to a master; in skill, as a student to a teacher; in choice, as a friend to a friend. But if it signifies one having the age of a man, of which kind of the things that fall under the name? Of the quasi-relatives. Define it. A quasi-relative is that which is spoken in relation to another, but in opposition, destructively, as night day, death life. And in how many ways are quasi-relatives taken? In four ways: according to quality, as sweet to bitter; according to quantity, as small to great, and man to youth; according to an intermediate, as sinner to righteous; for it is possible for the sinner to partake of righteousness, and the righteous of sin; according to an intermediate, (immediate marg.) as night day, death life. And what is the difference between relatives and quasi-relatives? The difference is that relatives are correlative; for a father is not spoken of without a son, nor a son without a father; but quasi-relatives are destructive of one another; for when the day is destroyed the night comes, and when life is destroyed death comes. How is it declined? Of the man. The rule: of the oxytones in -ER, as many as have the T in the nominative are declined through the Eta, of a kamptēr to -atēros (elatēros), with pateros, asteros being noted; but as many as do not have the T in the nominative are declined through the Epsilon, aeros, daeros, aneros, and in syncope andros. The rule: syncopated genitives also wish to imitate oxytone nominatives. And how? And andros comes about by a pleonasm of the Delta. And why was the Delta pleonastic? Because the N cannot be before the R, neither in the same syllable, nor in a separate one; in the same syllable, except for M from N as in mneia and amnos; in a separate one, because every syllable beginning with R wants to have the one before it ending in R for the most part, for example arrhen, myrrhinē, arrōstos; for this reason the Delta is pleonastic, and it becomes andros. And why was no other consonant pleonastic, but the Delta? Because syncopated genitives wish to imitate oxytone nominatives; andros imitates amydros, patros and thygatros imitate iatros. And in how many ways is the Delta pleonastic? In four. In what and what? In declension, as anēr, aneros, and in syncope andros; in writing, as hyō meaning I wet, hyōr, and with pleonasm of the Delta hydōr; in poetic license, as [ ∴Il. i 33 ]. the old man was afraid and obeyed the word; in necessary syntax, as cheir, cheiros, acheros, and with pleonasm of the Delta acherdos; it is a thorny plant, which a hand cannot touch. And the accusative, ton andra. The accent? However, disyllabic accusatives in A are only barytoned, chēna, paida, andra. The vocative, Ō aner. The rule: those ending in immutable long syllables, casting off the final OS from the genitive, make the vocative. That it is an error both in accent and in declension. And otherwise: aner, pater, sōter, daer are noted for raising the accent in the vocative. And why is it noted? Because there is a rule that says that those ending in R with a short final syllable, of more than one syllable, throw back the acute accent, except for the preposition hyper and the conjunction autar. HOS is a relative article. How is it clear? And HO is the prepositive, while HOS is the relative. And what is the difference between prepositives and relatives? The difference is that prepositives admit [either] breathings or (not) accents, while relatives admit both breathings and accents.

9 What is an article? A declinable part of speech, placed before the cases of nouns and also placed after. And from where does "article" come? From arō, meaning I join. For arthra are properly called the joinings of the limbs. And why is it called an article? From being joined with the declinable words, and never being found without them. What is the property of an article? To signify the second knowledge; for if you say ... came, I do not know of what sort; but if with the article I am led to knowledge of the underlying substance of the thing. How many properties belong to the article? Three. What and what? Genders,

πρὸς δεσπότην· τέχνῃ, ὡς μαθητὴς πρὸς διδάσκαλον· προαιρέσει, ὡς φίλος πρὸς φίλον. Ει᾿ δὲ σημαίνει τὸν α᾿νδρὸς ἡλικίαν ε᾿´χοντα, ποίου ει᾿´δους τῶν ὑποπεπτωκότων τῷ ὀνόματι; Τῶν ὡς πρός τι. ∆ιόρισον. Τῶν ὡς πρός τι ε᾿´χον δέ ἐστι, τὸ πρὸς ε῾´τερον μὲν λεγόμενον, κατ' ε᾿ναντιότητα δὲ, φθαρτικὸν, ὡς νὺξ ἡμέρα, θάνατος ζωή. Καὶ ποσαχῶς λαμβάνονται τὰ ὡς πρός τι; Τετραχῶς· κατὰ ποιὸν, ὡς τὸ γλυκὺ πρὸς πικρόν· κατὰ ποσὸν, ὡς τὸ μικρὸς πρὸς μέγας, καὶ ἀνὴρ πρὸς μειράκιον· κατὰ ε᾿´μμεσον, ὡς τὸ ἁμαρτωλὸς πρὸς δίκαιον· ε᾿νδέχεται γὰρ καὶ τὸν ἁμαρτωλὸν μετέχειν δικαιοσύνης, καὶ τὸν δίκαιον ἁμαρτίας· κατὰ ε᾿´μμεσον, (α᾿´μεσον marg.) ὡς τὸ νὺξ ἡμέρα, θάνατος ζωή. Καὶ τί διαφέρει τὰ πρός τι τῶν ὡς πρός τι; ∆ιαφέρει ο῾´τι τὰ μὲν πρός τι σωματικά ει᾿σιν· ου᾿ γὰρ ει᾿´ρηται πατὴρ χωρὶς υἱοῦ, ου᾿δε` υἱὸς χωρὶς πατρός· τὰ δὲ ὡς πρός τι α᾿ναιρετικά ει᾿σιν α᾿λλήλων· α᾿ναιρουμένης γὰρ τῆς ἡμέρας ε᾿´ρχεται ἡ νὺξ, καὶ ἀναιρουμένης τῆς ζωῆς ε᾿´ρχεται ὁ θάνατος. Πῶς κλίνεται; Τοῦ ἀνέρος.Ὁ κανών· τῶν ει᾿ς ΗΡ ο᾿ξυτόνων ο῾´σα μὲν ε᾿´χει τὸ Τ ε᾿π' ευ᾿θείας διὰ τοῦ Η κλίνεται, καμπτῆρος ει᾿ς ατῆρος (ε᾿λατῆρος,) σεσημειωμένου τοῦ πατέρος α᾿στέρος· ο῾´σα δὲ μὴ ε᾿´χει τὸ Τ ε᾿π' ευ᾿θείας διὰ τοῦ Ε κλίνεται, ἀέρος, δαέρος, α᾿νε´ρος, καὶ ἐν συγκοπῇ ἀνδρός. Ὁ κανών· αἱ συγκοπτόμεναι γενικαὶ καὶ μιμεῖσθαι θέλουσι τὰς ο᾿ξυτόνους ευ᾿θείας. Καὶ πῶς; Γίνεται δ' α᾿νδρὸς κατὰ πλεονασμὸν τοῦ ∆. Καὶ διατί ἐπλεόνασε τὸ ∆; ∆ιότι τὸ Ν 8 ου᾿ δύναται ει᾿῀ναι πρὸ τοῦ Ρ, ου᾿´τε κατὰ σύλληψιν, ου᾿´τε κατὰ διάστασιν· κατὰ σύλληψιν, πλὴν τοῦ Μ τοῦ Ν ὡς ε᾿ν τῷ μνεία καὶ ἀμνός· κατὰ διάστασιν, ο῾´τι πᾶσα συλλαβὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ρ α᾿ρχομένη θέλει ε᾿´χειν τὴν πρὸ αυ᾿τη῀ς ει᾿ς Ρ λήγουσαν ὡς ε᾿πι` τὸ πλεῖστον, οι῾῀ον α᾿´ρρεν, μυρρίνη, α᾿´ρρωστος· διὰ τοῦτο πλεονάζει τὸ ∆, καὶ γίνεται α᾿νδρός. Καὶ διατί ου᾿κ ἐπλεόνασεν α᾿´λλο σύμφωνον, α᾿λλὰ τὸ ∆; Ἐπειδὴ αἱ συγκοπτόμεναι γενικαὶ μιμεῖσθαι θέλουσι τὰς ο᾿ξυτόνους ευ᾿θείας· ἡ ἀνδρὸς, τὴν α᾿μυδρὸς, ἡ πατρὸς καὶ θυγα τρὸς, τὴν ι᾿ατρός. Καὶ κατὰ πόσους τρόπους πλεονάζει τὸ ∆; Κατὰ τέσ σαρας. Κατὰ τὶ καὶ τί; Κατὰ κλίσιν, ὡς τὸ ἀνὴρ, α᾿νε´ρος, καὶ ἐν συγκοπῇ ἀνδρός· κατὰ γραφὴν, ὡς τὸ υ῾´ω τὸ βρέχω, υ῾´ωρ, καὶ πλεονασμῷ τοῦ ∆ υ῾´δωρ· κατὰ ποιητικὴν α᾿´δειαν, ὡς το[ ∴Il. .♣α 33 ].ε᾿´δδεισε δ' ὁ γέρων καὶ ἐπείθετο μύθῳ. κατὰ ἀναγκαίαν σύνταξιν, ὡς τὸ χεὶρ, χειρὸς, α᾿´χερος, καὶ πλεονασμῷ τοῦ ∆ α᾿´χερδος· ε᾿´στι δὲ βοτάνη α᾿κανθώδης, μὴ δυναμένης χειρὸς ψαῦσαι ταύτης. Καὶ αι᾿τιατικὴ, τὸν α᾿´νδρα. Ὁ τόνος; Αἱ μέντοι ει᾿ς Α αι᾿τιατικαὶ δισύλλαβοι μόνως βαρύνονται, χῆνα, παῖδα, α᾿´νδρα.Ἡ κλητικὴ, ω᾿῀ α᾿´νερ.Ὁ κανών· τὰ ει᾿ς ἀμετάβολα λήγοντα μακροκατάληκτα, α᾿πο βάλλοντα τῆς γενικῆς τὴν ε᾿σχάτην τὸ ΟΣ, ποιεῖ τὴν κλητικήν. Ὅτι ἡμάρτηται καὶ κατὰ τὸν τόνον καὶ κατὰ τὴν κλίσιν. Καὶ α᾿´λλως· σεσημείωται τὸ α᾿´νερ, πάτερ, σῶτερ, δᾶερ, α᾿ναβιβάζοντα τὸν τόνον ε᾿πι` τῆς κλητικῆς. Καὶ διατί σεση μείωται; ∆ιότι κανών ε᾿στιν ὁ λέγων, ο῾´τι τὰ ει᾿ς Ρ βραχυ κατάληκτα ὑπὲρ μίαν συλλαβὴν α᾿ναστρέφονται τὴν ο᾿ξεῖαν τάσιν, πλὴν τῆς ὑπὲρ προθέσεως καὶ τοῦ αυ᾿τα`ρ συν δέσμου. ὋΣ α᾿´ρθρον ε᾿στὶν ὑποτακτικόν. Πόθεν δῆλον; Καὶ ε᾿´στι προτακτικὸν μὲν ὁ, ὑποτακτικὸν δὲ ο῾´ς. Καὶ τί διαφέρει τὰ προτακτικὰ τῶν ὑποτακτικῶν; ∆ιαφέρει, ο῾´τι τὰ μὲν προ τακτικὰ [η᾿`] πνεύματα η᾿` (ου᾿) τόνους ε᾿πιδέχονται, τὰ δὲ ὑποτακτικὰ καὶ πνεύματα καὶ τόνους.

9 Τί ἐστιν α᾿´ρθρον; Μέρος λόγου πτωτικὸν, προτασσό μενον ταῖς κλίσεσι τῶν ο᾿νομάτων καὶ ὑποτασσόμενον. Καὶ πόθεν γίνεται α᾿´ρθρον; Παρὰ τὸ ἀρῶ τὸ ἁρμόζω.Ἄρθρα γὰρ κυρίως λέγονται αἱ τῶν μελῶν ἁρμονίαι. Καὶ πόθεν ει᾿´ρηται α᾿´ρθρον; Παρὰ τὸ συναρτᾶσθαι τοῖς πτωτικοῖς, καὶ μηδέπω δίχα αυ᾿τω῀ν εὑρίσκεσθαι. Τί ἐστι ι᾿´διον α᾿´ρθρου; Τὸ τὴν δευτέραν γνῶσιν σημαί νειν· ἐὰν γὰρ ει᾿´πῃς ... η᾿῀λθεν, α᾿γνοῶ ποίας· ἐὰν δὲ σὺν τῷ α᾿´ρθρῳ ει᾿ς γνῶσιν α᾿να´γομαι τῇ ὑποκειμένῃ ου᾿σι´ᾳ τοῦ πράγμα τος. Πόσα παρέπεται τῷ α᾿´ρθρῳ; Τρία. Τὶ καὶ τὶ; Γένη,