John Chrysostom, On Matthew

was never able to take them even into its mind. For how could they, who deified images of monsters and beasts that creep on the ground and other things more dishonorable? But nevertheless these lofty doctrines were both received and believed, and they flourish each day, and they increase. But their doctrines are gone and have perished, having vanished more easily than spiders' webs. And quite rightly; for demons proclaimed these things. Therefore, along with wantonness, it has much gloom, and more toil. For what could be more ridiculous than that polity, in which the philosopher, after having expended countless lines on the aforesaid topics in order to be able to show what justice is, filled his words with long-windedness and much obscurity? And if this had any benefit, it would be extremely useless to the life of men. For if the farmer, and the coppersmith, and the builder, and the pilot, and each person who is fed by the work of his hands, were to abandon his craft and his rightful labors, and spend so many years in order to learn what justice is; often before he could learn, he would perish from famine, and would depart on account of this very justice, having learned nothing else useful, and ending his life by a violent death. But our 57.20 things are not so; but Christ taught us justice, and propriety, and what is expedient, and simply all virtue, summing it up in brief and clear words; at one time saying, that On two commandments hang the law and the prophets, that is, on the love of God, and of one's neighbor; at another time saying, Whatever you wish that men would do to you, do so to them. For this is the law and the prophets. Which things are all easy to comprehend and simple to learn, even for a farmer, and a servant, and a widow, and a child himself, and for one who seems to be extremely foolish. For such are the things of truth; and the outcome of the events bears witness. At any rate, all have learned what must be done; and not only have they learned, but they have also emulated it; and not only in the cities, nor in the middle of the marketplaces, but also on the peaks of the mountains. For there you will see great philosophy existing, and choirs of angels shining in a human body, and the commonwealth of the heavens appearing here. For fishermen wrote a polity for us, not commanding it to be undertaken from childhood, as they did, nor legislating that the virtuous man must be of such and such an age; but simply addressing every age. For those things are children's games; but these, the truth of realities. And they assigned heaven as the place for this polity, and introduced God as its craftsman, and as the lawgiver of the laws established there; as indeed was fitting. And the prizes of the polity are not laurel leaves, nor wild olive, nor maintenance in the prytaneum, nor bronze statues, these cold and cheap things; but a life that has no end, and to become children of God, and to dance with angels, and to stand beside the royal throne, and to be with Christ forever. 2. And the leaders of this polity are tax collectors, and fishermen, and tentmakers, not having lived for a short time, but living forever. For this reason, even after death they would be able to benefit its citizens in the greatest ways. In this polity the war is not against men, but against demons and those incorporeal powers. Therefore also their general is not one of men, nor of angels, but God Himself. And the weapons of these soldiers imitate the nature of the war; for they are not fashioned from leather and iron, but from truth and righteousness and faith and all philosophy. Since, therefore, this book has been written about this polity, and it is now set before us to speak, let us pay close attention to Matthew as he discourses clearly about it. For all that is said is not his, but Christ's, who established the law for the polity. And let us pay attention, so that we may be able to be enrolled in it, and to shine with those who have already been its citizens, and who await those unfading crowns. And yet

μηδέποτε ἐκείνων μηδὲ εἰς νοῦν λαβεῖν ἴσχυσε. Πῶς γὰρ, οἱ κνωδάλων καὶ θηρίων χαμαὶ ἑρπόντων καὶ ἑτέρων ἀτιμοτέρων εἰκόνας θεοποιήσαντες; Ἀλλ' ὅμως καὶ ἐδέχθη καὶ ἐπιστεύθη τὰ ὑψηλὰ ταῦτα δόγματα, καὶ καθ' ἑκάστην ἀνθεῖ τὴν ἡμέραν, καὶ ἐπιδίδωσι. Τὰ δὲ ἐκείνων οἴχεται καὶ ἀπόλωλεν, ἀραχνίων εὐκολώτερον ἀφανισθέντα. Καὶ μάλα εἰκότως· δαίμονες γὰρ ταῦτα διηγόρευον. ∆ιὸ μετὰ τῆς ἀσελγείας καὶ πολὺν ἔχει τὸν ζόφον, καὶ πλείω τὸν πόνον. Τί γὰρ ἂν γένοιτο καταγελαστότερον τῆς πολιτείας ἐκείνης, ἐν ᾗ μετὰ τῶν εἰρημένων μυρίους ἀναλώσας στίχους ὁ φιλόσοφος, ὥστε δυνηθῆναι δεῖξαι τί ποτέ ἐστι τὸ δίκαιον, μετὰ τῆς μακρηγορίας, καὶ ἀσαφείας πολλῆς τὰ εἰρημένα ἐνέπλησεν; Ὅπερ εἰ καί τι συμφέρον εἶχε, σφόδρα ἄχρηστον ἔμελλεν εἶναι τῷ τῶν ἀνθρώπων βίῳ. Εἰ γὰρ ὁ γεωργὸς, καὶ ὁ χαλκοτύπος, καὶ ὁ οἰκοδόμος, καὶ ὁ κυβερνήτης, καὶ ἕκαστος, ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν χειρῶν τρεφόμενος ἐργασίας, μέλλοι τῆς τέχνης μὲν ἀφίστασθαι καὶ τῶν δικαίων πόνων, ἀναλίσκειν δὲ ἔτη τόσα καὶ τόσα, ὥστε μαθεῖν τί ποτέ ἐστι τὸ δίκαιον· καὶ πρὶν ἢ μαθεῖν πολλάκις φθάσει λιμῷ διαφθαρεὶς, καὶ ἀπελεύσεται διὰ τὸ δίκαιον τοῦτο, μήτε τῶν ἄλλων τῶν χρησίμων μηδὲν μαθὼν, καὶ βιαίῳ θανάτῳ καταλύσας τὸν βίον. Ἀλλ' οὐ τὰ 57.20 ἡμέτερα τοιαῦτα· ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ δίκαιον, καὶ τὸ πρέπον, καὶ τὸ συμφέρον, καὶ πᾶσαν ἁπλῶς τὴν ἀρετὴν ἐν βραχέσι καὶ σαφέσι συλλαβὼν ῥήμασιν, ἐδίδαξεν ἡμᾶς ὁ Χριστός· ποτὲ μὲν λέγων, ὅτι Ἐν δυσὶν ἐντολαῖς ὁ νόμος καὶ οἱ προφῆται κρέμανται, τουτέστι, τῇ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀγάπῃ, καὶ τῇ τοῦ πλησίον· ποτὲ δὲ λέγων, Ὅσα ἂν θέλητε ἵνα ποιῶσιν ὑμῖν οἱ ἄνθρωποι, καὶ ὑμεῖς ποιεῖτε αὐτοῖς. Οὗτος γάρ ἐστιν ὁ νόμος καὶ οἱ προφῆται. Ἅπερ καὶ γηπόνῳ, καὶ οἰκέτῃ, καὶ γυναικὶ χήρᾳ, καὶ παιδὶ αὐτῷ, καὶ τῷ σφόδρα ἀνοήτῳ δοκοῦντι εἶναι, πάντα εὐσύνοπτα καὶ ῥᾴδια καταμαθεῖν. Τοιαῦτα γὰρ τὰ τῆς ἀληθείας· καὶ μαρτυρεῖ τῶν πραγμάτων τὸ τέλος. Πάντες γοῦν ἔμαθον τὰ πρακτέα· καὶ οὐκ ἔμαθον μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐζήλωσαν· καὶ οὐκ ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι μόνον, οὐδὲ ἐν μέσαις ταῖς ἀγοραῖς, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν ταῖς κορυφαῖς τῶν ὀρῶν. Καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖ πολλὴν ὄψει τὴν φιλοσοφίαν οὖσαν, καὶ χοροὺς ἀγγέλων ἐν ἀνθρωπίνῳ σώματι λάμποντας, καὶ τὴν τῶν οὐρανῶν πολιτείαν ἐνταῦθα φαινομένην. Καὶ γὰρ πολιτείαν ἔγραψαν ἡμῖν οἱ ἁλιεῖς, οὐκ ἀπὸ παίδων κελεύσαντες λαμβάνεσθαι, καθάπερ ἐκεῖνοι, οὐδὲ τόσων καὶ τόσων ἐτῶν νομοθετοῦντες εἶναι τὸν ἐνάρετον· ἀλλ' ἁπλῶς πάσῃ διαλεγόμενοι ἡλικίᾳ. Ἐκεῖνα μὲν γὰρ, παίδων παίγνια· ταῦτα δὲ, πραγμάτων ἀλήθεια. Καὶ τόπον δὲ ἀπέδωκαν τῇ πολιτείᾳ ταύτῃ τὸν οὐρανὸν, καὶ τεχνίτην αὐτῆς τὸν Θεὸν εἰσήγαγον, καὶ νομοθέτην τῶν ἐκεῖ κειμένων νόμων· ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ ἐχρῆν. Τὰ δὲ ἔπαθλα τῆς πολιτείας, οὐ φύλλα δάφνης, οὐδὲ κότινος, οὐδὲ ἡ ἐν πρυτανείῳ σίτησις, οὐδὲ εἰκόνες χαλκαῖ, τὰ ψυχρὰ ταῦτα καὶ εὐτελῆ· ἀλλὰ ζωὴ τέλος οὐκ ἔχουσα, καὶ τὸ Θεοῦ γενέσθαι παῖδας, καὶ τὸ μετ' ἀγγέλων χορεύειν, καὶ τῷ θρόνῳ παρεστάναι τῷ βασιλικῷ, καὶ διηνεκῶς εἶναι μετὰ Χριστοῦ. ʹ. ∆ημαγωγοὶ δὲ τῆς πολιτείας εἰσὶ ταύτης τελῶναι, καὶ ἁλιεῖς, καὶ σκηνοποιοὶ, οὐκ ἐν χρόνῳ ζήσαντες ὀλίγῳ, ἀλλὰ διὰ παντὸς ζῶντες. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ μετὰ τελευτὴν τοὺς πολιτευομένους τὰ μέγιστα ὀνῆσαι δύναιντ' ἄν. Ταύτῃ τῇ πολιτείᾳ πόλεμος οὐ πρὸς ἀνθρώπους, ἀλλὰ πρὸς δαίμονας καὶ τὰς ἀσωμάτους δυνάμεις ἐκείνας ἐστί. ∆ιὸ καὶ στρατηγὸς αὐτοῖς οὐκ ἀνθρώπων, οὐδὲ ἀγγέλων οὐδεὶς, ἀλλ' αὐτὸς ὁ Θεός. Καὶ τὰ ὅπλα δὲ τῶν στρατιωτῶν τούτων μιμεῖται τοῦ πολέμου τὴν φύσιν· οὐ γὰρ ἀπὸ δέρματος καὶ σιδήρου κατεσκευασμένα εἰσὶν, ἀλλ' ἐξ ἀληθείας καὶ δικαιοσύνης καὶ πίστεως καὶ φιλοσοφίας ἁπάσης. Ἐπεὶ οὖν περὶ τῆς πολιτείας ταύτης καὶ τὸ βιβλίον τοῦτο γέγραπται, καὶ ἡμῖν πρόκειται νῦν εἰπεῖν, προσέχωμεν ἀκριβῶς τῷ Ματθαίῳ περὶ ταύτης τρανῶς διαλεγομένῳ. Οὐ γὰρ αὐτοῦ, ἀλλὰ τοῦ τὴν πολιτείαν νομοθετήσαντος Χριστοῦ πάντα ἐστὶ τὰ λεγόμενα. Προσέχωμεν δὲ, ἵνα καὶ ἐγγραφῆναι δυνηθῶμεν εἰς αὐτὴν, καὶ λάμψαι μετὰ τῶν ἤδη πολιτευσαμένων, καὶ τοὺς ἀμαράντους ἐκείνους ἐκδεχομένων στεφάνους. Καίτοιγε