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To the insignia of the kingdom were added long spears, likewise twelve in number, not having points at the tip, but with plumes hanging from them. The Romans call these *iubae*, but the barbarians *tufae*, the word having been slightly corrupted. In addition to these, *vexilla*, which are like long spears, with cloths hanging from them. They call them *flammulae* from their fiery color, concerning which has been sufficiently reported by us in our writings *On the Months*. 20 9 Such, then, were the insignia of the kingdom at that time. But concerning the military in arms, Paternus the Roman in the first book of his *Tactics*, in these very words in translation, says this: "Romulus appointed decurions as caretakers of the sacred rites, calling the same men also centurions of the infantry cohorts. For since there were three thousand shield-bearing infantrymen, he placed a commander over each hundred, whom the Greeks call a *hekatontarchos*, but the Romans a *centurion*, so that there were in all thirty *hekatontarchoi* and as many maniples, that is, standard-bearers. And from the army he set apart three hundred *scutati*, as the Romans say, meaning shield-bearers, for his own guard, and it will be said a little later what a *clipeatus* soldier is, and what a *scutatus* soldier is. And he added three hundred horsemen to the forces, entrusting the care of these to a certain Celerius, so named. For this reason, synecdochically, the whole army was then called the *celeres*. And since the cavalry force was gathered in three hundreds, he distinguished them by three eponyms, establishing the Ramnites and Tities and Luceres." The reasons for these names we have given in our work *On the Months*, as has been said. 10 Now is the time to say what is the difference between a *scutum* and a *clipeus*. A *scutum*, then, the Romans call that which is strong and at the same time thin, which the Greeks name *stipton*, meaning 'sturdy', as Aristophanes in the *Acharnians*: "sturdy old men, Marathon-fighters of holm-oak". For this reason also the Romans call thin and tight and light garments *scutulata*. Such is the construction of the shield: 22 for it is light, as it is thin, but very strong and not easily yielding to blows. A *clipeus* the Romans call the door-shield (*thyreos*), from 'concealing' (*kleptein*) and covering the one carrying it. For it is a peculiarity of the Greeks alone to use round shields in war, but of barbarians to use door-shields; for in the urgency of battle they are accustomed to tear off doors and use them as coverings. 11 There is also another type of smaller shield, which those beyond the Ister, not being strong enough to fight on foot, carry on their horses. The Italians call it a *parma*, as the Scythians call them *peltae*. In addition to these, among the ancients there was the *ancile* for it is not now, a type of small shield, from which they also named spear-won women *ancillae*. For the soldier covered the woman who perhaps pleased him with the *ancile* during the assault so that she might not be harmed by anyone, as being preserved for the one who saved her. For this reason also the Italians call slaves *servi*, from being preserved from the war; but those not spear-won but free by fortune, but serving through poverty, they call *famuli*, because hunger is called *fames*. And *ancilia* is said from a Greek, I mean Aeolic, meaning, as if it were *amphileia*; for the little shields of the Amazons are of such a kind. 12 And at that time the equipment for the entire Roman army was one: a bronze helmet and a ringed cuirass and a broad, short sword, hanging on the left thigh, and two javelins on the right, having broad points, and woven black greaves and footwear for the feet, which the Greeks call *arbylae*, but the Romans *garbola* and *crepidae*; not just somehow nor irrationally. For in the *Images*, Terentius surnamed Varro 24 and the surname of Varro means 'the brave' in the tongue of the Celts, but according to the Phoenicians 'the Jew', as Herennius says recorded that Aeneas once came to Italy so equipped, having seen his image, as he said, carved from white stone upon a fountain in Alba. And it is rather completely true; for indeed the poet of the Romans in the first book of the *Aeneid* thus

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προσετέθησαν τοῖς τῆς βασιλείας γνωρίσμασι δόρατα ἐπιμήκη, ὡσαύτως τὸν ἀριθμὸν δυοκαίδεκα, ἀκροξιφίδας μὲν οὐκ ἔχοντα, ᾐωρημένας δὲ λοφιάς καλοῦσι δὲ αὐτὰς οἱ μὲν Ῥωμαῖοι ἰούβας, οἱ δὲ βάρβαροι τούφας, βραχύ τι παραφθαρείσης τῆς λέξεως· βήξιλλα πρὸς τούτοις, οἷον εἰ δόρατα μακρά, ἐξηρτημένων ὑφασμάτων φλάμμουλα αὐτὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ φλογίνου χρώματος καλοῦσιν, περὶ ὧν ἐν τοῖς Περὶ Μηνῶν γραφεῖσιν ἡμῖν ἀποχρώντως ἀνενήνεκται. 20 9 Τοιαῦτα μὲν τὰ ἐπίσημα τῆς τότε βασιλείας. περὶ δὲ τῆς ἐν ὅπλοις στρατείας Πάτερνος ὁ Ῥωμαῖος ἐν πρώτῃ Τακτικῶν αὐτοῖς ῥήμασι καθ' ἑρμηνείαν ταῦτά φησιν· «ὁ Ῥωμύλος δεκουρίωνας τῶν ἱερῶν φροντιστὰς προεστήσατο, τοὺς αὐτοὺς καὶ κεντουρίωνας τῶν πεζικῶν ταγμάτων ὀνομάσας. τρισχιλίων γὰρ ὄντων πεζῶν ἀσπιδιωτῶν, ἑκάστης ἑκατοντάδος ἡγεμόνα προὔθηκεν, ὃν Ἕλληνες μὲν ἑκατόνταρχον, Ῥωμαῖοι δὲ κεντουρίωνα καλοῦσιν, ὡς εἶναι τοὺς πάντας ἑκατοντάρχους λ καὶ τοσούτους δὲ μανίπλους, οἷον εἰ σημειοφόρους. ἐκ δὲ τῆς στρατιᾶς τριακοσίους σκουτάτους ὡς Ῥωμαῖοί φασιν, ἀντὶ τοῦ ἀσπιδιώτας «πρὸς φυλακὴν ἰδίαν ἀφώρισεν καὶ μικρὸν ὕστερον εἰρήσεται, τί μέν ἐστι κλιπεᾶτος, τί δὲ σκουτᾶτος στρατιώτης· προστέθεικε δὲ καὶ τριακοσίους ἱππότας ταῖς δυνάμεσιν, Κελερίῳ τινὶ οὕτω καλουμένῳ τὴν φροντίδα τούτων παραδούς. ταύτῃ συνεκδοχικῶς ἅπας ὁ στρατὸς κελέριοι τότε προσηγορεύθησαν. ἐν τρισὶ δὲ ἑκατοντάσι συναγομένης τῆς ἱππικῆς δυνάμεως, τρισὶν ἐπωνύμοις αὐτὰς διέστειλεν, Ῥαμνίτας καὶ Τιτίους ἱστῶν καὶ Λούκερας.» τὰς δὲ αἰτίας τουτωνὶ τῶν ὀνομάτων ἐν τοῖς Περὶ Μηνῶν, ὡς εἴρηται, τεθεῖσιν ἡμῖν ἀποδεδώκαμεν. 10 Εἰπεῖν δὲ καιρός, τί διαφέρει σκοῦτον κλιπέου. σκοῦτον τοίνυν οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι καλοῦσι τὸ ἰσχυρὸν ἅμα καὶ ἰσχνόν, ὅπερ Ἕλληνες στιπτὸν ὀνομάζουσιν, ἀντὶ τοῦ στιβαρόν, ὡς Ἀριστοφάνης ἐν Ἀχαρνεῦσι «στιπτοὶ γέροντες, Μαραθωνομάχοι πρίνινοι». ταύτῃ καὶ σκουτλᾶτα τὰ ἰσχνά τε καὶ στεγνὰ καὶ κοῦφα τῶν ἐσθημάτων καλοῦσιν οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι. τοιαύτη δὲ ἡ τῆς ἀσπίδος κα 22 τασκευή· ἀβαρὴς μὲν γάρ ἐστιν, ὡς ἰσχνή, καρτερωτάτη δὲ καὶ ταῖς πληγαῖς οὐκ εὐχερῶς ἐνδιδοῦσα. κλίπεον δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι τὸν θυρεὸν καλοῦσιν ἀπὸ τοῦ κλέπτειν καὶ καλύπτειν τὸν ἐπιφερόμενον αὐτόν. Ἑλλήνων γὰρ ἴδιον καὶ μόνων ἀσπίσι τροχωτάταις ἐν πολέμῳ χρῆσθαι, βαρβάρων δὲ θυρεοῖς· πρὸς γὰρ τὸ κατεπεῖγον τῆς μάχης τὰς θύρας ἀνασπῶντες ὡς σκεπάσμασιν αὐταῖς εἰώθασι χρῆσθαι. 11 Ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἕτερον εἶδος ἀσπίδος βραχυτέρας, ἃς πεζομαχεῖν οἱ ὑπὲρ Ἴστρον οὐκ ἰσχύοντες ἐπὶ τῶν ἵππων κομίζουσιν πάρμαν αὐτὴν Ἰταλοὶ καλοῦσιν, ὡς εἰ πέλτας οἱ Σκύθαι. ἀγκίλιον πρὸς τούτοις τοῖς ἀρχαίοις γέγονεν οὐδὲ γὰρ νῦν, εἶδος ἀσπιδισκαρίου, ἐξ οὗ καὶ ἀγκίλλας τὰς δορικτήτους γυναῖκας ὠνόμασαν. τὴν γὰρ ἀρέσκουσαν αὐτῷ τυχὸν γυναῖκα ὁ στρατιώτης ἔσκεπε τῷ ἀγκιλίῳ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐφόδου ὡς μὴ βλάπτοιτο πρός τινος, οἷα φυλαττομένη τῷ σώσαντι. ταύτῃ καὶ σέρβους τοὺς δούλους ἀπὸ τοῦ φυλαχθῆναι ἐκ τοῦ πολέμου Ἰταλοὶ καλοῦσιν· τοὺς δὲ μὴ δορικτήτους ἀλλ' ἐλευθέρους μὲν τὴν τύχην, δι' ἔνδειαν δὲ δουλεύοντας φαμούλους, ὅτι φάμης ὁ λιμὸς προσαγορεύεται. ἀγκίλια δὲ ἐξ Ἑλληνικῆς, Αἰολικῆς λέγω, σημασίας εἴρηται, ὡς ἂν εἰ ἀμφίλεια· τὰ γὰρ πελτάρια τῶν Ἀμαζόνων τοιαῦτα. 12 Στολὴ δὲ τότε παντὶ τῷ Ῥωμαϊκῷ στρατεύματι μία· περικεφαλαία χαλκῆ καὶ θώραξ κρικωτὸς καὶ ξίφος πλατύ, κολοβόν, αἰωρημένον ἐπὶ τοῦ εὐωνύμου μηροῦ, καὶ ἀκόντια ἐπὶ τῆς δεξιᾶς δύο, γλωχῖνας πλατεῖς ἔχοντα, περικνημῖδές τε ὑφανταὶ μέλαιναι καὶ ὑποδήματα τοῖς ποσίν, ἅπερ Ἕλληνες μὲν ἀρβύλας, Ῥωμαῖοι δὲ γάρβολα καὶ κρηπῖδας ὀνομάζουσιν· οὐχ ἁπλῶς πως οὐδὲ ἀλόγως. ἐν γὰρ ταῖς Εἰκόσι Τερέντιος ὁ ἐπίκλην Βάρρων 24 τὸ δὲ Βάρρωνος ἐπώνυμον τὸν ἀνδρεῖον κατὰ τὴν Κελτῶν φωνήν, κατὰ δὲ Φοίνικας τὸν Ἰουδαῖον σημαίνει, ὡς Ἑρέννιός φησιν Αἰνείαν οὕτως ἐσταλμένον εἰς Ἰταλίαν ἐλθεῖν ποτε ἀνεγράψατο, ἰδὼν αὐτοῦ τὴν εἰκόνα, ὡς εἶπεν, ἐκ λίθου λευκοῦ ἐξεσμένην ἐπὶ κρήνης ἐν τῇ Ἄλβῃ. καὶ πανάληθες μᾶλλόν ἐστιν· καὶ γὰρ ὁ Ῥωμαίων ποιητὴς ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ τῆς Αἰνηΐδος οὕτως