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he called Cilicia by his own name. 32 And in the times of the reign of Phoenix there was Heracles the philosopher, called the Tyrian, who discovered the purple-shell; for while strolling in the coastal region of the city of Tyre he saw a shepherd's dog eating the so-called purple-shell, which is a small, sea-dwelling, snail-like species, and the shepherd, thinking that the dog was bleeding, taking a tuft of wool from the sheep and wiping what was dripping from the dog's mouth and dyeing the tuft. But Heracles, having noticed that it was not blood, but the quality of a strange dye, was amazed; and realizing that the dye that came down on the tuft was from the purple-shell, having taken the tuft from the shepherd as a great gift, he brought this to the king of Tyre, Phoenix. And he himself also being astonished at the sight of the strange color of the dye, and admiring its discovery, ordered wool to be dyed from this very dye of the purple-shell and for it to become for him a royal robe; and he himself first wore a robe of purple, and everyone admired his royal garment, as a strange sight. And from then on King Phoenix ordered that no one of those under his kingdom should dare to wear such a virtuous attire, being from land and sea, except himself and those after him who ruled Phoenicia, so that the king might be recognized by the army and all the people from the admirable and strange attire. For formerly 33 people did not know to dye the colors of garments, but the wool of the sheep, whatever they were, they made these into garments and wore them. and the kings also wore garments of the same colors of the available wool, and the kings were not easily recognized by the subject populace. Therefore, in time, the local kings, that is, reges and toparchs, having heard this, devised for themselves, some robes, others golden fibulae and mantles, dyeing them purple or red from certain herbs, and wore them so as to be recognized by their own populace, as the most wise Palaephatus wrote. Therefore after many years the Romans, having subdued the land of Phoenicia, wore the true royal attire that was from the beginning revealed from the purple-shell, which they called in the Roman tongue a toga; which also the consuls of the Romans wear until the present. But Numa, also called Pompilius, who ruled the Romans after Romus and Remus, having received ambassadors from the land of the so-called Pelasgians, who were wearing cloaks having red panels, just as those from the land of the Isaurians, and being delighted by the style, first in Rome devised for cloaks to be worn, the royal ones being purple, having golden panels, and those of his senators and of those in dignities and military service being cloaks having as a mark of the royal attire purple panels, indicating the dignity and subordination of the Roman state, having ordered that no 34 one be permitted to enter the palace to him without the style of the same cloak, and those guarding the palace did not permit anyone to enter, unless he wore a cloak having the distinction of a royal garment, as the most wise Tranquillus, a historian of the Romans, wrote these things. And Syrus, the son of Agenor, became a wise man, who wrote in Phoenician letters the philosophy of arithmetic; and he supposed that the principles are incorporeal, and that bodies are transformed and souls into other kinds of living beings. He was the first to set forth these things, as the most wise Clemius wrote. In these times there was Phalec, son of Eber, a god-fearing and wise man, who lived 339 years, about whom Moses the prophet wrote. There are therefore from Adam until Phalec 3000 years according to the prophecy. And the aforementioned Picus, also called Zeus, in earlier times had after Hermes and Heracles also another son, Perseus, from a comely

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ἐκάλεσε Κιλικία εἰς τὸ ἴδιον αὐτοῦ ὄνομα. 32 Ἐν δὲ τοῖς χρόνοις τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ Φοίνικος ἦν Ἡρακλῆς ὁ φιλόσοφος, ὁ λεγόμενος Τύριος, ὅστις ἐφεῦρε τὴν κογχύλην· ἐωριζόμενος γὰρ ἐπὶ τὸ παράλιον μέρος τῆς Τύρου πόλεως εἶδε ποιμενικὸν κύνα ἐσθίοντα τὴν λεγομένην κογχύλην, ὅπερ ἐστὶ μικρὸν εἶδος θαλάσσιον κοχλιοειδές, καὶ τὸν ποιμένα, νομίζοντα αἱμάσσειν τὸν κύνα, λαβόντα ἀπὸ τῶν προβάτων πόκον ἐρέας καὶ καταμάσσοντα τὸ καταφερόμενον ἐκ τοῦ στόματος τοῦ κυνὸς καὶ βάπτοντα τὸν πόκον. ὁ δὲ Ἡρακλῆς, προσεσχηκὼς μὴ εἶναι αὐτὸ αἷμα, ἀλλὰ βάμματος παραξένου ἀρετήν, ἐθαύμασε· καὶ γνοὺς ὅτι ἐκ τῆς κογχύλης ἐστὶ τὸ κατιὸν βάμμα τοῦ πόκου, εἰληφὼς ἐκ τοῦ ποιμένος τὸν πόκον ὡς μέγα δῶρον τοῦτο προσήγαγε τᾷ βασιλεῖ τῆς Τύρου Φοίνικι. καὶ ἐκπλαγεὶς καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπὶ τῇ θέᾳ τῆς ξένης χρόας τοῦ βάμματος, θαυμάζων τὴν τούτου εὕρεσιν ἐκέλευσεν ἐξ αὐτοῦ τοῦ βάμματος κογχύλης βαφῆναι ἐρέαν καὶ γενέσθαι αὐτῷ περιβόλαιον βασιλικόν· καὶ ἐφόρεσεν αὐτὸς πρῶτος ἐκ πορφύρας περιβόλαιον, καὶ πάντες ἐθαύμασαν τὴν αὐτοῦ βασιλικὴν ἐσθῆτα, ὡς ξένην θέαν. καὶ ἔκτοτε ἐκέλευσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Φοῖνιξ μηδένα τῶν ὑπὸ τὴν αὐτοῦ ὄντα βασιλείαν τολμᾶν φορεῖν τὴν τοιαύτην ἐνάρετον ἐκ γῆς καὶ θαλάσσης οὖσαν φορεσίαν, εἰ μήτι αὐτὸν καὶ τοὺς μετ' αὐτὸν βασιλεύοντας τῆς Φοινίκης, διὰ τὸ γινώσκεσθαι τὸν βασιλέα τῷ στρατῷ καὶ παντὶ τῷ πλήθει ἐκ τῆς θαυμαστῆς καὶ παραξένου φορεσίας. πρώην 33 γὰρ οὐκ ἐγίνωσκον οἱ ἄνθρωποι βάπτειν χρόας ἱματίων, ἀλλὰ τὰς τῶν προβάτων ἐρέας, οἷαι κἂν ἦσαν, ταύτας ἐποίουν ἱμάτια καὶ ἐφόρουν. καὶ οἱ βασιλεῖς δὲ τὰς αὐτὰς χρόας τῆς τυχούσης ἐρέας ἱμάτια ἐφόρουν, καὶ οὐκ εὐχερῶς ἐγνωρίζοντο τῷ ὑπηκόῳ πλήθει οἱ βασιλεῖς. λοιπὸν οὖν οἱ κατὰ τόπον βασιλεῖς, ἤτοι ῥῆγες καὶ τοπάρχαι, ἀκηκοότες τοῦτο, οἱ μὲν περιβόλαια, οἱ δὲ φίβλας χρυσᾶς καὶ μανδύας ἐπενόησαν ἑαυτοῖς, πορφύρεα ἢ ῥούσεα βάπτοντες αὐτὰ ἀπὸ βοτανῶν τινων, καὶ ἐφόρουν διὰ τὸ γινώσκεσθαι τῷ ἰδίῳ πλήθει, καθὼς Παλαίφατος ὁ σοφώτατος συνεγράψατο. μετὰ οὖν χρόνους πολλοὺς οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι τὴν Φοινίκην ὑποτάξαντες χώραν τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἀναδειχθὲν ἐκ τῆς κογχύλης ἀληθινὸν σχῆμα βασιλικὸν ἐφόρεσαν, ὅπερ ἐκάλεσαν ῥωμαϊστὶ τόγαν· ἥντινα καὶ ὕπατοι Ῥωμαίων ἕως τῆς νῦν φοροῦσι. Νουμμᾶς δὲ ὁ καὶ Πομπήλιος, βασιλεύσας Ῥωμαίων μετὰ τὸν Ῥῶμον καὶ τὸν Ῥῆμον, δεξάμενος πρεσβευτὰς ἐκ τῆς χώρας τῶν λεγομένων Πελασγῶν, φοροῦντας χλαμύδας ἐχούσας ταβλία ῥούσεα, καθάπερ οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν Ἰσαύρων χώρας, καὶ τερφθεὶς τοῦ σχήματος, πρῶτος ἐν τῇ Ῥώμῃ ἐπενόησε χλαμύδας φορεῖσθαι, τὰς μὲν βασιλικὰς πορφυρᾶς, ἐχούσας ταβλία χρυσᾶ, τὰς δὲ τῶν συγκλητικῶν αὐτοῦ καὶ τῶν ἐν ἀξίαις καὶ στρατείαις χλαμύδας ἐχούσας σήμαντρον τῆς βασιλικῆς φορεσίας ταβλία πορφυρᾶ, δηλοῦντα ἀξίαν Ῥωμαϊκῆς πολιτείας καὶ ὑποταγήν, κελεύσας μηδέ 34 να συγχωρεῖσθαι εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὸ παλάτιον πρὸς αὐτὸν δίχα τοῦ σχήματος τῆς αὐτῆς χλαμύδος, καὶ οὐ συνεχώρουν τινὰ εἰσελθεῖν οἱ φυλάττοντες τὸ παλάτιον, εἰ μὴ ἐφόρει χλαμύδα ἔχουσαν φιλοτιμίαν βασιλικῆς ἐσθῆτος, καθὼς ὁ σοφώτατος Τραγκύλλος, Ῥωμαίων ἱστορικός, ταῦτα συνεγράψατο. Ὁ δὲ Σύρος, ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀγήνορος, ἀνὴρ ἐγένετο σοφός, ὃς συνεγράψατο Φοινικικοῖς γράμμασι τὴν ἀριθμητικὴν φιλοσοφίαν· ὑπέθετο δὲ ἀσωμάτους εἶναι ἀρχάς, καὶ σώματα μεταβάλλεσθαι καὶ τὰς ψυχὰς εἰς ἀλλογενῆ ζῶα. οὗτος πρῶτος ἐξέθετο ταῦτα, ὡς Κλήμιος ὁ σοφώτατος συνεγράψατο. Ἐν τοῖς χρόνοις τούτοις ἐγένετο Φάλεκ, υἱὸς Ἕβερ, ἀνὴρ θεοσεβὴς καὶ σοφός, ζήσας ἔτη τλθʹ, περὶ οὗ Μωσῆς ὁ προφήτης συνεγράψατο. ἔστιν οὖν ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ ἕως τοῦ Φάλεκ ἔτη γʹ κατὰ τὴν προφητείαν. Ὁ δὲ προειρημένος Πῖκος ὁ καὶ Ζεὺς ἐν τοῖς ἀνωτέροις χρόνοις ἔσχε μετὰ τὸν Ἑρμῆν καὶ τὸν Ἡρακλέα καὶ ἄλλον υἱόν, τὸν Περσέα, ἀπὸ εὐπρεποῦς