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as more impious. For Plato says "that he was good who established this universe," and "that in a good person there arises no envy about anything." But you call him evil and the creator of evil works. But do not fear; you have as partners in your doctrine the devil, his angels—or rather, not even them; for do not think that because they persuaded you to rave in such a way, they themselves are so disposed. For that they know God is good, hear them shouting, now, "We know who you are, the Holy One of God," and now, "These men are servants of the Most High God, who proclaim to us the way of salvation." Will you then still make mention of virginity and pride yourselves in the matter, and not rather go away and weep for yourselves and lament the folly through which the devil, having bound you like captives, has dragged you into the fire of Gehenna? You have not had intercourse in marriage? But not yet on this account are you a virgin. For she who had the power to be married, and then did not choose it, her I would call a virgin. But when you say that the thing is among those forbidden, the achievement is no longer of your choice but of the law's necessity. For this reason we admire Persians who do not marry their mothers, but Romans no longer. For here the practice seems abominable to all alike, but there the freedom of those who dare such things has caused those who abstain from such unions to be praised. According to the same reasoning, then, one must also make an examination regarding marriage. For since the matter is permitted to all among us, we rightly admire those who do not marry. But you, having pushed it into the rank of worse things, would no longer be able to lay claim to the praises arising from the matter. For to abstain from what is forbidden is not yet the mark of a noble and vigorous soul. For perfect virtue is not to refrain from doing those things for which, having done them, we would seem wicked to all, but to be illustrious in these things, which neither permit those who have not chosen them to be reviled for this reason, and which not only deliver those who have chosen and succeeded from the reputation of being base but also enroll them in the rank of the good. For just as no one would praise eunuchs on the grounds of virginity because they do not marry, so neither you. For what the necessity of nature is to them, this the prejudice of an evil conscience has become to you. And just as the mutilation of the body has excluded eunuchs from the ambition related to the matter, so the devil, while your nature remains intact, having cut away your right reasonings and thus established you in the necessity of not marrying, wears you out with toils, but does not allow you to be honored. Do you forbid marrying? For this reason, for not marrying there will be for you no reward but also punishment and vengeance.

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That to advise virginity is not the act of one who forbids marrying. But you, he says, do you not forbid it? Away with it; may I never rave the same as you. How then, he says, do you exhort not to marry? Because I am persuaded that virginity is much more honorable than marriage; yet not for this reason do I place marriage among evil things, but I even praise it exceedingly. For it is a harbor of chastity for those who wish to use it well, not allowing nature to run wild. For having set up lawful intercourse in place of breakwaters and by this receiving the waves of desire, it establishes us in great calm and preserves us. But there are some who do not need this security but instead of this, by fastings, vigils, sleeping on the ground, and other harsh disciplines tame the madness of nature. To these I advise not to marry, not forbidding to marry. And the difference between this and that is great, as great as the difference between necessity and choice. For one who gives counsel allows the hearer to be master of the choice of the matters concerning which he gives the counsel; but one who forbids deprives him of this power. In addition to this, when I give advice I do not disparage the matter nor do I accuse the one who is not persuaded. But you, slandering it and saying it is base and seizing the role of the lawgiver rather than the counselor, rightly hate those who are not persuaded. But not

5

ὡς ἀσεβεστέρους. Πλάτων μὲν γάρ φησιν «ὅτι ἀγαθὸς ἦν ὁ τόδε τὸ πᾶν συστησάμενος», καὶ «ὅτι ἀγαθῷ οὐδεὶς περὶ οὐδενὸς ἐγγίνεται φθόνος.» Σὺ δὲ αὐτὸν πονηρὸν καλεῖς καὶ πονηρῶν ἔργων δημιουργόν. Ἀλλὰ μὴ δείσῃς· ἔχεις τοῦ δόγματος κοινωνοὺς τὸν διάβολον, τοὺς ἀγγέλους τοὺς ἐκείνου-μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδὲ ἐκείνους· μὴ γὰρ ἐπειδὴ σὲ τοιαῦτα ἀνέπεισαν μαίνεσθαι καὶ αὐτοὺς οὕτως διακεῖσθαι νόμιζε. Ὅτι γὰρ ἴσασι τὸν Θεὸν ἀγαθόν, ἄκουσον βοώντων αὐτῶν, νῦν μὲν «Οἴδαμεν ὅστις εἶ, ὁ ἅγιος τοῦ Θεοῦ», νῦν δὲ «Οὗτοι οἱ ἄνθρωποι δοῦλοι τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ ὑψίστου εἰσίν, οἵτινες καταγγέλλουσιν ἡμῖν ὁδὸν σωτηρίας.» Ἔτ' οὖν παρθενίας μνησθήσεσθε καὶ ἐπὶ τῷ πράγματι φιλοτιμήσεσθε ἀλλ' οὐκ ἀπελθόντες κλαύσετε ἑαυτοὺς καὶ θρηνήσετε τῆς ἀνοίας δι' ἧς ὑμᾶς ὁ διάβολος ὥσπερ αἰχμαλώτους δήσας εἰς τὸ τῆς γεέννης εἵλκυσε πῦρ; Οὐχ ὡμιλήσας γάμοις; Ἀλλ' οὐδέπω τούτῳ παρθένος. Τὴν γὰρ κυρίαν τοῦ γαμηθῆναι γενομένην, εἶτα οὐχ ἑλομένην ταύτην ἂν εἴποιμι παρθένον ἐγώ. Ὅταν δὲ τῶν κεκωλυμένων τὸ πρᾶγμα εἶναι φῇς, οὐκέτι τῆς σῆς προαιρέσεως τὸ κατόρθωμα γίνεται ἀλλὰ τῆς ἀνάγκης τοῦ νόμου. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο Πέρσας μὲν μὴ μητρογαμοῦντας θαυμάζομεν, Ῥωμαίους δὲ οὐκέτι. Ἐνταῦθα μὲν γὰρ ἅπασιν ἐφεξῆς τὸ πρᾶγμα βδελυρὸν εἶναι δοκεῖ, ἐκεῖ δὲ ἡ τῶν ταῦτα τολμώντων ἄδεια τοὺς τῶν τοιούτων ἀπεχομένους μίξεων ἐπαινεῖσθαι πεποίηκεν. Κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν δὴ λόγον καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ γάμου τὴν ἐξέτασιν ποιήσασθαι χρή. Ἡμεῖς μὲν γὰρ ἐπειδὴ τὸ πρᾶγμα πᾶσιν ἐφεῖται παρ' ἡμῖν, εἰκότως τοὺς μὴ γαμοῦντας θαυμάζομεν. Ὑμεῖς δὲ εἰς τὴν τῶν χειρόνων αὐτὸ τάξιν ὤσαντες, οὐκέτ' ἂν δύναισθε τῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ πράγματος ἀντιποιεῖσθαι ἐπαίνων. Τὸ γὰρ τῶν ἀπηγορευμένων ἀπέχεσθαι οὔπω γενναίας καὶ νεανικῆς ψυχῆς. Τελείας γὰρ ἀρετῆς οὐ τὸ ταῦτα μὴ πράττειν ἃ πράξαντες παρὰ πᾶσιν εἶναι δόξομεν κακοί, ἀλλὰ τὸ ἐν τούτοις εἶναι λαμπρούς, ἃ μήτε τοὺς μὴ ἑλομένους ἀφίησι διὰ τοῦτο κακίζεσθαι, τούς τε ἑλομένους καὶ κατορθώσαντας οὐ μόνον τῆς τῶν φαύλων ἀπαλλάττει δόξης ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰς τὴν τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἐγκρίνει τάξιν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ τοὺς εὐνούχους οὐδεὶς ἂν ἐπαινέσειεν εἰς παρθενίας λόγον ὅτι μὴ γαμοῦσιν, οὕτως οὐδὲ ὑμᾶς. Ὃ γὰρ ἐκείνοις ἡ τῆς φύσεως ἀνάγκη, τοῦτο ὑμῖν ἡ τῆς πονηρᾶς συνειδήσεως πρόληψις γέγονε. Καὶ καθάπερ τοὺς εὐνούχους ἡ τοῦ σώματος πήρωσις τῆς ἐπὶ τῷ πράγματι φιλοτιμίας ἐξέβαλεν, οὕτως ὑμᾶς ὁ διάβολος, τῆς φύσεως ὑμῖν ἀκεραίου μενούσης, τοὺς ὀρθοὺς περικόψας λογισμοὺς καὶ οὕτως εἰς τὴν ἀνάγκην τοῦ μὴ γαμεῖν καταστήσας, κατατείνει μὲν τοῖς πόνοις, τιμᾶσθαι δὲ οὐκ ἀφίησιν. Κωλύεις γαμεῖν; ∆ιὰ τοῦτο τοῦ μὴ γαμεῖν οὐ κείσεταί σοι μισθὸς ἀλλὰ καὶ τιμωρία καὶ κόλασις.

9 Ὅτι παραινεῖν παρθενεύειν οὐχὶ κωλύοντός ἐστι γαμεῖν. Σὺ δέ, φησίν, οὐ κωλύεις; Ἄπαγε· μή ποτε τὰ αὐτά σοι μανείην. Πῶς οὖν, φησί, παρακαλεῖς μὴ γαμεῖν; Ὅτι πείθομαι πολλῷ τιμιωτέραν εἶναι τοῦ γάμου τὴν παρθενίαν· οὐ μὴν διὰ τοῦτο ἐν τοῖς πονηροῖς τὸν γάμον τίθεμαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ λίαν αὐτὸν ἐπαινῶ. Λιμὴν γάρ ἐστι σωφροσύνης τοῖς βουλομένοις αὐτῷ χρῆσθαι καλῶς, οὐκ ἀφιεὶς ἀγριαίνειν τὴν φύσιν. Ἀντὶ γὰρ προβόλων προστήσας τὴν ἔννομον μίξιν καὶ ταύτῃ τὰ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας δεχόμενος κύματα ἐν γαλήνῃ πολλῇ καθίστησιν ἡμᾶς καὶ διατηρεῖ. Ἀλλ' εἰσί τινες οἱ μὴ δεόμενοι ταύτης τῆς ἀσφαλείας ἀλλ' ἀντὶ ταύτης νηστείαις, ἀγρυπνίαις, χαμευνίαις, τῇ λοιπῇ σκληραγωγίᾳ τιθασσεύουσι τὴν τῆς φύσεως μανίαν. Τούτοις παραινῶ μὴ γαμεῖν, οὐ κωλύων γαμεῖν. Πολὺ δὲ τούτου κἀκείνου τὸ μέσον, καὶ τοσοῦτον ὅσον ἀνάγκης καὶ προαιρέσεως τὸ διάφορον. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ συμβουλεύων ἀφίησι τὸν ἀκούοντα κύριον εἶναι τῆς τῶν πραγμάτων αἱρέσεως ὑπὲρ ὧν ποιεῖται τὴν συμβουλήν· ὁ δὲ κωλύων παραιρεῖται ταύτης τῆς ἐξουσίας αὐτόν. Πρὸς τούτοις ἐγὼ μὲν παραινῶν οὐ κακίζω τὸ πρᾶγμα οὐδὲ τοῦ μὴ πεισθέντος κατηγορῶ. Σὺ δὲ διαβάλλων αὐτὸ καὶ φαῦλον εἶναι λέγων καὶ τὴν τοῦ νομοθετοῦντος ἀλλ' οὐ τὴν τοῦ συμβουλεύοντος τάξιν ἁρπάζων, εἰκότως τοὺς μὴ πειθομένους μισεῖς. Ἀλλ' οὐκ