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to be light, but darkness; for thinking he sees, he does not see at all; so also the soul of men, having closed the eye through which it is able to see God, has devised for itself evil things, in which moving, it does not know that while seeming to do something, it does nothing; for it fashions things that are not. And it has not remained such as it was made; but such as it has defiled itself, such it also appears. For it was made to see God and to be enlightened by Him; but it, instead of God, sought corruptible things and darkness, as somewhere the Spirit also says in writing: God made man upright; but they have sought out many devices. Thus then the discovery and invention of wickedness came to be and was fashioned by men from the beginning. But how they have descended into the madness of idols, it is now necessary to say, so that you may know that the invention of idols is not at all from good, but has come from wickedness. And that which has an evil beginning could never in any way be judged good, being altogether corrupt.

8

The soul of men, not being content with the invention of wickedness, began little by little to lead itself into worse things. For having learned the differences of pleasures and girding itself with forgetfulness of divine things, and delighting in the passions of the body and looking only to present things and the opinions of these, it thought that there was nothing more than the things seen, but that only temporal and bodily things are good. And having turned away and forgotten that it is in the image of the good God, it no longer sees through the power in it the Word of God, according to whom it was made; but having gone outside of itself, it considers and fashions things that are not. For having obscured by the complications of bodily desires the mirror as it were within itself, through which alone it was able to see the image of the Father, it no longer sees what a soul ought to perceive; but is carried about by everything, and sees only those things that fall upon the senses. Whence, being full of all carnal desire, and being disturbed by the opinions of these, finally, the God whom it had forgotten in its mind, this it fashions in bodily and sensible things, assigning the name of God to things that appear, and glorifying only those things which it itself wishes, and as it sees them to be pleasant. Wickedness, therefore, is the preceding cause of idolatry. For men, having learned to devise for themselves wickedness which is not, so also fashioned for themselves gods which are not. And just as if someone, having sunk into the deep, should no longer see the light, nor the things appearing in the light, because of his eyes' downward inclination, and the water poured over him; and perceiving only the things in the deep, should think that there is nothing more than those things, but that the very things appearing to him are the masters of things that are; so also the senseless men of old, having sunk into the desires and imaginations of the flesh, and having forgotten the conception and glory of God, using a dim reasoning, or rather, unreason, fashioned the things that appear as gods, glorifying the creation rather than the Creator, and deifying the works rather than their cause and fashioner, the Lord God. And just as in the aforesaid example, those who sink into the deep, the more they descend, the more they rush into darker and deeper places; so also has the race of men suffered. For they did not have a simple idolatry, nor did they remain in those things with which they began; but as much as they delayed in the first things, so much did they invent for themselves newer superstitions; and not being sated with the first, they were filled again with other evils, advancing in the most shameful things, and extending their impiety beyond themselves. And this the divine scripture also witnesses, saying: When the wicked man comes into the depth of evils, he becomes contemptuous.

9

For as soon as the mind of men leaped away from God, and men, descending in their concepts and reasonings, first ascribed the honor of God to the heaven and sun and moon and the stars, them not only

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εἶναι φῶς, ἀλλὰ σκότος· δοκῶν γὰρ βλέπειν, οὐδ' ὅλως ὁρᾷ· οὕτω καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καμμύσασα τὸν ὀφθαλ μὸν δι' οὗ τὸν Θεὸν ὁρᾷν δύναται, ἑαυτῇ τὰ κακὰ ἐπενόησεν, ἐν οἷς κινουμένη, οὐκ οἶδεν ὅτι δοκοῦσά τι ποιεῖν, οὐδὲν ποιεῖ· τὰ οὐκ ὄντα γὰρ ἀναπλάττεται. καὶ οὐχ ὁποία γέγονε, τοιαύτη καὶ ἔμεινεν· ἀλλ' ὁποίαν ἑαυτὴν ἐνέφυρε, τοιαύτη καὶ φαίνεται. γέγονε μὲν γὰρ εἰς τὸ ὁρᾷν τὸν Θεὸν καὶ ὑπ' αὐτοῦ φωτίζεσθαι· αὕτη δὲ ἀντὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ τὰ φθαρτὰ καὶ τὸ σκότος ἐζήτησεν, ὥς που καὶ τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐγγράφως φησίν· Ὁ Θεὸς τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐποίησεν εὐθῆ· αὐτοὶ δὲ ἐζήτησαν λογισμοὺς πολλούς. κακίας δὴ οὖν εὕρεσις καὶ ἐπίνοια τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἐξ ἀρχῆς οὕτω γέγονε καὶ πέπλασται. Πῶς δὲ καὶ εἰς τὴν τῶν εἰδώλων μανίαν καταβεβήκασιν, ἤδη λέγειν ἀναγκαῖον, ἵνα γινώσκῃς ὅτι ὅλως ἡ τῶν εἰδώλων εὕρεσις οὐκ ἀπὸ ἀγαθοῦ, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ κακίας γέγονε. τὸ δὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔχον κακὴν ἐν οὐδενί ποτε καλὸν κριθείη, ὅλον ὂν φαῦλον.

8 Οὐκ ἀρκεσθεῖσα τῇ τῆς κακίας ἐπινοίᾳ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἡ ψυχή, κατ' ὀλίγον καὶ εἰς τὰ χείρονα ἑαυτὴν ἐξάγειν ἤρξατο. μαθοῦσα γὰρ διαφορὰς ἡδονῶν καὶ ζωσαμένη τὴν τῶν θείων λήθην, ἡδομένη δὲ καὶ πρὸς τὰ τοῦ σώματος πάθη καὶ πρὸς μόνα τὰ παρόντα καὶ τὰς τούτων δόξας ἀποβλέπουσα, ἐνόμισε μηδὲν ἔτι πλέον εἶναι τῶν βλεπομένων, ἀλλὰ μόνα τὰ πρόσκαιρα καὶ τὰ σωματικὰ εἶναι τὰ καλά. ἀποστραφεῖσα δὲ καὶ ἐπιλαθομένη ἑαυτὴν εἶναι κατ' εἰκόνα τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ Θεοῦ, οὐκ ἔτι μὲν διὰ τῆς ἐν αὐτῇ δυνάμεως τὸν Θεὸν Λόγον, καθ' ὃν καὶ γέγονεν, ὁρᾷ· ἔξω δὲ ἑαυτῆς γενομένη, τὰ οὐκ ὄντα λογίζεται καὶ ἀνατυποῦται. ἐπικρύψασα γὰρ ταῖς ἐπιπλοκαῖς τῶν σωματικῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν τὸ ὡς ἐν αὐτῇ κάτοπτρον, δι' οὗ μόνον ὁρᾷν ἠδύνατο τὴν εἰκόνα τοῦ Πατρός, οὐκέτι μὲν ὁρᾷ ἃ δεῖ ψυχὴν νοεῖν· παντὶ δὲ περιφέρεται, καὶ μόνα ἐκεῖνα ὁρᾷ τὰ τῇ αἰσθήσει προσπίπτοντα. ὅθεν δὴ πάσης σαρκικῆς ἐπιθυμίας γέμουσα, καὶ ἐν ταῖς τούτων δόξαις ταραττομένη, λοιπόν, ὃν ἐπελάθετο τῇ δια νοίᾳ Θεόν, τοῦτον ἐν σωματικοῖς καὶ αἰσθητοῖς ἀναπλάττεται, τοῖς φαινομένοις τὴν Θεοῦ προσηγορίαν ἀνατιθεῖσα, καὶ μόνα ταῦτα δοξάζουσα ἅπερ αὐτὴ βούλεται, καὶ ὡς ἡδέα ὁρᾷ. προηγεῖται τοίνυν αἰτία τῆς εἰδωλολατρείας ἡ κακία. μαθόντες γὰρ οἱ ἄνθρωποι τὴν οὐκ οὖσαν κακίαν ἑαυτοῖς ἐπινοεῖν, οὕτω καὶ τοὺς οὐκ ὄντας θεοὺς ἑαυτοῖς ἀνεπλάσαντο. οἷον δὲ εἴ τις, εἰς βυθὸν καταδύς, μηκέτι μὲν βλέποι τὸ φῶς, μηδὲ τὰ ἐν τῷ φωτὶ φαινόμενα, διὰ τὸ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τὸ κάτω νεῦμα, καὶ τὴν τοῦ ὕδατος ἐπικειμένην ἐπίχυσιν αὐτῷ· μόνα δὲ τὰ ἐν τῷ βυθῷ αἰσθόμενος, νομίζοι μηδὲν πλέον ἐκείνων εἶναι, ἀλλ' αὐτὰ τὰ φαινόμενα αὐτῷ τῶν ὄντων εἶναι τὰ κύρια· οὕτω καὶ οἱ πάλαι τῶν ἀνθρώπων παράφρονες, καταδύντες εἰς τὰς τῶν σαρκῶν ἐπιθυμίας καὶ φαντασίας, καὶ ἐπιλαθόμενοι τῆς περὶ Θεοῦ ἐννοίας καὶ δόξης, ἀμυδρῷ τῷ λογισμῷ, μᾶλλον δὲ ἀλογίᾳ χρησάμενοι, τὰ φαινόμενα θεοὺς ἀνετυπώσαντο, τὴν κτίσιν παρὰ τὸν κτίσαντα δοξάζοντες, καὶ τὰ ἔργα μᾶλλον ἐκθειάζοντες ἤπερ τὸν τούτων αἴτιον καὶ δημιουργὸν δεσπότην Θεόν. ὥσπερ δὲ κατὰ τὸ προλεχθὲν παράδειγμα, οἱ εἰς τὸν βυθὸν καταδυόμενοι, ὅσῳ μᾶλλον ἐπικαταβαίνουσι, τοσοῦτον εἰς τὰ σκοτεινότερα καὶ βαθύτερα ὁρ μῶσιν· οὕτω καὶ τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων πέπονθε γένος. οὐ γὰρ ἁπλῆν ἔσχον τὴν εἰδωλολατρείαν, οὐδὲ ἀφ' ὧν ἤρξαντο ἐν τούτοις καὶ διέμειναν· ἀλλ' ὅσον τοῖς πρώτοις ἐνεχρόνιζον, τοσοῦτον ἑαυτοῖς καινοτέρας ἐφεύρισκον δεισιδαιμονίας· καὶ κόρον οὐ λαμβάνοντες τῶν πρώτων, ἄλλοις πάλιν ἐνεπίμπλαντο κακοῖς, προκόπτοντες ἐν τοῖς αἰσχίστοις, καὶ πλεῖον ἑαυτῶν ἐπεκτείνοντες τὴν ἀσέβειαν. τοῦτο δὲ καὶ ἡ θεία γραφὴ μαρτύρεται λέγουσα· Ὅταν ἔλθῃ ἀσεβὴς εἰς βάθος κακῶν, καταφρονεῖ. 9 Ἄρτι γὰρ ἀπεπήδησεν ἡ διάνοια τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀπὸ Θεοῦ, καὶ καταβαίνοντες ταῖς ἐννοίαις καὶ τοῖς λογισμοῖς οἱ ἄνθρωποι, πρώτοις οὐρανῷ καὶ ἡλίῳ καὶ σελήνῃ καὶ τοῖς ἄστροις τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ τιμὴν ἀνέθηκαν, ἐκείνους οὐ μόνον