John Chrysostom, To Demetrius on Repentance I

one, go with him two; and to him who asks you, give, and from him who wants to borrow from you, do not turn away. What could one say to these things? For at each of the things said, it only remains to weep and cover one's face; so diametrically opposed have we set ourselves against the contrary, spending all our time in judgments and battles and lawsuits and disputes, and not bearing even a slight insult, neither from deeds nor from words, but becoming like wild beasts even at the slightest thing. But if you could name some who have spent much on the poor, but were later despised because of their poverty, and suffered countless evils, you will say that these are few and easy to count; yet even so you have not shown us the philosopher described here; for this life is much more spiritual than that. For it is not the same to give willingly, and to endure being deprived of all things. But why do I say "to endure"? For what Christ said is again much greater than this. And the word has so removed the souls of the wronged from anger towards those who wrong them, as not only not to be vexed about what has already been taken, but also to willingly give up what remains, and for us to show a greater eagerness to suffer ill than their madness to do ill. For when one who wishes to do wrong finds the one wronged more prepared to suffer than he himself wished, and after sating his own desire, sees the insulted one being generous out of his abundance, he goes away defeated, blushing at the excess of forbearance; and even if he is a wild beast, or something else more fierce than this, he will be more moderate for the future, having seen well his own wickedness and that man's virtue from this comparison. This is the life I now seek, which I see laid down only in the Scriptures, but nowhere else in deeds. For do not tell me of one who is wronged and endures it; for it happens that one suffers this also out of weakness. But even if he showed this towards his equals and those whom it is possible to prosecute, yet it was not to such an extent as to outdo his desire, and to give more than what he wanted, and, by what was willingly added, to show long-suffering for what was violently snatched away. But what is again higher than these things and touches the very summit, Christ commanded us to rank those who do such things to us, and insult us in our money and bodies and all other things, in the order of friends, and of genuine friends. For not only give more to the one who robs and is covetous, He says, but also love him with the most 47.400 vehement and sincere friendship. Indeed, wishing to establish this, He said: Pray for those who insult you; which we are accustomed to do only for those who are dearly loved. And lest you again think the words to be an exaggeration, and introduce the diabolical deceit, He adds to the matter a reason, and a just cause, saying: For if you love those who love you, what reward do you have? Do not even the tax collectors do the same? And if you greet those who greet you, what more are you doing? Do not even the Gentiles do this? When therefore we differ in nothing in this from the tax collectors and the Gentiles, how is it not fitting to mourn and to beat one's breast? And would that this were the only terrible thing; but now we are so far from loving our enemies, that we even turn away from and hate those who love us. For to be envious and to feel malice, and through what we do and through what we say to pull down their reputation and good name, is characteristic of those who utterly hate and turn away from others. Thus we not only differ in no way from the Gentiles, but are also in a much worse state than them in this. And Christ commanded to pray for those who insult us, but we plot deceits, and being commanded to bless those who curse us, we cover them with countless curses. What could be more vehement than this opposition and battle, which we fight against the one who laid down these laws, standing contrary to all His commandments? For the of the

ἓν, ὕπαγε μετ' αὐτοῦ δύο· καὶ τῷ αἰτοῦντί σε δίδου, καὶ τὸν θέλοντα ἀπὸ σοῦ δανείσασθαι μὴ ἀποστραφῇς. Τί ἄν τις εἴποι πρὸς ταῦτα; Ἐφ' ἑκάστου γὰρ τῶν εἰρημένων δακρύειν μόνον καὶ ἐγκαλύπτεσθαι λείπεται· οὕτως ἐκ διαμέτρου πρὸς τὴν ἐναντίαν ἀντεταξάμεθα, εἰς κρίσεις καὶ μάχας καὶ δίκας καὶ ἀμφισβητήσεις τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον ἀναλίσκοντες, καὶ μηδὲ βραχεῖαν ἐπήρειαν φέροντες, μὴ τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν πραγμάτων, μὴ τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν ῥημάτων, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς τὸ τυχὸν ἐκθηριούμενοι. Εἰ δὲ ἔχοις τινὰς λέγειν τῶν πολλὰ μὲν ἀνηλωκότων εἰς πένητας, καταφρονουμένων δὲ διὰ τὴν πενίαν ὕστερον, καὶ μυρία πασχόντων κακὰ, ὀλίγους μὲν τούτους καὶ εὐαριθμήτους ἐρεῖς· πλὴν ἀλλ' οὐδὲ οὕτω τὸν ἐνταῦθα ἀναγεγραμμένον ἡμῖν φιλόσοφον ἔδειξας· πολὺ γὰρ οὗτος ἐκείνου τοῦ βίου πνευματικώτερος. Οὐδὲ γάρ ἐστιν ἴσον ἑκόντα δοῦναι, καὶ ἀποστερούμενον πάντων ἐνεγκεῖν. Τί δὲ λέγω ἐνεγκεῖν; ὃ γὰρ ὁ Χριστὸς εἶπε, πολλῷ τούτου πάλιν μεῖζόν ἐστι. Τοσοῦτον δὲ ἀπέστησεν ὁ λόγος τῶν ἀδικουμένων τὰς ψυχὰς τῆς πρὸς τοὺς ἀδικοῦντας ὀργῆς, ὡς μὴ μόνον ὑπὲρ τῶν ἤδη ληφθέντων μὴ δυσχεραίνειν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ὑπολειφθέντων ἑκόντας παραχωρεῖν, καὶ τῆς ἐκείνων μανίας περὶ τὸ κακῶς ποιεῖν μείζονα περὶ τὸ κακῶς πάσχειν ἐπιδείκνυσθαι τὴν προθυμίαν ἡμᾶς. Ὅταν γὰρ ὁ βουλόμενος ἀδικεῖν εὕρῃ τὸν ἀδικούμενον πλέον παρεσκευασμένον πρὸς τὸ παθεῖν ἤπερ ἐκεῖνος ἐβούλετο, καὶ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν ἐμπλήσας τὴν ἑαυτοῦ, τὸν ἐπηρεασθέντα ἐκ περιουσίας ἴδῃ φιλοτιμούμενον, ἄπεισιν ἡττημένος, τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς ἀνεξικακίας ἐρυθριάσας· κἂν γοῦν θηρίον ᾖ, κἂν ἕτερόν τι τούτου χαλεπώτερον, μετριώτερος ἔσται τοῦ λοιποῦ, τήν τε αὑτοῦ κακίαν καὶ τὴν ἀρετὴν ἐκείνου καλῶς ἀπὸ τῆς συγκρίσεως ταύτης ἰδών. Τοῦτον ἐγὼ τὸν βίον ἐπιζητῶ νῦν, ὃν μόνον ἐν ταῖς Γραφαῖς κείμενον ὁρῶ, ἀλλαχοῦ δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἔργων οὐδαμοῦ. Μὴ γάρ μοι τὸν ἠδικημένον εἴπῃς καὶ στέγοντα· συμβαίνει γὰρ καὶ παρὰ ἀδυναμίαν τοῦτο παθεῖν. Εἰ δὲ καὶ πρὸς τοὺς ὁμοτίμους καὶ οἷς δυνατὸν ἐπεξελθεῖν ἐπεδείξατο τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ οὐ μέχρι τοσούτου, ὡς καὶ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν ὑπερακοντίσαι τὴν ἐκείνου, καὶ πλέον ὧν ἐβούλετο δοῦναι, καὶ τοῖς ἑκοντὶ προστεθεῖσι, τὴν ἐπὶ τοῖς βίᾳ ἀποσπασθεῖσι δεῖξαι μακροθυμίαν. Τὸ δὲ τούτων πάλιν ἀνώτερον καὶ αὐτῆς ἁπτόμενον τῆς κορυφῆς, τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐργαζομένους εἰς ἡμᾶς, καὶ ἐπηρεάζοντας καὶ χρήμασι καὶ σώμασι καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασιν, ἐν φίλων τάξει, καὶ φίλων τῶν γνησίων κατατάττειν ἐκέλευσεν ὁ Χριστός. Μὴ γὰρ προσδίδου μόνον τῷ ἁρπάζοντι καὶ πλεονεκτοῦντι, φησὶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ φίλει τοῦτον φιλίᾳ τῇ 47.400 σφοδροτάτῃ καὶ εἰλικρινεῖ. Τοῦτο δὴ, τοῦτο καὶ παραστῆσαι βουλόμενος εἶπεν· Εὔχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐπηρεαζόντων ὑμᾶς· ὅπερ ἐπὶ τῶν σφόδρα ἀγαπωμένων ποιεῖν εἰώθαμεν μόνον. Καὶ ἵνα μὴ πάλιν ὑπερβολῆς νομίσῃς εἶναι τὰ ῥήματα, καὶ τὴν διαβολικὴν ἐπεισαγάγῃς ἀπάτην, προστίθησι τῷ πράγματι λογισμὸν, καὶ αἰτίαν δικαίαν λέγων· Ἐὰν γὰρ ἀγαπήσητε τοὺς ἀγαπῶντας ὑμᾶς, τίνα μισθὸν ἔχετε; οὐχὶ καὶ οἱ τελῶναι τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ποιοῦσι; Καὶ ἐὰν ἀσπάσησθε τοὺς ἀσπαζομένους ὑμᾶς, τί περισσὸν ποιεῖτε; οὐχὶ καὶ οἱ ἐθνικοὶ τοῦτο ποιοῦσιν; Ὅταν οὖν τῶν τελωνῶν καὶ τῶν ἐθνικῶν μηδὲν κατὰ τοῦτο διαφέρωμεν, πῶς οὐ πενθεῖν ἄξιον καὶ κατακόπτεσθαι; Καὶ εἴθε τοῦτο μόνον ἦν τὸ δεινόν· νῦν δὲ τοσούτου ἀποδέομεν τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ἀγαπᾷν, ὡς καὶ τοὺς ἀγαπῶντας ἀποστρέφεσθαι καὶ μισεῖν. Τὸ γὰρ βασκαίνειν καὶ φθονεῖν, καὶ δι' ὧν πράττομεν καὶ δι' ὧν λέγομεν τὴν δόξαν αὐτῶν καθαιρεῖν καὶ τὴν εὐδοκίμησιν, τῶν σφόδρα μισούντων καὶ ἀποστρεφομένων ἐστίν. Οὕτως οὐ μόνον τῶν ἐθνικῶν οὐδὲν διαφέρομεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πολλῷ χεῖρον αὐτῶν ἐν τούτῳ διακείμεθα. Καὶ ὁ μὲν Χριστὸς εὔχεσθαι ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐπηρεαζόντων ἐκέλευσεν, ἡμεῖς δὲ δόλους ῥάπτομεν, καὶ τοὺς καταρωμένους εὐλογεῖν κελευσθέντες, μυρίαις ἀραῖς περιβάλλομεν. Τί ταύτης σφοδρότερον τῆς ἐναντιώσεως γένοιτ' ἂν καὶ τῆς μάχης, ἣν μαχόμεθα τῷ ταῦτα νομοθετήσαντι, πᾶσιν αὐτοῦ τοῖς προστάγμασιν ἐξ ἐναντίας ἱστάμενοι; Τὴν γὰρ τῆς