De thematibus A treatise by Emperor Constantine, son of Leo, concerning the themes belonging to the empire of the Romans. From where they got their na

 facing the sea and bordering Caria is called Lycia. Now, whatever parts are inland and neighboring the Taurus and extending as far as the borders of C

 of military affairs. And these things thus far. Let this then be the end of the Theme of the Anatolics. The so-called tourmarchs were assigned to the

 bordering on the Lycaonians and the Taurus, Cappadocia Minor now, as we said, being called by the name of a theme. It was ruled by kings until Augustu

 he marveled greatly and asked whence and who and of what city she was. And she answered that she was Mysian by race from *** this is a small town of

 fellowship with the themes for it has been taken on only for servitude, because it is most wretched and honored neither with tourmai nor with droungo

 by the river they dwelt in famous homes, Cromna and Aegialus and high Erythini. Therefore he says that the race of mules first sprang from there, show

 of the times of my blessed and holy father. For previously it was desolate and uninhabited, both that place and Tzamandos and the adjacent parts of th

 renowned, I mean Alexander the son of Philip, who fought the war against Darius the Persian. And near these is also established Tarsus, the fatherland

 the name, as we said, of being called Kibyrrhaiote from Kibyra, a humble and insignificant little city, for insult not for praise, because they often

 but now there is a need of Greek history, because it is filled with falsehood. But Strabo the geographer has given its name otherwise: for from the p

 23. But when the dragnet was loosened, as we have said, and the barbarians sacked the cities, the dominion of Thrace was divided into small parts for

 the bronze statue in the Hippodrome has molded his size and his whole character who was the son of Alcmene and Amphitryon, as the Hellenes lie in the

 the rest. And he numbers with these also the island of Euboea, which some name Chalcis or Chalkida and it has with it also the so-called Cyclades isl

 Caesar's brother-in-law, but he revolted from Roman rule through love for Cleopatra herself and took control of all the land of the Egyptians. Therefo

 Sicily is very great and most illustrious. But formerly it was not under the rule of the emperor of Constantinople, when Rome was ruled but now this

 reddened for a long time with barbarian blood. Therefore the Franks were subdued at that time, having also Lombards mixed among them and from then un

 they add a mythical story that while Philip the Macedonian was besieging Byzantium ***

of military affairs. And these things thus far. Let this then be the end of the Theme of the Anatolics. The so-called tourmarchs were assigned to the service of the strategoi. And such a rank signifies one having under him five hundred archer soldiers and three hundred peltasts and one hundred dexiolaboi. For so it is written in the book of John of Philadelphia, called the Lydian. ασια.2 ˉˉΒˉ. Second Theme, that called the Armeniakon The theme called Armeniakon does not have its name properly, nor is its designation ancient, but it acquired its name from the neighboring and cohabiting Armenians. And I think I should say that it inherited this designation in the time of the emperor Heraclius and in later times; for neither Strabo the geographer mentioned such a name, although he was a Cappadocian by birth from the city of Amaseia, nor Menippus who described the stadia of the whole inhabited world, nor indeed Scylax of Caryanda, nor any other of those who have written histories, nor Pausanias of Damascus himself. And such a name appears to be more recent; for neither Procopius, nor indeed Agathias, nor Menander, nor Hesychius Illustrius mentioned such a name, they who composed the chronicles in the reign of Justinian. For the ancients divide Cappadocia into three parts: into Cataonia, beginning from Melitene, and that from the Taurus, called Taurica, and the interior itself, in which Caesarea, the metropolis of the Cappadocians, is situated. And the ancients speak of a Greater and a Lesser Cappadocia, Greater Cappadocia being that from Caesarea and the Taurus and as far as the Pontic sea, which the Halys river defines on the west, and Melitene on the east. And this is Greater Cappadocia. And a witness to these things is Polybius, who wrote the Roman history, who defines Cappadocia from the Taurus and Lycaonia and as far as the Pontic sea; for Neocaesarea itself and Coloneia and all of Melitene are called Cappadocia. And the name is Persian; for a certain Persian man *** during a hunt with king Artaxerxes, or I know not with some other; a lion, approaching, seized the king's horse. And by chance the Persian, being found at the encounter with the beast, drawing his scimitar, rescued the king who was in grave danger and killed the lion. This Persian, therefore, ascending a very high mountain and surveying all the land that a human eye can see, towards east and west, north and south, received it all as a gift from the king. And Polybius relates these things. And it is inhabited towards Coloneia by Armenians, and towards the interior, where Amaseia is and the so-called Dazymon, by the so-called Leucosyrians; however, [Herodotus] Strabo calls all the Cappadocians and those living as far as the Pontic sea Leucosyrians, in contrast to the Syrians living beyond the Taurus and Cilicia who are called Melanosyrians. And Lesser Cappadocia, which is now constituted as a theme, which is adjacent to Lycaonia and extends as far as Caesarea itself, and widens to the border of the Bucellarians, and ends to the east as far as Rhodentos itself and the fortress called Loulon and Podandos itself. The parts beyond are of Cilicia, of which Tarsus and Mopsou Hestia and Adana are the beginning. And this is Lesser Cappadocia which has recently been designated with the name of a theme. But in earlier times, whether of Justinian or of some other emperors, when Cappadocia was divided into three parts, the interior was called Charsianon, from a certain Charsios, a commander who was distinguished at that time in the war against the Persians, and for this reason it was constituted as a theme and a strategia until now; and the lower part towards the sea was called Armeniakon, because of its being near the Armenians; and the part above and

στρατιωτικῶν. Καὶ ταῦτα μὲν ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον. Ἐνταῦθα τοίνυν ἔστω τὸ πέρας τοῦ τῆς Ἀνατολῆς θέματος. Οἱ δὲ λεγόμενοι τουρμάρχαι εἰς ὑπουργίαν τῶν στρατηγῶν ἐτάχθησαν. Σημαίνει δὲ τὸ τοιοῦτον ἀξίωμα τὸν ἔχοντα ὑφ' ἑαυτὸν στρατιώτας τοξοφόρους πεντακοσίους καὶ πελταστὰς τριακοσίους καὶ δεξιολάβους ἑκατόν. Οὕτως γὰρ κεῖται ἐν τῇ βίβλῳ Ἰωάννου Φιλαδελφέως τοῦ καλουμένου Λυδοῦ. ασια.2 ˉˉΒˉ. ∆εύτερον θέμα τὸ προσαγορευόμενον Ἀρμενιακόν Τὸ θέμα τὸ καλούμενον Ἀρμενιακὸν οὐ κύριον ἔχει τὸ ὄνομα οὐδὲ ἀρχαία τίς ἐστιν ἡ τούτου προσηγορία, ἀλλὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ὁμορούντων καὶ συνοίκων Ἀρμενίων τὴν προσηγορίαν ἐκτήσατο. ∆οκῶ δὲ εἰπεῖν ὅτι ἐπὶ Ἡρακλείου βασιλέως καὶ τῶν κάτω χρόνων τὴν τοιαύτην προσηγορίαν ἐκληρονόμησεν· οὔτε γὰρ Στράβων ὁ γεωγράφος τῆς τοιαύτης ὀνομασίας ἐμνήσθη, καίτοι Καππαδόκης ὢν τὸ γένος ἐξ Ἀμασείας τῆς πόλεως, οὔτε Μένιππος ὁ τοὺς σταδιασμοὺς τῆς ὅλης οἰκουμένης ἀπογραψάμενος, οὔτε μὴν Σκύλαξ ὁ Καρυανδηνός, οὔτε ἄλλος τις τῶν ἱστορίας γεγραφότων, οὔτε αὐτὸς Παυσανίας ὁ ∆αμασκηνός. Καὶ φαίνεται νεωτέρα ἡ τοιαύτη ὀνομασία· οὔτε γὰρ Προκόπιος, οὔτε μὴν Ἀγαθίας, οὔτε Μένανδρος, οὔτε Ἡσύχιος ὁ Ἰλλούστριος ἐμνημόνευσαν τοῦ τοιούτου ὀνόματος, οἱ τὰ χρονικὰ συντάξαντες ἐπὶ τῆς Ἰουστινιανοῦ βασιλείας. Τὴν γὰρ Καππαδοκίαν οἱ παλαιοὶ εἰς τρία τέμνουσι μέρη· εἴς τε Καταονίαν τὴν ἀπὸ Μελιτηνῆς ἀρχομένην, καὶ τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ταύρου Ταυρικὴν ὠνομασμένην, καὶ αὐτὴν τὴν μεσόγαιον, ἐν ᾗ Καισάρεια ἡ πόλις ἡ τῶν Καππαδοκῶν μητρόπολις ἵδρυται. Καλοῦσι δὲ οἱ παλαιοὶ μεγάλην τε καὶ μικρὰν Καππαδοκίαν, μεγάλην μὲν τὴν ἀπὸ Καισαρείας καὶ τοῦ Ταύρου καὶ ἕως τῆς Ποντικῆς θαλάσσης, ἣν διορίζει Ἅλυς μὲν ποταμὸς ἐκ δυσμῶν, Μελιτηνὴ δὲ ἐξ ἀνατολῶν. Καὶ αὕτη μὲν ἡ μεγάλη Καππαδοκία. Καὶ τούτων μάρτυς Πολύβιος, ὁ τὴν Ῥωμαϊκὴν ἱστορίαν γεγραφώς, ὃς διορίζει τὴν Καππαδοκίαν ἀπό τε τοῦ Ταύρου καὶ Λυκαονίας καὶ ἕως τῆς Ποντικῆς θαλάττης· καὶ αὐτὴ γὰρ ἡ Νεοκαισάρεια ἥ τε Κολώνεια καὶ ἡ Μελιτηνὴ σύμπασα Καππαδοκία λέγονται. Ἔστι δὲ τὸ ὄνομα περσικόν· Πέρσης γάρ τις ἀνὴρ *** ἐν κυνηγίῳ Ἀρταξέρξῃ τῷ βασιλεῖ, ἢ οὐκ οἶδα ἄλλῳ τινί· λέων προσαπαντήσας τοῦ ἵππου τοῦ βασιλέως ἐδράξατο. Καὶ κατὰ τύχην εὑρεθεὶς ὁ Πέρσης ἐν τῷ τοῦ θηρὸς συναντήματι, τὸν ἀκινάκην σπασάμενος ἐρρύσατο τὸν βασιλέα παρὰ μικρὰν κινδυνεύοντα καὶ τὸν λέοντα ἐθανάτωσεν. Οὗτος οὖν ὁ Πέρσης ἐπί τινος ὄρους ὑψηλοτάτου ἀναβὰς καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν περισκοπήσας ὅσην ὀφθαλμὸς ἀνθρώπινος περιβλέπει κατά τε ἀνατολὰς καὶ δυσμάς, ἄρκτον τε καὶ μεσημβρίαν, δωρεὰν παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως πᾶσαν εἴληφε. Ταῦτα δὲ ἱστορεῖ Πολύβιος. Καὶ κατοικεῖται πρὸς μὲν Κολώνειαν παρὰ Ἀρμενίων, πρὸς δὲ τὴν μεσόγαιον, ὅπουπερ ἔστιν ἡ Ἀμάσεια καὶ ὁ λεγόμενος ∆αζυμών, παρὰ τῶν καλουμένων Λευκοσύρων· ὅμως πάντας τοὺς Καππαδόκας καὶ τοὺς μέχρι θαλάττης τῆς Ποντικῆς κατοικοῦντας [Ἡρόδοτος] Στράβων Λευκοσύρους καλεῖ, πρὸς ἀντιδιαστολὴν τῶν Σύρων τῶν ἐπέκεινα τοῦ Ταύρου καὶ Κιλικίας οἰκούντων Μελανοσύρων προσαγορευομένων. Μικρὰ δὲ Καππαδοκία, ἡ νῦν χρηματίζουσα εἰς θέμα, ἥτις ὅμορός ἐστι Λυκαονίας καὶ διαβαίνει μέχρις αὐτῆς Καισαρείας, πλατύνεται δὲ ἕως ἀρχῆς τῶν Βουκελλαρίων, καταλήγει δὲ πρὸς ἀνατολὰς μέχρις αὐτῆς Ῥοδεντοῦ καὶ τοῦ φρουρίου τοῦ καλουμένου Λούλου καὶ αὐτῆς Ποδενδοῦ. Τὰ δὲ ἐπέκεινα τῆς Κιλικίας εἰσὶ μέρη, ὧν ἀπάρχεται ἡ Ταρσὸς καὶ ἡ Μόμψου ἑστία καὶ Ἄδανα. Καὶ ἥδε μὲν ἡ μικρὰ Καππαδοκία ἡ ἀρτίως εἰς θέματος ὄνομα χρηματίζουσα. Ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἄνω χρόνων εἴτε Ἰουστινιανοῦ εἴτε ἄλλων τινῶν τῶν βασιλέων τμηθείσης τῆς Καππαδοκίας εἰς τρία μέρη, τὸ μὲν μεσόγαιον ἐκλήθη Χαρσιανόν, ἀπὸ Χαρσίου τινὸς ἄρχοντος τῷ τότε καιρῷ παρευδοκιμήσαντος ἐν τῷ πρὸς Πέρσας πολέμῳ, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο εἰς θέματος τάξιν καὶ στρατηγίδα μέχρι τοῦ νῦν ἐχρημάτισε· τὸ δὲ κάτω καὶ πρὸς θάλασσαν ἐκλήθη Ἀρμενιακόν, διὰ τὸ εἶναι αὐτὸ πλησιόχωρον τῶν Ἀρμενίων· τὸ δὲ ἄνωθεν καὶ