with nouns, and they begin with them, then verbs are derived from nouns, for example horse, I ride a horse, chariot, I drive a chariot; apart from those formed from the future by dropping the capital Omega, for example I hope, I will hope, hope, I am strong, I will be strong, strength. But if the nouns have more syllables than the verbs, then the nouns are derived from the verbs, for example I bear witness, witness, I approve, good repute, I inherit, inheritance. It should be known that when the verb has the same number of syllables as the isyllabic nominative or the imparisyllabic genitive, these are derivatives. Therefore, since I gild has the same number of syllables as the nominative gold, we say it is a primary word, both having the same number of syllables, but I gild is a derivative, for it does not have the same number of syllables. I pass over, the PE is unaspirated. Why? Every perispomenon verb conjugated through *ero* in the present tense is written with an unaspirated E, for example I pass over, I say and I desire, except for those noted. I cause to go, why is it barytone? Pure verbs ending in EUO are barytone, for example I water, I put to flight; thus also I cause to go. Why are the active forms of I go not found in use? Because they have been omitted due to their meaning. And in how many ways are the voices of verbs omitted? 12 In four ways: either because of meaning, as all persons of the imperatives, and ... of I die, I fall, I suffer from eye-disease, I shiver, pu...... I shudder, I tremble the passives. (For the active voice verbs have taken on the meaning of the passive.

Likewise also those that are passive in voice, but active in meaning, also in the case of I go, I fight, I pray, I dance; for with these and similar verbs the active forms are omitted;) or because of non-conjugation, as the third person plural of the passive perfect, which is supplied by the participle (having been struck); (non-conjugation is not having a Greek character;) and the first person of the active duals; or because of being offensive, as with I pour, the future I will pour, and of having caused an abortion; for the masculine having caused an abortion is not found, for a man does not cause an abortion; and by chance, as the vocative of woman, and the genitive of water, and the nominative of water's, and similar cases. It should be known that there being three dispositions, active, passive, middle, some verbs are active both in voice and in meaning, as I strike, I write, I cut; others are passive both in voice and in meaning, as I am struck, I am written, I am cut. But there are some verbs, which signify neither action nor passion, which are also called neuter, for example I live, I am rich, I am healthy, I cause to go; the future I will cause to go, the one causing to go, I have caused to go, the passive, I have gone; the first aorist I went, and with the negative *ou*, he did not go. And how does he did not go come about? The K is added because of hiatus. And what is hiatus? Consecutive vowels. And why was the Chi not added but the Kappa? Because the negative *ou* when compounded with another word beginning with a vowel, if that word itself is unaspirated, the Kappa is added, but if it is aspirated, the Chi is added. IN COUNSEL. How many parts of speech are there? Two. What and what? *In* is a preposition, *counsel* is a noun. What is a preposition? A word placed before all parts of speech in both composition and syntax. How in com- 13 position and how in syntax? In composition, for example carrying back, contribution; but in syntax, for example upon the country. From where does preposition come? From I place, I will place, I have placed, I have been placed, you have been placed, a placing, and with the preposition *pro*, preposition. And why is it called a preposition? Because it is placed before all parts of speech. And why is it placed before? Because of the weakness inherent in it. For just as the sick man, who is not able to walk, is carried out being supported by others, so also the preposition, being weak, and not being able to be uttered by itself, is uttered being supported by other words. .... in voice there are 18, but in meaning 17. For *amphi* and *peri* mean the same thing, because it is often uttered at the same time, as in [Il. 8.348]. Hector drove his beautiful-maned horses all around. Into how many

ο᾿νο´μασι, καὶ συνάρχουσιν αυ᾿τοῖς, τότε ε᾿κ τῶν ο᾿νομάτων παράγονται τὰ ῥήματα, οι῾῀ον ι῾´ππος ἱππεύω, δίφρος διφρεύω· χωρὶς τῶν α᾿πο` τῶν μελλόντων γινομένων κατὰ ἀποβολὴν τοῦ Ω μεγάλου, οι῾῀ον ε᾿λπίζω ε᾿λπίσω ε᾿λπὶς, ι᾿σχύω ι᾿σχύσω ι᾿σχύς. Ει᾿ δὲ περιττοσυλλαβεῖ τὰ ὀνόματα τοῖς ῥήμασι, τότε ε᾿κ τῶν ῥημάτων παράγονται τὰ ὀνόματα, οι῾῀ον μαρ τυρῶ μαρτυρία, ευ᾿δοκῶ ευ᾿δοξία, κληρονομῶ κληρονομία. Ἰστέον δὲ ο῾´τι ο῾´τε τὸ ῥῆμα τῇ ἰσοσυλλάβῳ ευ᾿θείᾳ η᾿` τῇ περιττοσυλλάβῳ γενικῇ ἰσοσυλλαβεῖ, ταῦτα παράγωγά ει᾿σι. ∆ιὸ τὸ μὲν χρυσῶ ἰσοσύλλαβον ο᾿`ν πρὸς τὴν χρυσὸς ευ᾿θεῖαν, πρωτότυπον ει᾿῀ναι φαμὲν, ι᾿σοσύλλαβα δὲ ἀμφότερα, τὸ χρυσίζω δὲ παράγωγον, ου᾿ γὰρ ι᾿σοσυλλαβεῖ. Περῶ τὸ ΠΕ ψιλόν. ∆ιατί; Πᾶν ῥῆμα περισπώμενον διὰ τοῦ ἐρῶ ἐκφερόμενον ε᾿νεστῶτος χρόνου διὰ τοῦ Ε ψιλοῦ γράφεται, οι῾῀ον περῶ, ε᾿ρω῀ τὸ λέγω καὶ τὸ ἐπιθυμῶ, πλὴν τῶν σεσημειωμένων. Πορεύω διατί βαρύνεται; Τὰ διὰ τοῦ ΕΥΩ ῥήματα καθαρὰ βαρύνεται, οι῾῀ον α᾿ρδεύω, φυγεύω· ου῾´τως ου᾿῀ν καὶ πορεύω. ∆ιατί τοῦ πορεύομαι τὰ ἐνεργητικὰ ου᾿χ ευ῾´ρηνται ε᾿ν χρήσει; ∆ιότι α᾿πε´λειψαν διὰ τὴν σημασίαν. Καὶ ποσαχῶς α᾿πολιμπάνουσιν αἱ φωναὶ τῶν ῥημάτων; 12 Τετραχῶς· η᾿` διὰ σημασίαν, ὡς ο῾´λα πρόσωπα τῶν προστα κτικῶν, καὶ ... τοῦ θνήσκω πίπτω ο᾿φθαλμιῶ ἐριγῶ πυ...... φρίσσω, τρέμω τὰ παθητικά. (Τὴν γὰρ σημα σίαν τοῦ πάθους α᾿νεδέξαντο τὰ φωνῆς ο᾿´ντα ε᾿νεργητικά.

Ὁμοίως καὶ τὰ φωνῆς ο᾿´ντα παθητικὰ, σημαινόμενα δὲ ε᾿νεργητικὰ, καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ πορεύομαι, μάχομαι, ευ᾿´χομαι, ο᾿ρ χοῦμαι· ε᾿πι` τούτων γὰρ καὶ τῶν ὁμοίων α᾿πολιμπάνουσι τὰ ἐνεργητικά·) η᾿` διὰ ἀσυνταξίαν, ὡς τὸ τρίτον τῶν πλη θυντικῶν τοῦ παθητικοῦ παρακειμένου, ο῾` διὰ μετοχῆς (τε τυμμένος) α᾿ναπληροῦται· (α᾿συνταξία δέ ἐστι τὸ μὴ ε᾿´χειν χαρακτῆραἙλληνικόν·) καὶ τὸ αʹ τῶν δυι¨κω῀ν ε᾿νεργητικῶν· η᾿` κατὰ τὸ φορτικὸν, ὡς τὸ χέω, ὁ μέλλων χεύσω, καὶ τοῦ ε᾿κτρώσασα· τὸ ἀρσενικὸν γὰρ ου᾿χ ευ῾´ρηται ε᾿κτρώσας, ου᾿ γὰρ α᾿νη`ρ ε᾿κτιτρώσκει· κατὰ τύχην δὲ, ὡς τοῦ γυνὴ ἡ κλῆσις, καὶ τοῦ υ῾´δωρ ἡ γενικὴ, καὶ τοῦ υ῾´δατος ἡ ευ᾿θεῖα, καὶ τῶν ὁμοίων. Ει᾿δε´ναι δὲ δεῖ ο῾´τι τριῶν διαθέσεων ου᾿σω῀ν, ε᾿νεργείας, πάθους, μεσότητος, τὰ μὲν τῶν ῥημάτων καὶ τῇ φωνῇ καὶ τῷ σημαι νομένῳ ει᾿σι`ν ε᾿νεργητικὰ, ὡς τὸ τύπτω, γράφω, κόπτω· τὰ δὲ καὶ τῇ φωνῇ καὶ τῷ σημαινομένῳ παθητικὰ, ὡς τὸ τύπτο μαι, γράφομαι, κόπτομαι. Ει᾿σι` δέ τινα ῥήματα, α῾` ου᾿´τε ε᾿νε´ργειαν ου᾿´τε πάθος σημαίνουσιν, α῾´ τινα καὶ ου᾿δε´τερα λέγονται, οι῾῀ον ζῶ, πλουτῶ, ὑγιαίνω, πορεύω· ὁ μέλλων πορεύσω, ὁ πορεύων, πεπόρευκα̣ ὁ παθητικὸς, πεπόρευμαι· ὁ πρῶτος ε᾿πορεύθην, καὶ μετὰ τῆς ου᾿ α᾿ρνήσεως ου᾿κ ἐπορεύθη. Καὶ πῶς γίνεται ου᾿κ ἐπορεύθη; Πλεονάζει τὸ Κ διὰ τὴν χασμωδίαν. Καὶ τί ἐστι χασμωδία;Ἐπάλληλα φωνήεντα. Καὶ διὰ τί μὴ ἐπλεόνασε τὸ Χ α᾿λλὰ τὸ Κ; ∆ιότι ἡ ου᾿ α᾿´ρνησις συντιθεμένη μεθ' ἑτέρας λέξεως τῆς α᾿πο` φωνήεντος α᾿ρχομένης, ψιλουμένης μὲν αυ᾿τη῀ς τῆς λέξεως, πλεονάζει τὸ Κ, δασυνό μενον δὲ τὸ Χ. ἘΝ ΒΩΥΛΗ͂Ι. Πόσα μέρη λόγου ει᾿σι´; ∆ύο. Τὶ καὶ τί; Ἐν πρόθεσις, βουλὴ ο᾿´νομα. Τί ἐστι πρόθεσις; Λέξις προτιθεμένη πάντων τῶν τοῦ λόγου μερῶν ε᾿´ν τε συνθέσει καὶ συντάξει. Πῶς ε᾿ν τῇ συν 13 θέσει καὶ πῶς ε᾿ν τῇ συντάξει;Ἐν μὲν τῇ συνθέσει, οι῾῀ον α᾿ναφορὰ, ει᾿σφορά· ε᾿ν δὲ τῇ συντάξει, οι῾῀ον ε᾿πι` τῆς χώρας. Πόθεν πρόθεσις;Ἐκ τοῦ τίθημι, θήσω, τέθεικα, τέθει μαι, τέθεισαι, θέσις, καὶ μετὰ τῆς πρὸ προθέσεως, πρόθεσις. Καὶ διὰ τί λέγεται πρόθεσις; ∆ιότι προτίθεται πάντων τῶν τοῦ λόγου μερῶν. Καὶ διὰ τί προτίθεται; ∆ιὰ τὴν ε᾿νυπάρχουσαν αυ᾿τῷ ἀσθένειαν.Ὥσπερ γὰρ ὁ α᾿´ρρωστος, ὁ μὴ δυνάμενος περιπατῆσαι, ὑπὸ α᾿´λλων βασταζόμενος ε᾿κφέ ρεται, ου῾´τω καὶ ἡ πρόθεσις α᾿σθενὴς ου᾿῀σα, καὶ μὴ δυναμένη ὑπὸ ἑαυτῆς ε᾿κφέρεσθαι, ὑπὸ α᾿´λλων λέξεων βασταζομένη ε᾿κφέρεται. .... τῇ μὲν φωνῇ ιηʹ, τῷ δὲ σημαινομένῳ ιζʹ. Ἡ γὰρ α᾿μφὶ καὶ ἡ περὶ τὸ αυ᾿το` σημαίνουσιν, ο῾´τι ε᾿ν τῷ α῾´μα πολλάκις ε᾿κφέρεται, ὡς τὸ [Il. .♣θ 348 ].Ἕκτωρ δ' α᾿μφιπεριστρώφα καλλίτριχας ι῾´ππους. Ει᾿ς πόσα