4

He made; that is, in this beginning which is according to time. For he does not say that it was made 'in the beginning' as if testifying that it holds precedence in seniority over all things that have come to be, but after the invisible and intelligible things, he narrates the beginning of the existence of these visible and perceptible things. Now, a beginning is also called the first movement; as, 'The beginning of a good way is to do just things.' For from just actions we are first moved towards the blessed life. And a beginning is also called that from which something comes to be, of what is inherent in it, as the foundation of a house, and the keel of a ship, as has been said, 'The beginning of wisdom is the fear of the Lord.' For piety is like a foundation and a base for perfection. And the beginning of artistic works is the art; as the wisdom of Bezalel, concerning the adornment of the tabernacle. And often the beginning of actions is also the useful end of the things that are done; as the acceptance from God is the end of almsgiving, and the end laid up in the promises is the end of all activity according to virtue. 1.6 Since 'beginning' is spoken of in so many ways, therefore, consider if the present phrase does not apply to all its meanings. For you can learn from what point in time the establishment of this world began, if indeed by working backward from the present you strive to find the first day of the world's generation. For thus you will find from where time had its first movement; then, that heaven and earth were pre-established like certain foundations and bases; next, that there is an artistic reason that guided the ordering of visible things, as the word 'beginning' indicates to you; and that the world was devised not randomly nor in vain, but for some useful end and contributing a great need for all beings, if indeed it is truly a school for rational souls and a place of instruction in the knowledge of God, providing through visible and perceptible things a guide for the mind to the contemplation of invisible things, as the Apostle says, that 'His invisible attributes are clearly seen, being understood from the creation of the world through the things that are made.' Or perhaps it is said, 'In the beginning He made,' because of the instantaneous and timeless nature of the creation, since the beginning is something without parts and without interval. For as the beginning of a road is not yet the road, and the beginning of a house is not the house, so also the beginning of time is not yet time, nor even the smallest part of it. But if someone contentiously says that the beginning is time, let him know that he will divide it into the parts of time. And these are: beginning, middle, and end. And to conceive of a beginning of a beginning is utterly ridiculous. And he who bisects the beginning will make two instead of one, or rather many and infinite, since that which is divided is always cut into other parts. Therefore, so that we might be taught that the world co-existed timelessly with the will of God, it is said, 'In the beginning He made.' This is what other commentators, expressing the sense more clearly, have said: 'In sum God made,' that is, all at once and in brief. So much, then, concerning 'beginning,' to say a few things out of many. 1.7 And since some arts are called productive, others practical, and others theoretical; and of the theoretical arts the end is the activity according to the mind; of the practical, the movement of the body itself, which having ceased, nothing subsists or remains for those who see; for of dancing and flute-playing there is no end, but the activity itself terminates in itself; but in the case of the productive arts, even when the activity has ceased, the work lies before us; as in architecture and carpentry and bronze-working and weaving, and as many such as these, which, even if the artisan is not present, sufficiently show in themselves the artistic principles, and you may admire the builder from the work, and the bronze-worker and the weaver. Therefore, that it might be shown that the world is an artistic construction, set before all for contemplation, so that through it the wisdom of its Maker might be recognized, the wise Moses did not use any other word concerning it, but said, 'In the beginning He made;' not He 'worked,' nor He 'caused to subsist,' but 'He made.' And since many of those who imagined

4

ἐποίησεν· του τέστιν, ἐν ἀρχῇ ταύτῃ τῇ κατὰ χρόνον. Οὐ γὰρ δὴ κατὰ πρεσβυγένειαν πάντων τῶν γενομένων προέχειν αὐτὸν μαρτυρῶν λέγει ἐν ἀρχῇ γεγονέναι, ἀλλὰ μετὰ τὰ ἀόρατα καὶ νοούμενα τῶν ὁρατῶν τούτων καὶ αἰσθήσει ληπτῶν τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς ὑπάρξεως διηγεῖται. Λέγεται μὲν οὖν ἀρχὴ καὶ ἡ πρώτη κίνησις· ὡς, Ἀρχὴ ὁδοῦ ἀγαθῆς τὸ ποιεῖν δίκαια. Ἀπὸ γὰρ τῶν δικαίων πράξεων πρῶτον κινούμεθα πρὸς τὸν μακάριον βίον. Λέγεται δὲ ἀρχὴ καὶ ὅθεν γίνεταί τι, τοῦ ἐνυπάρχοντος αὐτῷ ὡς ἐπὶ οἰκίας θεμέλιος, καὶ ἐπὶ πλοίου ἡ τρόπις, καθὸ εἴρηται, Ἀρχὴ σοφίας, φόβος Κυρίου. Οἷον γὰρ κρηπὶς καὶ βάθρον πρὸς τὴν τελείωσιν ἡ εὐλά βεια. Ἀρχὴ δὲ καὶ τῶν τεχνικῶν ἔργων ἡ τέχνη· ὡς ἡ σοφία Βεσελεὴλ, τοῦ περὶ τὴν σκηνὴν κόσμου. Ἀρχὴ δὲ πράξεων πολλάκις καὶ τὸ εὔχρηστον τέλος τῶν γινομένων· ὡς τῆς ἐλεημοσύνης ἡ παρὰ Θεοῦ ἀποδοχὴ, καὶ πάσης τῆς κατ' ἀρετὴν ἐνεργείας τὸ ἐν ἐπαγγελίαις ἀποκείμενον τέλος. 1.6 Τοσαυταχῶς οὖν λεγομένης τῆς ἀρχῆς, σκόπει εἰ μὴ πᾶσι τοῖς σημαινομένοις ἡ παροῦσα φωνὴ ἐφαρμόσει. Καὶ γὰρ ἀφ' οὗ χρόνου ἤρξατο ἡ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου σύστασις, δυνατόν σοι μαθεῖν, ἐάν γε ἐκ τοῦ παρόντος εἰς τὸ κατόπιν ἀναποδίζων, φιλονεικήσῃς εὑρεῖν τὴν πρώτην ἡμέραν τῆς τοῦ κόσμου γενέσεως. Εὑρήσεις γὰρ οὕτως, πόθεν τῷ χρόνῳ ἡ πρώτη κίνησις, ἔπειτα, ὅτι καὶ οἱονεὶ θεμέλιοί τινες καὶ κρηπῖδες προκατεβλήθησαν ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ· εἶτα, ὅτι ἐστί τις τεχνικὸς λόγος ὁ καθηγησάμενος τῆς τῶν ὁρωμένων διακοσμήσεως, ὡς ἐνδείκνυταί σοι ἡ φωνὴ τῆς ἀρχῆς· καὶ τὸ μὴ εἰκῇ μηδὲ μάτην, ἀλλὰ πρός τι τέλος ὠφέλιμον καὶ μεγάλην χρείαν τοῖς οὖσι συνεισφερόμενον ἐπινενοῆσθαι τὸν κόσμον, εἴπερ τῷ ὄντι ψυχῶν λογικῶν διδασκαλεῖον καὶ θεογνωσίας ἐστὶ παιδευτήριον, διὰ τῶν ὁρωμένων καὶ αἰσθητῶν χειραγωγίαν τῷ νῷ παρεχόμενος πρὸς τὴν θεωρίαν τῶν ἀοράτων, καθά φησιν ὁ ἀπόστολος, ὅτι Τὰ ἀόρατα αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ κτίσεως κόσμου τοῖς ποιήμασι νοούμενα καθορᾶται. Ἢ τάχα διὰ τὸ ἀκαριαῖον καὶ ἄχρονον τῆς δημιουργίας εἴρηται τὸ, Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν, ἐπειδὴ ἀμερές τι καὶ ἀδιάστατον ἡ ἀρχή. Ὡς γὰρ ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς ὁδοῦ οὔπω ὁδὸς, καὶ ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς οἰκίας οὐκ οἰκία, οὕτω καὶ ἡ τοῦ χρόνου ἀρχὴ οὔπω χρόνος, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ μέρος αὐτοῦ τὸ ἐλά χιστον. Εἰ δὲ φιλονεικῶν τις χρόνον εἶναι λέγοι τὴν ἀρχὴν, γινωσκέτω ὅτι διαιρήσει αὐτὴν εἰς τὰ τοῦ χρόνου μέρη. Ταῦτα δέ ἐστιν, ἀρχὴ, καὶ μέσα, καὶ τελευτή. Ἀρχὴν δὲ ἀρχῆς ἐπινοεῖν παντελῶς καταγέλαστον. Καὶ ὁ διχοτομῶν τὴν ἀρχὴν, δύο ποιήσει ἀντὶ μιᾶς, μᾶλλον δὲ πολλὰς καὶ ἀπείρους, τοῦ διαιρεθέντος ἀεὶ εἰς ἕτερα τεμνομένου. Ἵνα τοίνυν διδαχθῶμεν ὁμοῦ τῇ βουλήσει τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀχρόνως συνυφεστάναι τὸν κόσμον, εἴρηται τὸ, Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν. Ὅπερ ἕτεροι τῶν ἑρμηνευτῶν, σαφέστερον τὸν νοῦν ἐκδιδόντες, εἰρήκασιν, Ἐν κεφαλαίῳ ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς, τουτέστιν, ἀθρόως καὶ ἐν ὀλίγῳ. Τὰ μὲν οὖν περὶ ἀρχῆς, ὡς ὀλίγα ἀπὸ πολλῶν εἰπεῖν, ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον. 1.7 Ἐπειδὴ δὲ καὶ τῶν τεχνῶν αἱ μὲν ποιητικαὶ λέγονται, αἱ δὲ πρακτικαὶ, αἱ δὲ θεωρητικαί· καὶ τῶν μὲν θεωρητικῶν τέλος ἐστὶν ἡ κατὰ νοῦν ἐνέργεια· τῶν δὲ πρακτικῶν, αὐτὴ ἡ τοῦ σώματος κίνησις, ἧς παυσαμένης οὐδὲν ὑπέστη οὐδὲ παρέμεινε τοῖς ὁρῶσιν· ὀρχήσεως γὰρ καὶ αὐλητικῆς τέλος οὐδὲν, ἀλλ' αὐτὴ εἰς ἑαυτὴν ἡ ἐνέργεια καταλήγει· ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ποιητικῶν τεχνῶν, καὶ παυσαμένων τῆς ἐνεργείας, προκείμενόν ἐστι τὸ ἔργον· ὡς οἰκοδομικῆς καὶ τεκτονικῆς καὶ χαλκευτικῆς καὶ ὑφαντικῆς, καὶ ὅσαι τοιαῦται, αἳ, κἂν μὴ παρῇ ὁ τεχνίτης, ἱκανῶς ἐν ἑαυταῖς τοὺς τεχνικοὺς λόγους ἐμφαίνουσι, καὶ ἔξεστί σοι θαυμάσαι τὸν οἰκοδόμον ἀπὸ τοῦ ἔργου, καὶ τὸν χαλκέα καὶ τὸν ὑφάντην. Ἵνα οὖν δειχθῇ ὅτι ὁ κόσμος τεχνικόν ἐστι κατασκεύασμα, προκεί μενον πᾶσιν εἰς θεωρίαν, ὥστε δι' αὐτοῦ τὴν τοῦ ποιήσαντος αὐτὸν σοφίαν ἐπιγινώσκεσθαι, οὐκ ἄλλῃ τινὶ φωνῇ ἐχρήσατο ὁ σοφὸς Μωϋσῆς περὶ αὐτοῦ, ἀλλ' εἶπεν, Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐποίη σεν· οὐχὶ ἐνήργησεν, οὐδὲ ὑπέστησεν, ἀλλὰ Ἐποίησεν. Καὶ καθότι πολλοὶ τῶν φαντασθέντων