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they allowed that the world co-exists with God from eternity, not that it has been made by him, but that being like a shadow of his power, it came to exist alongside him spontaneously; and they confess God to be its cause, but a cause without choice, as the body is of the shadow, and that which gives forth radiance is of the brightness; the prophet, therefore, correcting such a deceit, used this precision of words, saying, In the beginning God made. Not this itself did he provide as the cause of being, but he made as good what is useful, as wise what is most beautiful, as powerful what is greatest. For he all but showed you a craftsman who has entered into the substance of the whole, fitting together each of the parts with one another, and bringing to completion the whole, consistent with itself and harmonious and having concord. In the beginning God made the heaven and the earth. By the two extremes of the universe he intimated its existence, assigning to heaven the primacy of creation, and saying that the earth is second in existence. And surely whatever is between these was created along with the extremities. So even if he says nothing about the elements, fire, and water, and air, yet you, by your own understanding, perceive, first that all things are mixed in all things, and in earth you will find water, and air, and fire, since fire leaps forth from stones, and from iron, which itself has its origin from the earth, abundant fire is wont to flash out in frictions. Which is also worthy of wonder, how fire, existing in bodies, lies hidden harmlessly; but when called forth to the outside, it is destructive of what had until then kept it. And the well-diggers show the nature of water existing in the earth; and the vapors sent up from it when it is moistened and warmed by the sun, show the nature of air. Then indeed, also, if heaven by nature occupies the place above, and the earth is the lowest; because light things are carried to the heaven, and heavy things are wont to sink down to the earth, and the above and the below are most opposite to each other; he who mentioned those things most distant by nature also signified by synecdoche the things that fill the space between them. Therefore do not seek the explanation of each individual thing, but understand what has been passed over in silence through what has been stated.

1.8 In the beginning God made the heaven and the earth. The investigation into the substance of each of the beings, or of those that fall under our contemplation, or of those set before our senses, introduces a long and disconnected discourse into the exposition, such that more words are spent in the examination of this problem than the rest of what may be said concerning each of the matters of inquiry; with the result that there is nothing useful for the edification of the Church in being occupied with these things. But concerning the substance of the heaven, let us be satisfied with what was said by Isaiah; who in plain words created in us a sufficient understanding of its nature, saying: He who established the heaven as smoke; that is, creating for the constitution of heaven a subtle nature, and not a solid nor a dense one. And concerning its shape also, what is from him is sufficient for us, when he says in a doxology to God: He who set up the heaven as a vault. Let us advise ourselves of these same things concerning the earth too, not to meddle with what its substance is, nor to wear ourselves out with reasonings seeking its underlying substrate, nor to seek some nature devoid of qualities, existing without quality in its own right, but to know well that all things observed about it are ordered to the principle of its being, existing as complementary to its substance. For you will arrive at nothing, trying to remove by reason each of the qualities existing in it. For if you take away the black, the cold, the heavy, the dense, the qualities existing in it according to taste, or if there are any others observed about it, the substrate will be nothing. Therefore, having left these things, I advise you not to seek that either, on what it stands. For in this way too the mind will grow dizzy, toward no agreed-upon limit

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συνυπάρχειν ἐξ ἀϊδίου τῷ Θεῷ τὸν κόσμον, οὐχὶ γεγενῆσθαι παρ' αὐτοῦ συνεχώρησαν, ἀλλ' οἱονεὶ ἀποσκίασμα τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ ὄντα αὐτομάτως παρυποστῆναι· καὶ αἴτιον μὲν αὐτοῦ ὁμολογοῦσι τὸν Θεὸν, αἴτιον δὲ ἀπροαιρέτως, ὡς τῆς σκιᾶς τὸ σῶμα, καὶ τῆς λαμπηδόνος τὸ ἀπαυγάζον· τὴν οὖν τοιαύτην ἀπάτην ἐπανορθούμενος ὁ προφήτης, τῇ ἀκριβείᾳ ταύτῃ τῶν ῥημάτων ἐχρήσατο εἰπὼν, Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεός. Οὐχὶ αὐτὸ τοῦτο τὴν αἰτίαν τοῦ εἶναι παρέσχεν, ἀλλ' ἐποίησεν ὡς ἀγαθὸς τὸ χρήσιμον, ὡς σοφὸς, τὸ κάλλιστον, ὡς δυνατὸς, τὸ μέγιστον. Μόνον γὰρ οὐχὶ τεχνίτην σοι ἔδειξεν ἐμβεβηκότα τῇ οὐσίᾳ τῶν ὅλων, καὶ τὰ καθ' ἕκαστον μέρη πρὸς ἄλληλα συναρμόζοντα, καὶ τὸ πᾶν ὁμόλογον ἑαυτῷ καὶ σύμφωνον καὶ ἐναρμονίως ἔχον ἀποτελοῦντα. Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν. Ἐκ δύο τῶν ἄκρων τοῦ παντὸς τὴν ὕπαρξιν παρῃνίξατο, τῷ μὲν οὐρανῷ τὰ πρεσβεῖα τῆς γενέσεως ἀποδοὺς, τὴν δὲ γῆν δευτερεύειν φάμενος τῇ ὑπάρξει. Πάν τως δὲ καὶ εἴ τι τούτων μέσον, συναπεγενήθη τοῖς πέρασιν. Ὥστε κἂν μηδὲν εἴπῃ περὶ τῶν στοιχείων, πυρὸς, καὶ ὕδατος, καὶ ἀέρος, ἀλλὰ σὺ τῇ παρὰ σαυτοῦ συνέσει νόει, πρῶτον μὲν ὅτι πάντα ἐν πᾶσι μέμικται, καὶ ἐν γῇ εὑρήσεις καὶ ὕδωρ, καὶ ἀέρα, καὶ πῦρ, εἴγε ἐκ λίθων μὲν πῦρ ἐξάλλεται, ἐκ σιδήρου δὲ, ὃς καὶ αὐτὸς ἀπὸ γῆς ἔχει τὴν γένεσιν, πῦρ ἄφθονον ἐν ταῖς παρατρίψεσι πέφυκεν ἀπολάμπειν. Ὃ καὶ θαυμάσαι ἄξιον, πῶς ἐν μὲν τοῖς σώμασιν ὑπάρχον τὸ πῦρ, ἀβλαβῶς ἐμφωλεύει· προκληθὲν δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ ἔξω, δαπανητικόν ἐστι τῶν φυλασσόντων τέως. Τὴν δὲ τοῦ ὕδατος φύσιν ἐνυπάρχουσαν τῇ γῇ οἱ φρεωρύχοι δεικνύουσι· καὶ τὴν τοῦ ἀέρος οἱ ἀπὸ νενοτισμένης αὐτῆς ἀτμοὶ ὑπὸ ἡλίου θαλφθείσης ἀναπεμπόμενοι. Ἔπειτα μέντοι καὶ εἰ φύσει τὸν ἄνω τόπον ὁ οὐρανὸς ἐπέχει, ἡ δὲ γῆ τὸ κατώτατόν ἐστι· διότι ἐπὶ μὲν τὸν οὐρανὸν τὰ κοῦφα φέρεται, ἐπὶ δὲ τὴν γῆν τὰ βαρέα πέφυκε καταρρέπειν, ἐναντιώτατα δὲ ἀλλήλοις, τὸ ἄνω καὶ τὸ κάτω· ὁ τῶν πλεῖστον διεστώτων κατὰ τὴν φύσιν ἐπιμνησθεὶς, καὶ τὰ τὴν μέσην τούτοις ἐκπληροῦντα χώραν συνεκδοχικῶς παρεσήμανεν. Ὥστε μὴ ζήτει τὴν τῶν καθ' ἕκαστον ἐπεξήγησιν, ἀλλὰ τὰ σιωπηθέντα νόει διὰ τῶν δηλωθέντων. 1.8 Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν. Ἡ περὶ τῆς οὐσίας ἔρευνα ἑκάστου τῶν ὄντων, ἢ τῶν κατὰ θεωρίαν ὑποπιπτόντων ἡμῖν, ἢ τῶν προκειμένων ἡμῶν τῇ αἰσθήσει, μακρὸν καὶ ἀπηρτημένον λόγον ἐπεισάγει τῇ ἐξηγήσει, ὡς πλείονας ἐν τῇ περὶ τοῦ προβλήματος τούτου σκέψει καταναλίσκεσθαι λόγους τῶν λοιπῶν, ὅσα ἐνδέχεται ῥηθῆναι περὶ ἑκάστου τῶν ζητουμένων· πρὸς τὸ, μηδὲ προύργου τι εἶναι εἰς τὴν τῆς Ἐκκλησίας οἰκοδομὴν τὸ περὶ ταῦτα κατασχολεῖσθαι. Ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τῆς οὐσίας τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἀρκούμεθα τοῖς παρὰ τοῦ Ἡσαΐου εἰρημένοις· ὃς ἐν ἰδιωτικοῖς ῥήμασιν ἱκανὴν ἡμῖν τῆς φύσεως αὐτοῦ τὴν διάνοιαν ἐνεποίησεν, εἰπών· Ὁ στερεώσας τὸν οὐρανὸν ὡσεὶ καπνόν· τουτέστι, λεπτὴν φύσιν καὶ οὐ στερεὰν οὐδὲ παχεῖαν εἰς τὴν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ σύστασιν οὐσιώσας. Καὶ περὶ τοῦ σχήματος δὲ ἱκανὰ ἡμῖν τὰ παρ' αὐτοῦ, εἰπόντος ἐν δοξολογίᾳ Θεοῦ· Ὁ στήσας τὸν οὐρανὸν ὡσεὶ καμάραν. Τὰ αὐτὰ δὲ ταῦτα καὶ περὶ τῆς γῆς συμβουλεύωμεν ἑαυτοῖς, μὴ πολυπραγμονεῖν αὐτῆς τὴν οὐσίαν ἥτις ποτέ ἐστι, μηδὲ κατατρίβεσθαι τοῖς λογισμοῖς αὐτὸ τὸ ὑποκεί μενον ἐκζητοῦντας, μηδὲ ζητεῖν τινα φύσιν ἔρημον ποιοτήτων, ἄποιον ὑπάρχουσαν τῷ ἑαυτῆς λόγῳ, ἀλλ' εὖ εἰδέναι, ὅτι πάντα τὰ περὶ αὐτὴν θεωρούμενα εἰς τὸν τοῦ εἶναι κατατέ τακται λόγον, συμπληρωτικὰ τῆς οὐσίας ὑπάρχοντα. Εἰς οὐδὲν γὰρ καταλήξεις, ἑκάστην τῶν ἐνυπαρχουσῶν αὐτῇ ποιοτήτων ὑπεξαιρεῖσθαι τῷ λόγῳ πειρώμενος. Ἐὰν γὰρ ἀποστήσῃς τὸ μέλαν, τὸ ψυχρὸν, τὸ βαρὺ, τὸ πυκνὸν, τὰς κατὰ γεῦσιν ἐνυπαρχούσας αὐτῇ ποιότητας, ἢ εἴ τινες ἄλλαι περὶ αὐτὴν θεωροῦνται, οὐδὲν ἔσται τὸ ὑποκείμενον. Ταῦτά τε οὖν καταλιπόντα σε, μηδὲ ἐκεῖνο ζητεῖν παραινῶ, ἐπὶ τίνος ἕστηκεν. Ἰλιγγιάσει γὰρ καὶ οὕτως ἡ διάνοια, πρὸς οὐδὲν ὁμολογούμενον πέρας