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It has as its subject the difference of opinions and knowledge, and of professions of faith in God and of unbelief, and of heresies and of perverse human opinion sown in the world by erring men, since man was formed upon the earth until our time, that is, the eleventh year of the reign of Valentinian and Valens, and the seventh of Gratian. And of the things which are about to come from us to the knowledge of our readers concerning heresies and schisms, some we know from a love of learning, others we have learned by hearsay, and some we have encountered with our own ears and eyes. And of some, we have undertaken to render the roots and teachings from an accurate account; of others, a certain part of the things that happen among them. From which sources we have learned this through the compositions of ancient authors, and that through the hearing of men who accurately confirmed our understanding. And we have compiled this entire work of concern, not taking it upon ourselves, nor being practiced in professions which surpass our brevity of speech. For even this very treatise, which we have been pleased to compose by the will of God, [we undertook] at the behest of men who love the good *, who at different places in different ways and at different times in different ways have spurred on our weakness and compelled us, so to speak, to come to this task, just as your honor requested in writing through letters of address, O my most honored and good-loving brothers, Acacius and Paul, fellow presbyters. Since, therefore, having from all sides 1.171 considered not without God the votes of the requests, I have been deemed worthy on account of the exceeding love of the servants of God to undertake this, not with eloquence of words nor with any chatterings, but in simple dialect, with simple speech, but with accuracy in the things being explained in the treatise, I shall begin to speak. 3. And Nicander the author made known the natures of beasts and reptiles, and other authors the materials of roots and herbs *, such as Dioscurides the woodcutter, and Pamphilus and Mithridates the king, and Callisthenes and Philo, and Iolaus the Bithynian and Heraclides of Tarentum, Crateuas the root-cutter, and Andreas and Bassus of Tylos, Niceratus and Petronius, Niger and Diodotus, and some others. And in the same way, we also, in attempting to reveal the roots and opinions of the heresies, do so not for the sake of harming those who wish to read *, but just as for the aforementioned authors it was a matter of concern not to point out the evil, but rather for the fear and safety of human nature, so that they might know the terrible and deadly things and be on their guard and escape with the power of God, by being attentive and not consorting with such poisons when they encounter them and are plotted against by them, whether by breath or bite or sight—the same men, being concerned with the same things, at the same time also set forth antidotes of roots and herbs for the nullification of the wickedness of the aforementioned reptiles—so also for us this labor is for the turning away of the aforementioned and for you, most beloved, * so as to reveal the forms and venoms and deadly bites of the terrible reptiles and beasts. And in opposition to these things, we shall set forth in the manner of antidotes whatever we can in brief, if perhaps one or two 1.172 words, in order to repel their venom, and to save the one who wishes *, who, after the Lord, whether by voluntary or involuntary intention, has fallen into the same reptilian teachings of the heresies. A. Barbarism. For from the beginning Adam, having been formed from the earth on the sixth day and having received the breath of life, was made alive; for not, as some think, did he begin on the fifth and was completed on the sixth; for the thought of those who say this is mistaken, and he was simple and guileless, possessing no other name, possessing no designation of opinion or persuasion or distinction of life, but was called only Adam, which is interpreted, man. For him a woman like him is formed from him, from

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ἐπάγγελμα ἔχει περὶ διαφορᾶς δοξῶν τε καὶ γνώσεων, ἐπαγγελμάτων τε πίστεώς τε θεοῦ καὶ ἀπιστίας, αἱρέσεών τε καὶ κακοδόξου γνώμης ἀνθρωπείας ὑπὸ πεπλανημένων ἀνδρῶν ἐν κόσμῳ ἐσπαρμένης, ἐξότε ἄνθρωπος ἐπὶ γῆς πέπλασται ἄχρι τοῦ ἡμετέρου χρόνου τουτέστι βασιλείας Οὐαλεντινιανοῦ καὶ Οὐάλεντος ἑνδεκάτου ἔτους καὶ Γρατιανοῦ ἑβδόμου. τῶν δὲ ὑφ' ἡμῶν μελλόντων εἰς γνῶσιν τῶν ἐντυγχανόντων ἥκειν περὶ αἱρέσεών τε καὶ σχισμάτων τὰ μὲν ἐκ φιλομαθίας ἴσμεν, τὰ δὲ ἐξ ἀκοῆς κατειλήφαμεν, τοῖς δέ τισιν ἰδίοις ὠσὶ καὶ ὀφθαλμοῖς παρετύχομεν· καὶ τῶν μὲν τὰς ῥίζας καὶ τὰ διδάγματα ἐξ ἀκριβοῦς ἀπαγγελίας ἀποδοῦναι πεπιστεύκαμεν, τῶν δὲ μέρος τι τῶν παρ' αὐτοῖς γινομένων. ἐξ ὧν τοῦτο μὲν διὰ συνταγμάτων παλαιῶν συγγραφέων, τοῦτο δὲ δι' ἀκοῆς ἀνθρώπων ἀκριβῶς πιστωσαμένων τὴν ἡμῶν ἔννοιαν ἔγνωμεν. τοῦτο δὲ τὸ πᾶν συνηγάγομεν φρόντισμα οὐ δι' ἑαυτῶν ἐπιβαλλόμενοι οὐδ' ἐπεντριβέντες ἐπαγγελίαις ὑπερβαινούσαις τὴν ἡμῶν βραχυλογίαν. καὶ γὰρ καὶ αὐτὸν τοῦτον τὸν λόγον, ὃν συνθεῖναι ηὐδοκήσαμεν θεοῦ βουλήσει, ἐξ ἀνδρῶν φιλοκάλων *, ἄλλοθι ἄλλως καὶ ἄλλοτε ἄλλως νυξάντων τὴν ἡμῶν ἀσθένειαν καὶ βιασαμένων ἡμᾶς ὡς εἰπεῖν παρελθεῖν εἰς τοῦτο, ὡς ἡ ὑμῶν τιμιότης γράφουσα διὰ προσρητικῶν γραμμάτων ᾔτησεν, ὦ τιμιώτατοί μου ἀδελφοὶ καὶ φιλοκαλώτατοι, Ἀκάκιε καὶ Παῦλε, συμπρεσβύτεροι. ἐπεὶ οὖν παντα1.171 χόθεν οὐκ ἀθεεὶ διασκοπήσας τὰς ψήφους τῶν αἰτήσεων διὰ τὴν ὑπερβάλλουσαν τῶν τοῦ θεοῦ δούλων ἀγάπην εἰς τοῦτο παρελθεῖν κατηξίωμαι, οὐ δι' εὐεπείας λόγων οὐ στωμύλοις τισὶ φθογγαῖς, ἀλλ' ἁπλῇ τῇ διαλέκτῳ ἁπλῷ τῷ λόγῳ, ἀκριβείᾳ δὲ τῶν ἐν τῷ λόγῳ δηλουμένων ἄρξομαι τοῦ λέγειν. 3. Καὶ Νίκανδρος μὲν ὁ συγγραφεὺς θηρῶν τε καὶ ἑρπετῶν ἐποιήσατο τῶν φύσεων τὴν γνῶσιν, ἄλλοι δὲ συγγραφεῖς ῥιζῶν τε καὶ βοτανῶν τὰς ὕλας *, ὡς ∆ιοσκουρίδης μὲν ὁ ὑλοτόμος, Πάμφιλός τε καὶ Μιθριδάτης ὁ βασιλεύς, Καλλισθένης τε καὶ Φίλων, Ἰόλαός τε ὁ Βιθυνὸς καὶ Ἡρακλείδας ὁ Ταραντῖνος, Κρατεύας ὁ ῥιζοτόμος, Ἀνδρέας τε καὶ Βάσσος ὁ Τύλιος, Νικήρατος καὶ Πετρώνιος, Νίγερ καὶ ∆ιόδοτος, καὶ ἄλλοι τινές. τῷ δὲ αὐτῷ τρόπῳ καὶ ἡμεῖς τὰς τῶν αἱρέσεων ῥίζας τε καὶ γνώμας πειρώμενοι ἀποκαλύπτειν οὐ βλάβης ἕνεκα τοῖς ἐντυγχάνειν ἐθέλουσιν *, ἀλλὰ καθάπερ τοῖς προειρημένοις συγγραφεῦσι διὰ σπουδῆς ἐγένετο οὐ τὸ κακὸν σημᾶναι, ἀλλὰ πρὸς φόβον καὶ ἀσφάλειαν τῆς ἀνθρωπείας φύσεως, εἰς τὸ γινώσκειν τὰ δεινὰ καὶ ὀλετήρια καὶ προασφαλίζεσθαι καὶ διαδιδράσκειν σὺν τῇ τοῦ θεοῦ δυνάμει διὰ τοῦ προσέχειν καὶ μὴ συναμιλλᾶσθαι τοῖς δηλητηρίοις τοιούτοις περιτυχόντας καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν τοιούτων ἐπιβουλευθέντας ἢ δι' ἐμφυσήματος ἢ δήγματος ἢ θεωρίας, οἱ αὐτοὶ τὰ αὐτὰ μεριμνήσαντες ἅμα καὶ ἀλεξητήρια ῥιζῶν τε καὶ βοτανῶν προετύπωσαν πρὸς ἀθέτησιν τῆς τῶν προειρημένων ἑρπετῶν μοχθηρίας, -οὕτω καὶ ἡμῖν τὸ πόνημα διὰ τὴν τῶν προειρημένων ἀποτροπὴν καὶ ὑμῶν, ποθεινότατοι, * εἰς τὸ ἀποκαλύψαι τῶν δεινῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ θηρίων μορφάς τε καὶ ἰοὺς καὶ δήγματα ὀλετήρια. πρὸς ἀντίθεσιν δὲ τούτων ὅσαπερ δυνάμεθα ἐν συντόμῳ εἴ που ἓν ἢ δύο 1.172 ῥήματα εἰς τὸ ἀνακρούσασθαι μὲν αὐτῶν τὸν ἰόν, σῶσαι δὲ τὸν βουλόμενον * μετὰ τὸν κύριον καὶ καθ' ἑκουσίαν γνώμην καὶ ἀκουσίαν εἰς τὰ αὐτὰ ἑρπετώδη τῶν αἱρέσεων διδάγματα παραπεπτωκότα ἀντιδότων δίκην παραθησόμεθα. ˉΑ. Βαρβαρισμός. Καὶ γὰρ ἀπ' ἀρχῆς Ἀδὰμ τῇ ἕκτῃ ἡμέρᾳ πλασθεὶς ἀπὸ γῆς καὶ λαβὼν τὸ ἐμφύσημα ἐζωογονήθη οὐ γάρ, ὥς τινες οἴονται, ἀπὸ πέμπτης ἤρξατο καὶ τῇ ἕκτῃ ἐτελειώθη· ἔσφαλται γὰρ ἡ τῶν λεγόντων τοῦτο διάνοια, ἁπλοῦς τε ἦν καὶ ἄκακος, οὐκ ὄνομά τι κεκτημένος ἕτερον, οὐ δόξης οὐ γνώμης οὐ βίου διακρίσεως ἐπίκλησιν κεκτημένος ἀλλ' ἢ Ἀδὰμ μόνον κληθείς, τὸ ἑρμηνευόμενον ἄνθρωπος. τούτῳ πλάττεται ἐξ αὐτοῦ γυνὴ ὁμοία αὐτῷ, ἐκ