John Chrysostom, On the Birthday

4. What then, he says, has this to do with the present day? Wait a little, and do not be disturbed. For we are digging out the spring from its source, and we are hastening to come to the very summit, so that all things may become clear to you with ease; or rather, so that my discourse may not be long obscured, nor, being rather unclear, make you give up because of the length of what is said, I will now tell you the reason for which I have stirred up all these things. What then is the reason? When Elizabeth was six months pregnant with John, Mary began to conceive. If, therefore, we learn which month that sixth one was, we will also know when Mary began to conceive; then, having learned when she began to conceive, we will also know when she gave birth, by counting nine months from the conception. From where, then, will we know which was the sixth month of Elizabeth’s pregnancy? If we learn which was the month in which she began to conceive. And from where will we know which was the month in which she conceived? If we learn at what time Zacharias, her husband, received the good news. And from where will this itself be known to us? From the divine Scriptures; as the holy Gospel says, that the angel brought the good news to Zacharias while he was inside the Holy of Holies, and told him about the birth of John. If, therefore, it is clearly shown from the Scriptures that the high priest entered the Holy of Holies once, and alone, and when, and in which month of the year he enters this once, the time at which he received the good news will be perfectly clear; and when this becomes clear, the beginning of the conception will also be known to all. That he entered once a year, both Paul has declared, and Moses makes this very thing clear, saying thus: And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying: Speak to Aaron your brother, and let him not come at all times into the holy place within the veil before the mercy seat, which is upon the ark of the testimony, that he may not die.

And again; And there shall be no man in the tabernacle of the testimony when he goes in to make atonement in the holy place, until he comes out, and he shall make atonement for himself, and for his house, and for all the congregation of the sons of Israel; and he shall make atonement upon the altar that is before the Lord. That he did not, therefore, enter the Holy of Holies continually, nor was it lawful for anyone to touch him while he was inside, but to stand outside by the veil, is clear from these things. But hold these things fast with accuracy. For it remains to show what the time was, at which he entered the Holy of 49.357 Holies, and that he alone did this once a year. From where then is this clear? From this very book. For it says something like this: In the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you shall afflict your souls, and you shall do no work in it, whether it be one of your own country, or a stranger that sojourns among you. For on that day shall atonement be made for you, to cleanse you from all your sins; before the Lord you shall be clean. It shall be a sabbath of sabbaths, a rest to you, and you shall afflict your souls; it shall be an everlasting ordinance for you. And the priest, whom they shall anoint, and whom they shall consecrate to minister in the priest's office in his father's stead, shall make the atonement; and he shall put on his holy garment, and he shall make atonement for the holy of holies, and the tabernacle of the testimony, and he shall make atonement for the altar, and he shall make atonement for the sins of the priests, and he shall make atonement for all the congregation. And this shall be an everlasting ordinance for you, to make atonement for the children of Israel for all their sins. It shall be done once a year, as the Lord commanded Moses. Here he speaks about the Feast of Tabernacles. For then the high priest entered once a year; which he himself also declared, saying, that This shall be done once a year.

δʹ. Τί οὖν ταῦτα, φησὶ, πρὸς τὴν προκειμένην ἡμέραν; Ἀναμείνατε μικρὸν, καὶ μὴ θορυβεῖσθε. Ἄνωθεν γὰρ τὴν πηγὴν διορύττομεν, καὶ ἐπ' αὐτὴν σπεύδομεν τὴν κορυφὴν ἐλθεῖν, ὥστε μετ' εὐκολίας ὑμῖν ἅπαντα γενέσθαι δῆλα· μᾶλλον δὲ, ἵνα μὴ μέχρι πολλοῦ ὁ λόγος συνεσκιασμένος ᾖ, μηδὲ ἀσαφέστερος ὢν ἀπαγορεύειν ὑμᾶς ποιήσῃ πρὸς τὸ μῆκος τῶν λεγομένων, ἤδη τὴν αἰτίαν ὑμῖν ἐρῶ, δι' ἣν ταῦτα πάντα ἀνεκίνησα. Τίς οὖν ἐστιν ἡ αἰτία; Ἓξ μῆνας ἐν γαστρὶ ἐχούσης τῆς Ἐλισάβετ τὸν Ἰωάννην, ἡ Μαρία ἤρξατο συλλαμβάνειν. Ἂν τοίνυν μάθωμεν ποῖος ἐκεῖνος ὁ μὴν ὁ ἕκτος ἦν, εἰσόμεθα καὶ πότε ἤρξατο συλλαμβάνειν ἡ Μαρία· εἶτα μαθόντες, πότε ἤρξατο συλλαμβάνειν, εἰσόμεθα καὶ πότε ἔτεκεν, ἐννέα μῆνας ἀριθμήσαντες ἐκ τῆς συλλήψεως. Πόθεν οὖν εἰσόμεθα, ποῖος ἦν ὁ ἕκτος μὴν τῆς κυήσεως τῆς Ἐλισάβετ; Ἂν μάθωμεν ποῖος ἦν ὁ μὴν, καθ' ὃν ἤρξατο συλλαμβάνειν. Πόθεν δὲ εἰσόμεθα ποῖος ἦν ὁ μὴν, καθ' ὃν συνέλαβεν; Ἂν μάθωμεν κατὰ ποῖον καιρὸν εὐηγγελίσθη Ζαχαρίας ὁ ταύτης ἀνήρ. Αὐτὸ δὲ τοῦτο πόθεν ἡμῖν ἔσται γνώριμον; Ἀπὸ τῶν θείων Γραφῶν· καθὼς τὸ ἅγιον Εὐαγγέλιον λέγει, ὅτι εἰς τὰ Ἅγια τῶν ἁγίων ἔνδον ὄντα τὸν Ζαχαρίαν ὁ ἄγγελος εὐηγγελίσατο, καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ περὶ τοῦ τοκετοῦ Ἰωάννου. Ἂν τοίνυν ἀποδειχθῇ σαφῶς ἀπὸ τῶν Γραφῶν, ὅτι καὶ ἅπαξ εἰσήρχετο εἰς τὰ Ἅγια τῶν ἁγίων ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς, καὶ μόνος, καὶ πότε, καὶ ποίῳ μηνὶ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ τὸ ἅπαξ τοῦτο εἰσέρχεται, εὔδηλος ἔσται ὁ καιρὸς, καθ' ὃν εὐηγγελίσθη· τούτου δὲ γενομένου δήλου, καὶ ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς συλλήψεως ἔσται τοῖς πᾶσι γνώριμος. Ὅτι μὲν οὖν ἅπαξ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ εἰσήρχετο, καὶ ὁ Παῦλος ἐδήλωσε, καὶ ὁ Μωϋσῆς δὲ τοῦτο αὐτὸ δῆλον ποιεῖ, οὕτω λέγων· Καὶ ἐλάλησε Κύριος πρὸς Μωϋσῆν λέγων· Λάλησον πρὸς Ἀαρὼν τὸν ἀδελφόν σου, καὶ μὴ εἰσπορευέσθω πᾶσαν ὥραν εἰς τὸ ἅγιον τὸ ἐσώτερον τοῦ καταπετάσματος εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ ἱλαστηρίου, ὅ ἐστιν ἐπὶ τῆς κιβωτοῦ τοῦ μαρτυρίου, καὶ οὐκ ἀποθανεῖται.

Καὶ πάλιν· Καὶ πᾶς ἄνθρωπος οὐκ ἔσται ἐν τῇ σκηνῇ τοῦ μαρτυρίου, εἰσπορευομένου αὐτοῦ ἐξιλάσασθαι εἰς τὰ ἅγια, ἕως ἂν ἐξέλθῃ, καὶ ἐξιλάσεται περὶ ἑαυτοῦ, καὶ τοῦ οἴκου αὐτοῦ, καὶ πάσης τῆς συναγωγῆς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ· καὶ ἐξιλάσεται ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον τὸ ἔναντι Κυρίου. Ὅτι μὲν οὖν οὐ διὰ παντὸς εἰσῄει εἰς τὰ Ἅγια τῶν ἁγίων, οὔτε ἔνδον ὄντος αὐτοῦ ἅψασθαι θέμις ἦν τινα, ἀλλ' ἔξω παρὰ τὸ καταπέτασμα ἑστάναι, δῆλον ἀπὸ τούτων. Ἀλλὰ κατέχετε δὴ ταῦτα μετὰ ἀκριβείας. Ὑπόλοιπον γάρ ἐστι δεῖξαι, ποῖος ἦν ὁ καιρὸς, καθ' ὃν εἰσῄει εἰς τὰ Ἅγια τῶν 49.357 ἁγίων, καὶ ὅτι ἅπαξ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ μόνος τοῦτο ἔπραττε. Πόθεν οὖν τοῦτο δῆλον; Ἀπ' αὐτοῦ τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου. Οὕτω γάρ πώς φησιν· Ἐν τῷ μηνὶ τῷ ἑβδόμῳ, δεκάτῃ τοῦ μηνὸς, ταπεινώσετε τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν, καὶ πᾶν ἔργον οὐ ποιήσετε ἐν αὐτῇ, ὁ αὐτόχθων, καὶ ὁ προσήλυτος ὁ προσκείμενος ἐν ὑμῖν. Ἐν γὰρ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ ἐξιλάσεται περὶ ὑμῶν, καθαρίσαι ὑμᾶς περὶ πασῶν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ὑμῶν· ἐναντίον Κυρίου καθαρισθήσεσθε. Σάββατα σαββάτων, ἀνάπαυσις αὕτη ἔσται ὑμῖν, καὶ ταπεινώσετε τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν· νόμιμον αἰώνιον ἔσται ὑμῖν. Καὶ ἐξιλάσεται ὁ ἱερεὺς, ὃν ἂν χρίσωσιν αὐτὸν, καὶ ὃν ἂν τελειώσωσι τὰς χεῖρας αὐτοῦ ἱερατεύειν μετὰ τὸν πατέρα αὐτοῦ· καὶ ἐνδύσεται τὴν στολὴν αὐτοῦ τὴν ἁγίαν, καὶ ἐξιλάσεται τὸ ἅγιον τοῦ ἁγίου, καὶ τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ μαρτυρίου, καὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον ἐξιλάσεται, καὶ ἐξιλάσεται περὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν τῶν ἱερέων, καὶ περὶ πάσης τῆς συναγωγῆς ἐξιλάσεται. Καὶ ἔσται τοῦτο ὑμῖν νόμιμον αἰώνιον, ἐξιλάσκεσθαι περὶ τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἀπὸ πασῶν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν. Ἅπαξ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ποιηθήσεται, καθάπερ συνέταξε Κύριος τῷ Μωϋσῇ. Περὶ τῆς Σκηνοπηγίας ἐνταῦθα διαλέγεται. Τότε γὰρ ἅπαξ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς εἰσῄει· ὅπερ οὖν καὶ αὐτὸς ἐδήλωσεν, εἰπὼν, ὅτι Ἄπαξ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ τοῦτο ποιηθήσεται.