Philocalia or Selections from the works of Origen made by Basil and Gregory of Nazianzus (ch. 23, 25-27)

 of those concerning the stars, so that what is said by them may not be an unproven declaration, let them try to bring us more compellingly, by present

 to her a sign, saying: This is the sign which the Lord spoke, saying: Behold, the altar shall be rent, and the fat that is upon it shall be poured out

 of certain observations, or also from the teaching of angels who had transgressed their own order and, for the ruin of our race, taught certain things

 to be mistaken, but it is possible concerning things that are contingent to happen and not to happen to think that they happen and that they do not ha

 these past events are not in our power, it being possible on the basis of the same past events to do other things than what we do. But if anyone seeks

 It is fated for you to have children or not to have children in vain then you have relations with a woman. For just as in this case, since it is impo

 they will reasonably agree that nothing concerning human affairs comes from the stars, but, as we have said before, if anything, they are signified A

 argument, that humans are able to comprehend the heavenly configurations and the signs and what they are signs of, let us now examine if this is true.

 of human nature, not in a human way but in a divine way they are taught the secrets just as Paul, saying: I heard unspeakable words, which it is not

 they read the book of God and thus they do what is incumbent upon them. But as we said before, what we do, or what the opposing energies accomplish i

 they do away with sayings, also using the one: “The sinners were estranged from the womb,” spoken in the psalms. Now to this it is easy to reply, by a

 troubling our argument since Paul says: “But we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called accordin

 the deeds foreknown beforehand but happening later, each from the apostolic preparation and choice. But now to apply this to the saying from the psalm

 Health, of course, and bodily strength are a good. The text reads thus: ‘If you will not hearken to do all the words of this law that are written in t

 it is necessary to raise a further question to those who suppose, whether the prophets, whose sins are not spoken against, have kept the law for exam

 of whom the prophet also finds fault with those who are in such states, saying: 'From the feet to the head, there is neither wound, nor bruise, nor fe

 who was once the morning star, rising in the morning, but later was shattered upon the earth. For not only among the sons of men, if one is perfect, i

 that the sound account concerning this Scripture is also among the hidden things. But those who claim there is another god besides the creator wish hi

 they suppose concerning God, nor to what they dogmatize concerning natures, does the argument from the reading now under examination contribute, as th

 leading him into the open and perhaps exhausting him through the action, so that having brought to completion all the outbursts of his indwelling wick

 chasten me” the one praying these things is asking not to need the reproof that comes through the wrath of God and the chastisement that comes throug

 Good masters, being long-suffering toward their sinning servants, are accustomed to say: I have ruined you and: I have made you wicked showing with

 the heart of Pharaoh” whether they believe that these things are said truly by God through the inspired Moses or falsely. For if falsely, then accord

of certain observations, or also from the teaching of angels who had transgressed their own order and, for the ruin of our race, taught certain things about them, they thought that those from whom they suppose they receive signs are the causes of these things, which the account says they signify; concerning which we shall immediately discuss more carefully, as in a summary, according to our ability. The following problems will therefore be set forth: (1) How, since God has foreknowledge from eternity concerning the things believed to be done by each person, is that which is in our power preserved; (2) And in what way the stars are not the cause of human affairs, but only signify them; (3) And that men cannot have precise knowledge concerning these things, but the signs are set forth for powers greater than men; (4) For what is the reason that God has made the signs for the knowledge of these powers, will be examined as the fourth point. 23.7 (1) And so let us consider the first point, which certain of the Greeks, fearing—supposing that events are necessitated and that what is in our power is in no way preserved if God foreknows the future—dared to accept an impious dogma rather than to admit what is, as they say, glorious concerning God, but which destroys what is in our power, and for this reason praise and blame, and the acceptability of virtues and the reprehensibility of vices. And they say that if from eternity God knew that a certain person would do wrong and would commit these wrongdoings, and the knowledge of God is infallible, then he who was foreseen to be such will in every way be a wrongdoer committing these wrongdoings, and it is impossible for him not to do wrong; he is necessitated to do wrong, and it will be impossible for him to do anything other than what God knew. But if it is impossible for him to do anything else, and no one is blameworthy for not doing the impossible, we blame the unjust in vain. And from the unjust man and his wrongdoings, they proceed to other sins, and then, from the opposite side, also to what are considered right actions; and they say it follows from God’s foreknowledge of the future that what is in our power cannot be preserved. 23.8 To whom it must be said that God, contemplating the beginning of the world's creation, with nothing happening without a cause, surveys in His mind each of the things that will be, seeing that since this has happened, this follows, and if this consequent thing happens, this follows, and when that has occurred, this will be; and so surveying things up to the end, He knows what will be, without being in every case the cause for each of the things known that it should happen. For just as if someone, seeing a person who is rash because of ignorance and because of that rashness heedlessly sets out on a slippery road, should perceive that he will slip and fall, he is not the cause of that person's slip; so it must be understood that God, having foreseen what sort each person will be, also perceives the causes of his being such, and that he will commit these sins or achieve these right actions. And we must say that foreknowledge is not the cause of what happens (for God does not lay hands on the one foreknown to be a sinner, when he sins), but we will say something more paradoxical, yet true: the future event is the cause of the foreknowledge about it being of a certain kind. For it does not happen because it is known, but it is known because it was going to happen. But a distinction is needed. For if someone interprets "it will certainly be" to mean that there is a necessity for the foreknown event to happen, we do not grant him this; for we will not say that because it was foreknown that Judas would become a traitor, it was completely necessary for Judas to become a traitor. For in the prophecies concerning Judas, blame and accusations against Judas are recorded, showing everyone his blameworthiness. But blame would not attach to him if he were a traitor by necessity, and if it had not been possible for him to become like the rest of the apostles. But see if these things are not shown through the sayings we will cite, which are as follows: "Let there be none to show mercy to his orphans; because he did not remember to show mercy, but persecuted a poor and needy man, and one broken in heart, to put him to death. And he loved cursing, and it will come to him; and he did not desire blessing, and it will be far from him." But if someone explains "it will certainly be," saying that it means this, that certain things will indeed be, but it was also possible for them to happen otherwise, this we concede as true; for it is not possible for God

τινων τηρήσεων, ἢ καὶ ἐκ διδασκαλίας ἀγγέλων τὴν ἰδίαν τάξιν παραβεβηκότων καὶ ἐπὶ τῇ τοῦ γένους ἡμῶν ἐπιτριβῇ διδαξάντων περὶ τούτων τινά, ᾠήθησαν τοὺς ἀφ' ὧν τὰ σημεῖα οἴονται λαμβάνειν αἰτίους ὑπάρχειν τούτων, ἃ σημαίνειν ὁ λόγος φησί· περὶ ὧν καὶ αὐτῶν ὡς ἐν ἐπιτομῇ κατὰ δύναμιν ἐπιμελέστερον εὐθέως διαληψόμεθα. Προκείσεται τοίνυν ταῦτα τὰ προβλήματα· (αʹ) Πῶς, προγνώστου ὄντος ἐξ αἰῶνος τοῦ θεοῦ περὶ τῶν ὑφ' ἑκάστου πράττεσθαι νομιζομένων, τὸ ἐφ' ἡμῖν σῴζεται· (βʹ) Καὶ τίνα τρόπον οἱ ἀστέρες οὐκ εἰσὶ ποιητικοὶ τῶν ἐν ἀνθρώποις, σημαντικοὶ δὲ μόνον· (γʹ) Καὶ ὅτι ἄνθρωποι τὴν περὶ τούτων γνῶσιν ἀκριβῶς ἔχειν οὐ δύνανται, ἀλλὰ δυνάμεσιν ἀνθρώπων κρείττοσι τὰ σημεῖα ἔκκειται· (δʹ) Τίς γὰρ ἡ αἰτία τοῦ τὰ σημεῖα τὸν θεὸν πεποιηκέναι εἰς γνῶσιν τῶν δυνάμεων, τέταρτον ἐξετασθήσεται. 23.7 (αʹ) Καὶ τοίνυν ἴδωμεν τὸ πρῶτον, ὅπερ εὐλαβηθέντες τινὲς τῶν Ἑλλήνων, οἰόμενοι κατηναγκάσθαι τὰ πράγματα καὶ τὸ ἐφ' ἡμῖν μηδαμῶς σῴζεσθαι εἰ ὁ θεὸς προγινώσκει τὰ μέλλοντα, ἀσεβὲς δόγμα ἐτόλμησαν ἀναδέξασθαι μᾶλλον ἢ προσέσθαι τό, ὥς φασιν ἐκεῖνοι, ἔνδοξον μὲν περὶ θεοῦ, ἀναιροῦν δὲ τὸ ἐφ' ἡμῖν καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἔπαινον καὶ ψόγον καὶ τὸ τῶν ἀρετῶν ἀπόδεκτον τῶν τε κακιῶν τὸ μεμπτόν. Καί φασιν, εἰ ἐξ αἰῶνος ἔγνω ὁ θεὸς τόνδε τινὰ ἀδικήσειν καὶ τάδε ποιήσειν τὰ ἀδικήματα, ἀψευδὴς δὲ ἡ γνῶσις τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ πάντως ἔσται ἄδικος ποιήσων τάδε τὰ ἀδικήματα ὁ τοιοῦτος εἶναι προεωραμένος καὶ ἀμήχανον μὴ ἀδικήσειν αὐτόν, κατηνάγκασται τὸ ἀδικήσειν αὐτὸν καὶ ἀδύνατον ἔσται ἄλλο τι πρᾶξαι αὐτὸν ἢ ὅπερ ἔγνω ὁ θεός· εἰ δὲ ἀδύνατον ἄλλο τι πρᾶξαι αὐτόν, οὐδεὶς δὲ ἀδύνατα μὴ ποιήσας ψεκτός ἐστι, μάτην αἰτιώμεθα τοὺς ἀδίκους. Ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ ἀδίκου καὶ τῶν ἀδικημάτων ἐπέρχονται καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἁμαρτήματα, εἶτα ἐκ τοῦ ἐναντίου καὶ τὰ νομιζόμενα κατορθώματα· καί φασιν ἀκολουθεῖν τῷ τὸν θεὸν τὰ μέλλοντα προεγνωκέναι τὸ μὴ δύνασθαι τὸ ἐφ' ἡμῖν σῴζεσθαι. 23.8 Πρὸς οὓς λεκτέον ὅτι ἐπιβάλλων ὁ θεὸς τῇ ἀρχῇ τῆς κοσμοποιΐας, οὐδενὸς ἀναιτίως γινομένου, ἐπιπορεύεται τῷ νῷ ἕκαστον τῶν ἐσομένων, ὁρῶν ὅτι ἐπεὶ τόδε γέγονε τόδε ἕπεται, ἐὰν δὲ γένηται τόδε τὸ ἑπόμενον τόδε ἀκολουθεῖ, οὗ ὑποστάντος τόδε ἔσται· καὶ οὕτω μέχρι τέλους τῶν πραγμάτων ἐπιπορευθεὶς οἶδεν ἃ ἔσται, οὐ πάντως ἑκάστῳ τῶν γινωσκομένων αἴτιος τοῦ αὐτὸ συμβῆναι τυγχάνων. Ὥσπερ γὰρ εἴ τις ὁρῶν τινὰ διὰ μὲν ἀμαθίαν προπετῆ, διὰ δὲ τὴν προπετείαν ἀλογίστως ἐπιβαίνοντα ὁδοῦ ὀλισθη ρᾶς, εἰ καταλάβοι πεσεῖσθαι ὀλισθήσαντα, οὐχὶ αἴτιος τοῦ ὀλίσθου ἐκείνῳ γίνεται· οὕτω νοητέον τὸν θεὸν προεωρακότα ὁποῖος ἔσται ἕκαστος καὶ τὰς αἰτίας τοῦ τοιοῦτον αὐτὸν ἔσεσθαι καθορᾷν καὶ ὅτι ἁμαρτήσεται τάδε ἢ κατορθώσει τάδε. Καὶ εἰ χρὴ λέγειν οὐ τὴν πρόγνωσιν αἰτίαν τῶν γινομένων (οὐ γὰρ ἐφάπτεται τοῦ προεγνωσμένου ἁμαρτησομένου ὁ θεός, ὅταν ἁμαρτάνῃ), ἀλλὰ παραδοξότερον μὲν ἀληθὲς δὲ ἐροῦμεν, τὸ ἐσόμενον αἴτιον τοῦ τοιάνδε εἶναι τὴν περὶ αὐτοῦ πρόγνωσιν. Οὐ γὰρ ἐπεὶ ἔγνωσται γίνεται, ἀλλ' ἐπεὶ ἔμελλεν γίνεσθαι ἔγνωσται. ∆ιαστολῆς δὲ δεῖται. Εἰ μὲν γὰρ τὸ «πάντως ἔσται» οὕτω τις ἑρμηνεύει, ὡς ἀνάγκην εἶναι γενέσθαι τὸ προεγνωσ μένον, οὐ διδόαμεν αὐτῷ· οὐ γὰρ ἐροῦμεν, ἐπεὶ προέγνωσται Ἰούδαν προδότην γενέσθαι, ὅτι πᾶσα ἀνάγκη ἦν Ἰούδαν προδότην γενέσθαι. Ἐν γοῦν ταῖς περὶ τοῦ Ἰούδα προφητείαις μέμψεις καὶ κατηγορίαι τοῦ Ἰούδα ἀναγεγραμμέναι εἰσὶ παντί τῳ παριστᾶσαι τὸ ψεκτὸν αὐτοῦ. Οὐκ ἂν δὲ ψόγος αὐτῷ προσήπτετο, εἰ ἐπαναγκὲς προδότης ἦν, καὶ μὴ ἐνεδέχετο αὐτὸν ὅμοιον τοῖς λοιποῖς ἀποστόλοις γενέσθαι. Ὅρα δὲ εἰ μὴ ταῦτα δηλοῦται δι' ὧν παραθησόμεθα ῥητῶν οὕτως ἐχόντων· «Μηδὲ γενηθήτω οἰκτίρμων τοῖς ὀρφανοῖς αὐτοῦ· ἀνθ' ὧν οὐκ ἐμνήσθη ποιῆσαι ἔλεος, καὶ κατε δίωξεν ἄνθρωπον πένητα καὶ πτωχὸν καὶ κατανενυγμένον τῇ καρδίᾳ τοῦ θανατῶσαι. Καὶ ἠγάπησεν κατάραν, καὶ ἥξει αὐτῷ· καὶ οὐκ ἠθέλησεν εὐλογίαν, καὶ μακρυνθήσεται ἀπ' αὐτοῦ.» Εἰ δέ τις διηγήσεται τὸ «πάντως ἔσται», καὶ τοῦτο σημαίνειν αὐτὸ λέγων, ὅτι ἔσται μὲν τάδε τινὰ ἐνεδέχετο δὲ καὶ ἑτέρως γενέσθαι, τοῦτο ὡς ἀληθὲς συγχωροῦμεν· τὸν μὲν γὰρ θεὸν οὐκ ἐνδέχεται