Chapter III.—Beasts Similarly Subject to the Law of Mutation.

Beasts, too, instead of a garment, change their form.  And yet the peacock withal has plumage for a garment, and a garment indeed of the choicest; nay, in the bloom of his neck richer than any purple, and in the effulgence of his back more gilded than any edging, and in the sweep of his tail more flowing than any train; many-coloured, diverse-coloured, and versi-coloured; never itself, ever another, albeit ever itself when other; in a word, mutable as oft as moveable.  The serpent, too, deserves to be mentioned, albeit not in the same breath as the peacock; for he too wholly changes what has been allotted him—his hide and his age:  if it is true, (as it is,) that when he has felt the creeping of old age throughout him, he squeezes himself into confinement; crawls into a cave and out of his skin simultaneously; and, clean shorn on the spot, immediately on crossing the threshold leaves his slough behind him then and there, and uncoils himself in a new youth:  with his scales his years, too, are repudiated.  The hyena, if you observe, is of an annual sex, alternately masculine and feminine.  I say nothing of the stag, because himself withal, the witness of his own age, feeding on the serpent, languishes—from the effect of the poison—into youth.  There is, withal,

“A tardigrade field-haunting quadruped,

Humble and rough.”

The tortoise of Pacuvius, you think?  No.  There is another beastling which the versicle fits; in size, one of the moderate exceedingly, but a grand name.  If, without previously knowing him, you hear tell of a chameleon, you will at once apprehend something yet more huge united with a lion.  But when you stumble upon him, generally in a vineyard, his whole bulk sheltered beneath a vine leaf, you will forthwith laugh at the egregious audacity of the name, inasmuch as there is no moisture even in his body, though in far more minute creatures the body is liquefied.  The chameleon is a living pellicle.  His headkin begins straight from his spine, for neck he has none:  and thus reflection31    Reflecti:  perhaps a play upon the word = to turn back, or (mentally) to reflect. is hard for him; but, in circumspection, his eyes are outdarting, nay, they are revolving points of light.  Dull and weary, he scarce raises from the ground, but drags, his footstep amazedly, and moves forward,—he rather demonstrates, than takes, a step:  ever fasting, to boot, yet never fainting; agape he feeds; heaving, bellowslike, he ruminates; his food wind.  Yet withal the chameleon is able to effect a total self-mutation, and that is all.  For, whereas his colour is properly one, yet, whenever anything has approached him, then he blushes.  To the chameleon alone has been granted—as our common saying has it—to sport with his own hide.

Much had to be said in order that, after due preparation, we might arrive at man.  From whatever beginning you admit him as springing, naked at all events and ungarmented he came from his fashioner’s hand:  afterwards, at length, without waiting for permission, he possesses himself, by a premature grasp, of wisdom.  Then and there hastening to forecover what, in his newly made body, it was not yet due to modesty (to forecover), he surrounds himself meantime with fig-leaves:  subsequently, on being driven from the confines of his birthplace because he had sinned, he went, skinclad, to the world32    Orbi. as to a mine.33    i.e., a place which he was to work, as condemned criminals worked mines.  Comp. de Pu., c. xxii. sub init.; and see Gen. ii. 25 (in LXX. iii. 1), iii. 7, 21–24.

But these are secrets, nor does their knowledge appertain to all.  Come, let us hear from your own store—(a store) which the Egyptians narrate, and Alexander34    Alexander Polyhistor, who dedicated his books on the affairs of the Phrygians and Egyptians to his mother (Rig. in Oehler). digests, and his mother reads—touching the time of Osiris,35    The Egyptian Liber, or Bacchus.  See de Cor., c. vii. (Rig. in Oehler). when Ammon, rich in sheep, comes to him out of Libya.  In short, they tell us that Mercury, when among them, delighted with the softness of a ram which he had chanced to stroke, flayed a little ewe; and, while he persistently tries and (as the pliancy of the material invited him) thins out the thread by assiduous traction, wove it into the shape of the pristine net which he had joined with strips of linen.  But you have preferred to assign all the management of wool-work and structure of the loom to Minerva; whereas a more diligent workshop was presided over by Arachne.  Thenceforth material (was abundant).  Nor do I speak of the sheep of Miletus, and Selge, and Altinum, or of those for which Tarentum or Bætica is famous, with nature for their dyer:  but (I speak of the fact) that shrubs afford you clothing, and the grassy parts of flax, losing their greenness, turn white by washing.  Nor was it enough to plant and sow your tunic, unless it had likewise fallen to your lot to fish for raiment.  For the sea withal yields fleeces, inasmuch as the more brilliant shells of a mossy wooliness furnish a hairy stuff.  Further:  it is no secret that the silkworm—a species of wormling it is—presently reproduces safe and sound (the fleecy threads) which, by drawing them through the air, she distends more skilfully than the dial-like webs of spiders, and then devours.  In like manner, if you kill it, the threads which you coil are forthwith instinct with vivid colour.

The ingenuities, therefore, of the tailoring art, superadded to, and following up, so abundant a store of materials—first with a view to coveting humanity, where Necessity led the way; and subsequently with a view to adorning withal, ay, and inflating it, where Ambition followed in the wake—have promulgated the various forms of garments.  Of which forms, part are worn by particular nations, without being common to the rest; part, on the other hand, universally, as being useful to all:  as, for instance, this Mantle, albeit it is more Greek (than Latin), has yet by this time found, in speech, a home in Latium.  With the word the garment entered.  And accordingly the very man who used to sentence Greeks to extrusion from the city, but learned (when he was now advanced in years) their alphabet and speech—the self-same Cato, by baring his shoulder at the time of his prætorship, showed no less favour to the Greeks by his mantle-like garb.

CAPUT III.

Laudans igitur orbem mutantem, quid denotas hominem? Mutant et bestiae pro veste formam: 1036B quamquam et pavo pluma vestis, et quidem de cataclistis ; imo omni conchylio pressior , qua colla florent; et omni patagio inauratior, qua terga fulgent; et omni syrmate solutior, qua caudae jacent; multicolor, et discolor, et versicolor; nunquam ipsa, semper alia; et si semper ipsa quando alia, toties denique mutanda, quoties movenda. Nominandus est et serpens, licet pone pavum: nam et iste quod sortitus est convertit, corium et aevum. Siquidem ut senium persensit, in angustias stipat, pariterque specum ingrediens, ab 1037A ipso statim limine erasus, exuviis ibidem relictis novus explicat : cum squamis et anni recusantur . Hyaena, si observes, sexus annalis est; marem et foeminam alternat. Taceo cervum, quod et ipse aetatis suae arbiter, serpente pastus, veneno languescit in juventutem. Est et quadrupes, tardigrada, agrestis, humilis, aspera; testudinem pacuvianam putas? non est: capit et aliis bestiola versiculum, de mediocribus oppido, sed nomen grande; chamaeleontem qui audieris, haud ante gnarus, jam timebis aliquid amplius cum leone, at cum offenderis apud vineam ferme sub pampino totum, ridebis illico audaciam et graeciam nominis; quippe nec succus est corpori, quo minutioribus multo liquet . Chamaeleon, 1037B pellicula, vivit: capitulum statim a dorso, nam deficit cervix; itaque durum reflecti, sed circumspectu emissitii ocelli, imo luminis puncta vertiginant: hebes, fessus vix a terra suspendit, molitur incessum stupens et promovet, gradum magis demonstrat quam explicat, jejunus scilicet semper et indefectus , oscitans vescitur, follicans ruminat, 1038A de vento cibus. Tamen et chamaeleon mutare totus nec alius, valet. Nam cum illi coloris proprietas una sit, ut quid accessit, inde suffunditur. Hoc soli chamaeleonti datum, quod vulgo dictum est, de corio suo ludere. Multa dicendum fuit, ut ad hominem praestructim perveniretur. Hunc quoquo primordio accipitis, nudus certe et investis figulo suo constitit; post demum sapientiam, haud dum licitum praereptam, potitur. Ibidem quod in novo corpore indebitum adhuc pudori erat, protegere festinans, in ficulneis foliis interim circumdat: dehinc cum de originis loco exterminat , pellitus orbi ut metallo datur. Sed arcana ista nec omnium nosse. Credo jam de vestro, quod Aegyptii narrant, et Alexander digerit, et mater 1038B legit ea tempestate Osiridis, qua ad illum ex Libya Ammon facit, ovium dives. Denique cum ipsi Mercurium autumant forte palpati arietis mollitie delectatum, diglubasse oviculam; dumque pertentat, et quod facilitas materiae suadebat, tractu prosequente filum eliquat in restis pristini modum, quem philyrae tenus junxerat, exisse . 1039A Sed vos omnem lanicii dispensationem, structuramque telarum Minervae maluistis, cum penes Arachnen diligentior officina. Exinde materia; nec de ovibus dico Milesiis, et Selgicis , et Altinis, aut quis Tarentum vel Baetica cluit, natura colorante, sed quoniam et arbusta vestiunt, et lini herbida post virorem lavacro nivescunt; nec fuit satis tunicam pangere et serere, ni etiam piscari vestitum contigisset: nam et de mari vellera, quo muscosae lanositatis plautiores conchaecomant. Prorsus haud latet bombycem, vermiculi genus est, quae per aerem liquando araneorum horoscopis idonius sedes tendit, dehinc devorat, mox alvo reddere, proinde si necaveris, animata jam stamina volves. Tantam igitur paraturam materiarum ingenia quoque vestificinae prosecuta, primum tegendo homini, qua necessitas praecessit, 1039B dehinc et ornando, imo et inflando qua ambitio successit, varias indumentorum formas promulgavere; quarum pars gentilitus inhabitantur, caeteris incommunes; pars vero passivitus omnibus utiles, ut hoc pallium, et si graecum magis, sed lingua jam penes Latium est: cum voce vestis intravit. Atque adeo ipse qui Graecos praeter urbem censebat, literas 1040A eorum vocemque senex jam eruditus, idem Cato juridicinae suo in tempore humerum exertus, haud minus palliato habitu Graecis favit. Quid nunc, si est Romanitas omni salus, nec honestis tamen modis ad Graios estis ? Aut, ni ita est, unde gentium in provinciis melius exercitis, quas natura agro potius eluctando commodavit, studia palaestrae male senescentia, et cassum laborantia, et latea unctio, et pulverea volutatio, et arida saginatio? Unde apud aliquos Numidas, etiam equis caesariatos, juxta cutem tonsor, et cultri vertex solus immunis? Unde apud hirtos et hirsutos, tam rapax a culo resina, tam furax a mento volsella? Prodigium est haec sine pallio fieri. Illius est haec tota res Asiae. Quid tibi Libya et Europa cum xistycis munditiis, quas vestire non nosti? Revera enim quale 1040B est graecatim depilari magis quam amiciri?