§2. Erroneous views of Creation rejected. (1) Epicurean (fortuitous generation). But diversity of bodies and parts argues a creating intellect. (2.) Platonists (pre-existent matter.) But this subjects God to human limitations, making Him not a creator but a mechanic. (3) Gnostics (an alien Demiurge). Rejected from Scripture.

Of the making of the universe and the creation of all things many have taken different views, and each man has laid down the law just as he pleased. For some say that all things have come into being of themselves, and in a chance fashion; as, for example, the Epicureans, who tell us in their self-contempt, that universal providence does not exist, speaking right in the face of obvious fact and experience. 2. For if, as they say, everything has had its beginning of itself, and independently of purpose, it would follow that everything had come into3    Or, “been made in one way only.” In the next clause I formerly translated the difficult words ὡς ἐπὶ σώματος ἕνος ‘as in the case of the universe;’ but although the rendering has commended itself to others I now reluctantly admit that it puts too much into the Greek (in spite of §41. 5). mere being, so as to be alike and not distinct. For it would follow in virtue of the unity of body that everything must be sun or moon, and in the case of men it would follow that the whole must be hand, or eye, or foot. But as it is this is not so. On the contrary, we see a distinction of sun, moon, and earth; and again, in the case of human bodies, of foot, hand, and head. Now, such separate arrangement as this tells us not of their having come into being of themselves, but shows that a cause preceded them; from which cause it is possible to apprehend God also as the Maker and Orderer of all.

3. But others, including Plato, who is in such repute among the Greeks, argue that God has made the world out of matter previously existing and without beginning. For God could have made nothing had not the material existed already; just as the wood must exist ready at hand for the carpenter, to enable him to work at all. 4. But in so saying they know not that they are investing God with weakness. For if He is not Himself the cause of the material, but makes things only of previously existing material, He proves to be weak, because unable to produce anything He makes without the material; just as it is without doubt a weakness of the carpenter not to be able to make anything required without his timber. For, ex hypothesi, had not the material existed, God would not have made anything. And how could He in that case be called Maker and Artificer, if He owes His ability to make to some other source—namely, to the material? So that if this be so, God will be on their theory a Mechanic only, and not a Creator out of nothing4    εἰς τὸ εἶναι.; if, that is, He works at existing material, but is not Himself the cause of the material. For He could not in any sense be called Creator unless He is Creator of the material of which the things created have in their turn been made. 5. But the sectaries imagine to themselves a different artificer of all things, other than the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, in deep blindness even as to the words they use. 6. For whereas the Lord says to the Jews5    Matt. xix. 4, &c.: “Have ye not read that from the beginning He which created them made them male and female, and said, For this cause shall a man leave his father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife, and they twain shall become one flesh?” and then, referring to the Creator, says, “What, therefore, God hath joined together let not man put asunder:” how come these men to assert that the creation is independent of the Father? Or if, in the words of John, who says, making no exception, “All things6    John i. 3. were made by Him,” and “without Him was not anything made,” how could the artificer be another, distinct from the Father of Christ?

Τὴν δημιουργίαν τοῦ κόσμου καὶ τὴν τῶν πάντων κτίσιν πολλοὶ διαφόρως ἐξειλήφασι, καὶ ὡς ἕκαστος ἠθέλησεν, οὕτως καὶ ὡρίσατο. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ αὐτομάτως, καὶ ὡς ἔτυχε, τὰ πάντα γεγενῆσθαι λέγουσιν, ὡς οἱ Ἐπικούρειοι, οἳ καὶ τὴν τῶν ὅλων πρόνοιαν καθ' ἑαυτῶν οὐκ εἶναι μυθολογοῦντες, ἄντικρυς παρὰ τὰ ἐναργῆ καὶ φαινόμενα λέγοντες. Εἰ γὰρ αὐτομάτως τὰ πάντα χωρὶς προνοίας κατ' αὐτοὺς γέγονεν, ἔδει τὰ πάντα ἁπλῶς γεγενῆσθαι καὶ ὅμοια εἶναι καὶ μὴ διάφορα. Ὡς γὰρ ἐπὶ σώματος ἑνὸς ἔδει τὰ πάντα εἶναι ἥλιον ἢ σελήνην, καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἔδει τὸ ὅλον εἶναι χεῖρα, ἢ ὀφθαλμόν, ἢ πόδα. Νῦν δὲ οὐκ ἔστι μὲν οὕτως· ὁρῶμεν δὲ τὸ μέν, ἥλιον· τὸ δέ, σελήνην· τὸ δέ, γῆν· καὶ πάλιν ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων σωμάτων, τὸ μέν, πόδα· τὸ δέ, χεῖρα· τὸ δέ, κεφαλήν. Ἡ δὲ τοιαύτη διάταξις οὐκ αὐτομάτως αὐτὰ γεγενῆ σθαι γνωρίζει, ἀλλ' αἰτίαν τούτων προηγεῖσθαι δείκνυσιν· ἀφ' ἧς καὶ τὸν διαταξάμενον καὶ πάντα ποιήσαντα Θεὸν ἔστι νοεῖν. Ἄλλοι δέ, ἐν οἷς ἐστι καὶ ὁ μέγας παρ' Ἕλλησι Πλάτων, ἐκ προϋποκειμένης καὶ ἀγενήτου ὕλης πεποιη κέναι τὸν Θεὸν τὰ ὅλα διηγοῦνται· μὴ ἂν γὰρ δύνα σθαί τι ποιῆσαι τὸν Θεὸν εἰ μὴ προϋπέκειτο ἡ ὕλη· ὥσπερ καὶ τῷ τέκτονι προϋποκεῖσθαι δεῖ τὸ ξύλον, ἵνα καὶ ἐργάσασθαι δυνηθῇ. Οὐκ ἴσασι δὲ τοῦτο λέγοντες ὅτι ἀσθένειαν περιτιθέασι τῷ Θεῷ· εἰ γὰρ οὐκ ἔστι τῆς ὕλης αὐτὸς αἴτιος, ἀλλ' ὅλως ἐξ ὑποκειμένης ὕλης ποιεῖ τὰ ὄντα, ἀσθενὴς εὑρίσκεται, μὴ δυνάμενος ἄνευ τῆς ὕλης ἐργάσασθαί τι τῶν γενομένων· ὥσπερ ἀμέλει καὶ τοῦ τέκτονος ἀσθένειά ἐστι τὸ μὴ δύνασθαι χωρὶς τῶν ξύλων ἐργάσασθαί τι τῶν ἀναγκαίων. Καὶ καθ' ὑπόθεσιν γάρ, εἰ μὴ ἦν ἡ ὕλη, οὐκ ἂν εἰργάσατό τι ὁ Θεός. Καὶ πῶς ἔτι ποιητὴς καὶ δημιουργὸς ἂν λεχθείη ἐξ ἑτέρου τὸ ποιεῖν ἐσχηκώς, λέγω δὴ ἐκ τῆς ὕλης; Ἔσται δέ, εἰ οὕτως ἔχει, κατ' αὐτοὺς ὁ Θεὸς τεχνίτης μόνον καὶ οὐ κτίστης εἰς τὸ εἶναι, εἴ γε τὴν ὑποκειμένην ὕλην ἐργάζεται, τῆς δὲ ὕλης οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτὸς αἴτιος. Καθόλου γὰρ οὐδὲ κτίστης ἂν λεχθείη, εἴ γε μὴ κτίζει τὴν ὕλην, ἐξ ἧς καὶ τὰ κτισθέντα γέγονεν. Οἱ δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν αἱρέσεων ἄλλον ἑαυτοῖς ἀναπλάττονται δημιουργὸν τῶν πάντων παρὰ τὸν Πατέρα τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, τυφλώττοντες μέγα καὶ περὶ ἃ φθέγγονται. Τοῦ γὰρ Κυρίου λέ γοντος πρὸς τοὺς Ἰουδαίους· “Οὐκ ἀνέγνωτε ὅτι ἀπ' ἀρχῆς ὁ κτίσας ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ ἐποίησεν αὐτούς; καὶ εἶπεν· ἕνεκεν τούτου καταλείψει ἄνθρωπος τὸν πατέρα καὶ τὴν μητέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ προσκολληθήσεται τῇ γυναικὶ αὐτοῦ· καὶ ἔσονται οἱ δύο εἰς σάρκα μίαν”· εἶτα σημαίνων τὸν κτίσαντά φησιν· “Ὃ οὖν ὁ Θεὸς συνέζευξεν, ἄνθρωπος μὴ χωριζέτω”, –πῶς οὗτοι ξένην τοῦ Πατρὸς τὴν κτίσιν εἰσάγουσιν; εἰ δὲ κατὰ τὸν Ἰωάννην πάν τα περιλαβόντα καὶ λέγοντα “πάντα δι' αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο, καὶ χωρὶς αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο οὐδὲ ἕν”, πῶς ἂν ἄλλος εἴη ὁ δημιουργός, παρὰ τὸν Πατέρα τοῦ Χριστοῦ;