to those who persecute us. For we shall conquer them for the sake of truth, unhesitatingly giving up even our lives. That we are not, then, atheists (I will meet each one of the accusations), lest it even be ridiculous to refute those who say so. For the Athenians with reason charged Diagoras with atheism, not only for divulging the Orphic doctrine, and making public the mysteries of Eleusis and of the Cabiri, and for chopping up the wooden statue of Heracles to boil his turnips, but for openly declaring that there was no God at all; but as for us, who distinguish God from matter, and show that matter is one thing and God another, and that the difference between them is very great (for the divine is uncreated and eternal, perceived by mind and reason alone, but matter is created and perishable), is it not without reason that they call us by the name of atheism? For if we held the same opinions as Diagoras, when we have such pledges of piety—the good order, the universal harmony, the magnitude, the color, the form, the arrangement of the world—the reputation of impiety and the cause of our persecution would with reason be charged against us; but since our doctrine acknowledges one God, the maker of this universe, He Himself not having been made (for that which is does not come to be, but that which is not), but having made all things by the Word which is from Him, we suffer unreasonably in both respects, being both spoken ill of and persecuted. And poets and philosophers have not been thought atheists, for having applied their minds to God. Euripides, for one, while being at a loss about the gods named unscientifically according to common preconception, "for Zeus, if he exists in heaven, ought not to make the same man unhappy"; but concerning Him who is understood by science, dogmatizing that He is God, "Do you see this boundless ether on high, holding the earth around in its moist arms? Consider this Zeus, hold this to be God." For he saw that neither did the substances exist to which the name happened to be attributed ("For who Zeus is, I do not know, except by report") nor were the names predicated of existing things (for of what use are names to them, whose substances do not exist?), but Him from His works, perceiving the invisible things by means of the visible, air, ether, earth. He, then, whose are the creations and by whose spirit they are guided, this one he apprehended to be God, with whom Sophocles also agrees, "One in truth, one is God,"

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παισὶ προρρίζους ἡμᾶς ἀποκτείνατε, εἴ γέ τις ἀνθρώπων ζῇ δίκην θηρίων· καίτοι γε καὶ τὰ θηρία τῶν ὁμογενῶν οὐχ ἅπτεται καὶ νόμῳ φύσεως καὶ πρὸς ἕνα καιρὸν τὸν τῆς τεκνοποιίας, οὐκ ἐπ' ἀδείας, μίγνυται, γνωρίζει δὲ καὶ ὑφ' ὧν ὠφελεῖται. εἴ τις οὖν καὶ τῶν θηρίων ἀνημερώτερος, τίνα οὗτος πρὸς τὰ τηλικαῦτα ὑποσχὼν δίκην [καὶ] πρὸς ἀξίαν κεκολάσθαι νομισθήσεται; εἰ δὲ λογο ποιίαι ταῦτα καὶ διαβολαὶ κεναί, φυσικῷ λόγῳ πρὸς τὴν ἀρετὴν τῆς κακίας ἀντικειμένης καὶ πολεμούντων ἀλλήλοις τῶν ἐναντίων θείῳ νόμῳ, καὶ τοῦ μηδὲν τούτων ἀδικεῖν ὑμεῖς μάρτυρες, κελεύοντες μὴ ὁμολογεῖν, πρὸς ὑμῶν λοιπὸν ἐξέτασιν ποιήσασθαι βίου, δογμάτων, τῆς πρὸς ὑμᾶς καὶ τὸν ὑμέτερον οἶκον καὶ τὴν βασιλείαν σπουδῆς καὶ ὑπακοῆς, καὶ οὕτω ποτὲ συγχωρῆσαι ἡμῖν οὐδὲν πλέον <ἢ> τοῖς διώκουσιν ἡμᾶς. νικήσομεν γὰρ αὐτοὺς ὑπὲρ ἀληθείας ἀόκνως καὶ τὰς ψυχὰς ἐπιδιδόντες. Ὅτι μὲν οὖν οὐκ ἐσμὲν ἄθεοι (πρὸς ἓν ἕκαστον ἀπαντήσω τῶν ἐγκλημάτων), μὴ καὶ γελοῖον ᾖ τοὺς λέγοντας [μὴ] ἐλέγχειν. ∆ιαγόρᾳ μὲν γὰρ εἰκότως ἀθεότητα ἐπεκάλουν Ἀθηναῖοι, μὴ μόνον τὸν Ὀρφικὸν εἰς μέσον κατατιθέντι λόγον καὶ τὰ ἐν Ἐλευσῖνι καὶ τὰ τῶν Καβίρων δημεύοντι μυστήρια καὶ τὸ τοῦ Ἡρακλέους ἵνα τὰς γογγύλας ἕψοι κατακόπτοντι ξόανον, ἄντικρυς δὲ ἀποφαινομένῳ μηδὲ ὅλως εἶναι θεόν· ἡμῖν δὲ διαιροῦσιν ἀπὸ τῆς ὕλης τὸν θεὸν καὶ δεικνύουσιν ἕτερον μέν τι εἶναι τὴν ὕλην ἄλλο δὲ τὸν θεὸν καὶ τὸ διὰ μέσου πολύ (τὸ μὲν γὰρ θεῖον ἀγένητον εἶναι καὶ ἀίδιον, νῷ μόνῳ καὶ λόγῳ θεωρούμενον, τὴν δὲ ὕλην γενητὴν καὶ φθαρτήν), μή τι οὐκ ἀλόγως τὸ τῆς ἀθεότητος ἐπικαλοῦσιν ὄνομα; εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἐφρονοῦμεν ὅμοια τῷ ∆ιαγόρᾳ, τοσαῦτα ἔχοντες πρὸς θεοσέβειαν ἐνέχυρα, τὸ εὔτακτον, τὸ διὰ παντὸς σύμφωνον, τὸ μέγεθος, τὴν χροιάν, τὸ σχῆμα, τὴν διάθεσιν τοῦ κόσμου, εἰκότως ἂν ἡμῖν καὶ ἡ τοῦ μὴ θεοσεβεῖν δόξα καὶ ἡ τοῦ ἐλαύνεσθαι αἰτία προσετρίβετο· ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁ λόγος ἡμῶν ἕνα θεὸν ἄγει τὸν τοῦδε τοῦ παντὸς ποιητήν, αὐτὸν μὲν οὐ γενόμενον (ὅτι τὸ ὂν οὐ γίνεται, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ ὄν), πάντα δὲ διὰ τοῦ παρ' αὐτοῦ λόγου πεποιηκότα, ἑκάτερα ἀλόγως πάσχομεν, καὶ κακῶς ἀγορευόμεθα καὶ διωκόμεθα. Καὶ ποιηταὶ μὲν καὶ φιλόσοφοι οὐκ ἔδοξαν ἄθεοι, ἐπιστήσαντες περὶ θεοῦ. ὁ μὲν Eὐριπίδης ἐπὶ μὲν τῶν κατὰ κοινὴν πρόληψιν ἀνεπιστημόνως ὀνομαζομένων θεῶν διαπορῶν ὤφειλε δ', εἴπερ ἔστ' ἐν οὐρανῷ, Ζεὺς μὴ τὸν αὐτὸν δυστυχῆ καθιστάναι· ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ κατ' ἐπιστήμην νοητοῦ ὡς ἔστιν θεὸς δογματίζων ὁρᾷς τὸν ὑψοῦ τόνδ' ἄπειρον αἰθέρα καὶ γῆν πέριξ ἔχοντα ὑγραῖς ἐν ἀγκάλαις; τοῦτον νόμιζε Ζῆνα, τόνδ' ἡγοῦ θεόν. τῶν μὲν γὰρ οὔτε τὰς οὐσίας, αἷς ἐπικατηγορεῖσθαι τὸ ὄνομα συμβέβηκεν, ὑποκειμένας ἑώρα ("Ζῆνα γὰρ ὅστις ἐστὶ Ζεύς, οὐκ οἶδα πλὴν λόγῳ") οὔτε τὰ ὀνόματα καθ' ὑποκειμένων κατηγορεῖ σθαι πραγμάτων (ὧν γὰρ αἱ οὐσίαι οὐχ ὑπόκεινται, τί πλέον αὐτοῖς τῶν ὀνομάτων;), τὸν δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν ἔργων, ὄψιν τῶν ἀδήλων νοῶν τὰ φαινόμενα, ἀέρα αἰθέρος γῆς . οὗ οὖν τὰ ποιήματα καὶ ὑφ' οὗ τῷ πνεύματι ἡνιοχεῖται, τοῦτον κατελαμβάνετο εἶναι θεόν, συν ᾴδοντος τούτῳ καὶ Σοφοκλέους εἷς ταῖς ἀληθείαισιν, εἷς ἐστιν θεός,