3

is subject, of this also the whole must at some time undergo the same affections as its own parts. But to such an extent *They became futile in their thinking, and their foolish heart was darkened. And claiming to be wise, they became fools*, that some declared that heaven co-exists from eternity with God; while others that it is God, without beginning and without end, and the cause of the economy of particular things. 1.4 Surely for them the abundance of the wisdom of the world will one day bring an increase to their harsh condemnation, because, seeing so keenly into vain things, they were willingly blinded to the understanding of the truth. But those who measure the distances of the stars, and catalog their ever-visible and northern constellations, and those situated around the southern pole which are visible to some but unknown to us; and who divide the northern latitude and zodiacal circle into myriads of intervals; and who have observed with accuracy the risings of stars, and their stations, and declinations, and the westward motion of them all; and in how much time each of the planets completes its own orbit; did not find the one device of all to conceive of God as maker of the universe and a just judge, who brings a worthy recompense for deeds done in life; nor, in the doctrine of the judgment, to recognize the consequent notion of the consummation, that the world must be transformed, if the state of souls is also to change to another form of life. For just as the present life has a nature akin to this world, so also the future state of our souls will receive its portion appropriate to its condition. But they are so far from paying heed to these truths that they even pour down broad laughter on us when we announce the consummation of this world and the regeneration of the age. But since the beginning by nature is placed before the things that come from it, in discoursing about things that have their being from a point in time, he necessarily placed this utterance before all others, saying, *In the beginning he made*. 1.5 For there was something, as it seems, even before this world, which can be contemplated by our mind, but was left unrecorded, because it was unsuitable for those still being introduced and infants in knowledge. There was a certain state older than the genesis of the world, fitting for the supracelestial powers, the supratemporal, the eternal, the everlasting. And in it the founder and creator of all things perfected creations, intelligible light fitting for the blessedness of those who love the Lord, the rational and invisible natures, and all the ordering of intelligible things, which surpass our understanding, whose very names it is not possible to discover. These things complete the substance of the invisible world, as Paul teaches us, saying, *For in him all things were created, whether visible or invisible, whether thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or authorities, or powers, whether hosts of angels, or commands of archangels*; but when it was then necessary for this world also to be introduced to existing things, primarily indeed as a school and training-place for human souls, but then in general as a suitable dwelling-place for all things subject to generation and corruption. Therefore, connate with the world and with the animals and plants in it, the passage of time came to be, always hurrying and flowing by, and nowhere ceasing from its course. Or is not time of such a nature, that its past has vanished, its future is not yet present, and its present escapes perception before it is known? Such also is the nature of created things, either always growing or decaying, having nothing apparently established and stationary. It was fitting therefore for the bodies of animals and plants, bound as it were by necessity to a certain current, and held fast by the motion that leads to generation or corruption, to be contained by the nature of time, which possesses a property akin to things that are changing. From this, he who wisely teaches us the genesis of the world fittingly began his discourse concerning it, saying, *In the beginning*

3

ὑπόκειται, τούτου καὶ τὸ ὅλον ἀνάγκη ποτὲ τὰ αὐτὰ παθήματα τοῖς οἰκείοις μέρεσιν ὑποστῆναι. Ἀλλὰ τοσοῦτον Ἐματαιώθησαν τοῖς διαλογισμοῖς αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐσκοτίσθη ἡ ἀσύνετος αὐτῶν καρδία, καὶ φάσκοντες εἶναι σοφοὶ, ἐμωράν θησαν, ὥστε οἱ μὲν συνυπάρχειν ἐξ ἀϊδίου τῷ Θεῷ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀπεφήναντο· οἱ δὲ αὐτὸν εἶναι Θεὸν ἄναρχόν τε καὶ ἀτελεύτητον, καὶ τῆς τῶν κατὰ μέρος οἰκονομίας αἴτιον. 1.4 Ἦπου αὐτοῖς ἡ περιουσία τῆς τοῦ κόσμου σοφίας προσθήκην οἴσει ποτὲ τῆς χαλεπῆς κατακρίσεως, ὅτι οὕτως ὀξὺ περὶ τὰ μάταια βλέποντες, ἑκόντες πρὸς τὴν σύνεσιν τῆς ἀληθείας ἀπετυφλώθησαν. Ἀλλ' οἱ τῶν ἄστρων τὰ διαστήματα καταμετροῦντες, καὶ τοὺς ἀειφανεῖς αὐτῶν καὶ ἀρκτῴους ἀπογραφόμενοι, καὶ ὅσοι περὶ τὸν νότιον πόλον κείμενοι τοῖς μέν εἰσι φανεροὶ, ἡμῖν δὲ ἄγνωστοι· καὶ βόρειον πλάτος, καὶ ζῳδιακὸν κύκλον μυρίοις διαστήμασι διαιροῦντες· καὶ ἐπαναφορὰς ἄστρων, καὶ στηριγμοὺς, καὶ ἀποκλίσεις, καὶ πάντων τὴν ἐπὶ τὰ προηγούμενα κίνησιν δι' ἀκριβείας τηρήσαντες· καὶ διὰ πόσου χρόνου τῶν πλανω μένων ἕκαστος τὴν ἑαυτοῦ περίοδον ἐκπληροῖ· μίαν τῶν πασῶν μηχανὴν οὐκ ἐξεῦρον πρὸς τὸ τὸν Θεὸν ἐννοῆσαι ποιητὴν τοῦ παντὸς, καὶ κριτὴν δίκαιον, τὴν ἀξίαν ἀντίδοσιν τοῖς βεβιωμένοις ἐπάγοντα· οὐδὲ τῷ περὶ τῆς κρίσεως λόγῳ τὴν ἀκόλουθον τῆς συντελείας ἔννοιαν ἐπιγνῶναι, ὅτι ἀνάγκη μεταποιηθῆναι τὸν κόσμον, εἰ μέλλοι καὶ ἡ τῶν ψυχῶν κατάστασις πρὸς ἕτερον εἶδος ζωῆς μεταβάλλειν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἡ παροῦσα ζωὴ συγγενῆ ἔσχε τοῦ κόσμου τούτου τὴν φύσιν· οὕτω καὶ ἡ μέλλουσα τῶν ψυχῶν ἡμῶν διαγωγὴ οἰκείαν τῇ καταστάσει ὑποδέξεται τὴν λῆξιν. Οἱ δὲ τοσοῦτον ἀπέχουσιν ὡς ἀληθέσι τούτοις προσέχειν, ὥστε καὶ πλατὺν γέλωτα καταχέουσιν ἡμῶν περὶ συντελείας τοῦ κόσμου τούτου καὶ παλιγγενεσίας αἰῶνος ἀπαγγελλόντων. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἡ ἀρχὴ κατὰ φύσιν προτέτακται τῶν ἀπ' αὐτῆς, ἀναγκαίως περὶ τῶν ἀπὸ χρόνου τὸ εἶναι ἐχόντων διαλεγό μενος, ταύτην ἁπάντων προέταξε τὴν φωνὴν, εἰπὼν, Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν. 1.5 Ἦν γάρ τι, ὡς ἔοικεν, καὶ πρὸ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου, ὃ τῇ μὲν διανοίᾳ ἡμῶν ἐστὶ θεωρητὸν, ἀνιστόρητον δὲ κατε λείφθη, διὰ τὸ τοῖς εἰσαγομένοις ἔτι καὶ νηπίοις κατὰ τὴν γνῶσιν ἀνεπιτήδειον. Ἦν τις πρεσβυτέρα τῆς τοῦ κόσμου γενέσεως κατάστασις ταῖς ὑπερκοσμίοις δυνάμεσι πρέπουσα, ἡ ὑπέρχρονος, ἡ αἰωνία, ἡ ἀΐδιος. ∆ημιουργήματα δὲ ἐν αὐτῇ ὁ τῶν ὅλων κτίστης καὶ δημιουργὸς ἀπετέλεσε, φῶς νοητὸν πρέπον τῇ μακαριότητι τῶν φιλούντων τὸν Κύριον, τὰς λογικὰς καὶ ἀοράτους φύσεις, καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν τῶν νοητῶν διακόσμησιν, ὅσα τὴν ἡμετέραν διάνοιαν ὑπερβαίνει, ὧν οὐδὲ τὰς ὀνομασίας ἐξευρεῖν δυνατόν. Ταῦτα τοῦ ἀοράτου κόσμου συμπληροῖ τὴν οὐσίαν, ὡς διδάσκει ἡμᾶς ὁ Παῦλος, λέγων, Ὅτι ἐν αὐτῷ ἐκτίσθη τὰ πάντα, εἴτε ὁρατὰ, εἴτε ἀόρατα, εἴτε θρόνοι, εἴτε κυριότητες, εἴτε ἀρχαὶ, εἴτε ἐξουσίαι, εἴτε δυνάμεις, εἴτε ἀγγέλων στρατιαὶ, εἴτε ἀρχαγγέλων ἐπιστασίαι· ὅτε δὲ ἔδει λοιπὸν καὶ τὸν κόσμον τοῦτον ἐπεισαχθῆναι τοῖς οὖσι, προηγουμένως μὲν διδασκαλεῖον καὶ παιδευτήριον τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων ψυχῶν· ἔπειτα μέντοι καὶ ἁπαξαπλῶς πάντων τῶν ἐν γενέσει καὶ φθορᾷ ἐπιτήδειον ἐνδιαίτημα. Συμφυὴς ἄρα τῷ κόσμῳ, καὶ τοῖς ἐν αὐτῷ ζῴοις τε καὶ φυτοῖς, ἡ τοῦ χρόνου διέξοδος ὑπέστη, ἐπειγομένη ἀεὶ καὶ παραρρέουσα, καὶ μηδαμοῦ παυομένη τοῦ δρόμου. Ἢ οὐχὶ τοιοῦτος ὁ χρόνος, οὗ τὸ μὲν παρελθὸν ἠφανίσθη, τὸ δὲ μέλλον οὔπω πάρεστι, τὸ δὲ παρὸν πρὶν γνωσθῆναι διαδιδράσκει τὴν αἴσθησιν; Τοιαύτη δέ τις καὶ τῶν γινομένων ἡ φύσις, ἢ αὐξανομένη πάντως, ἢ φθίνουσα, τὸ δὲ ἱδρυμένον καὶ στάσιμον οὐκ ἐπίδηλον ἔχουσα. Ἔπρεπεν οὖν τοῖς ζῴων τε καὶ φυτῶν σώμασιν, οἱονεὶ ῥεύματί τινι πρὸς ἀνάγκην ἐνδεδεμένοις, καὶ τῇ πρὸς γένεσιν ἢ φθορὰν ἀγούσῃ κινήσει συνεχομένοις, ὑπὸ τῆς τοῦ χρόνου φύσεως περιέχεσθαι, συγγενῆ τοῖς ἀλλοιουμένοις κεκτημένου τὴν ἰδιότητα. Ἐντεῦθεν οἰκείως ἐπέβαλε τῷ περὶ αὐτὸν λόγῳ ὁ σοφῶς ἡμᾶς τοῦ κόσμου τὴν γένεσιν ἐκδιδάσκων, εἰπὼν, Ἐν ἀρχῇ