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he introduced him equipped and wandering with Achates in Libya. In peacetime they put on wild beast cloaks hanging from their shoulders down to their shins, adorning their so-called *podeones*, and calling them *glubas*, as if "hides," because it is the custom for the Romans to call flaying *glubare*. And it was the custom not only for the soldiers bearing arms to be equipped thus, but also for the emperors. But since the soldiers of today emulate barbarians, and they in turn emulate them, this fashion has remained only among the palace guards—they are called by the Romans *excubitores*, as if "sleepless guards," whom Tiberius Caesar first devised after Romulus—originating from Romulus, as I said, having its beginning from Aeneas. For it was not permitted for Romans to wear barbarian dress; and Tranquillus mentions this in his *On Augustus*. For he says that Augustus, seeing some of the Romans in the hippodrome dressed in the barbarian style, became indignant, so that in an instant those who were condemned, having cast off the barbarian attire, were scarcely recognized by Caesar. Such then was the army of Romulus. 13 And I conjecture that the so-called *attensiones* were devised for the service of the kings for the carrying and bearing of necessities, just as the *nocturni* for furniture and other things that are useful for the bed; for the great Cicero in his *Against 26 Verres* mentions this very name. They named the domestic servants of the kings *attensi* from paying attention and obeying; for the Romans say *attendere* for to strive contentiously.

FIRST PROMOTION: THE MASTER OF THE HORSE 14

As I have said, then, he handed over the infantry force to the centurions, and the

cavalry to Celerius, who had previously commanded the whole army, commanding him to have control of all power, fortune, and administration, so that the monarchy itself retained from the Masters of the Horse no independent authority for itself other than the crown alone. Both the kings and all the dictators held this office, and thereafter the Caesars, renaming the Master of the Horse "Prefect." And Aurelius the jurist is a witness, saying thus for the purpose of interpretation in these very words: "It is necessary to say in brief from where the Praetorian Prefect had his origin. It was rather from the Master of the Horse; for it is handed down by all the ancients that the Prefect was appointed in his place, since among the ancients all authority over affairs was temporarily entrusted to the dictators, for each of them chose for themselves a leader of the horsemen as a partner, as it were, of their authority and of the administration of affairs. And when the supreme power was later transferred to the emperors, the Praetorian Prefect came forth in imitation of the Master of the Horse. And a power was given to him greater than that of the other, both of the administration of affairs and of the 28 organization and training of the troops and of all correction, and to have advanced to such a degree of preeminence, that it was permitted to no one to proceed to an appeal or to challenge his judgment at all." 15 And this the law-writer says, but although the prefecture of the praetorians has been granted to be older and greater than all offices, and it was both necessary and fitting to conduct the account through its whole organization and power; yet, since it was not from the beginning, but from Augustus that he was appointed instead of the Master of the Horse, as I said, it will suffice for the time being to speak about its antiquity, and from where the prefecture has its swaddling-clothes; then after the narrative of the more ancient offices in the prefaces of the reign of Augustus, from which, as I said, the office also had its beginnings, I will narrate in order all the things of which it was little by little deprived, and then also about the truly greatest bureau serving under it, in which it has befallen me also to serve, in detail for I know it not by hearsay but by having ministered to the affairs with my own deeds, a thanksgiving

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ἐσταλμένον αὐτὸν καὶ πλανώμενον σὺν Ἀχάτῃ ἐν τῇ Λιβύῃ εἰσήγαγεν. σάρακας δὲ ἐπ' εἰρήνης θηρείους ἐξ ὤμων ἄνωθεν ἕως κνημῶν ἐξηρτημένας περιετίθεντο, κοσμοῦντες αὐτῶν τοὺς λεγομένους ποδεῶνας, καὶ γλούβας αὐτοὺς ὀνομάζοντες, οἷον εἰ δοράς, ὅτι γλουβᾶρε τὸ ἐκδεῖραι Ῥωμαίοις ἔθος καλεῖν. καὶ οὐ τοῖς στρατιώταις οὕτως ἐστάλθαι μόνοις ὁπλοφοροῦσι νόμος ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτοκράτορσιν. τῶν δὲ νῦν στρατιωτῶν βαρβάρους ζηλωσάντων, ἐκείνων δὲ αὐτούς, παρὰ μόνοις τοῖς τοῦ παλατίου φύλαξιν λέγονται δὲ παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις ἐκσκουβίτωρες, οἷον εἰ φύλακες ἄγρυπνοι, οὓς πρῶτος μετὰ Ῥωμύλον Τιβέριος Καῖσαρ ἐξεῦρεν τὸ τοιοῦτο παραπέμεινε σχῆμα ἀπὸ Ῥωμύλου, ὡς ἔφην, ἐξ Αἰνείου τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔχον. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐξῆν Ῥωμαίοις βαρβαρικὴν στολὴν περιθέσθαι· καὶ τοῦτο Τράγκυλλος ἐν τοῖς Περὶ Αὐγούστου διαμέμνηται. ἰδόντα γάρ φησι τὸν Αὔγουστον ἐν τῷ ἱπποδρομίῳ τινὰς τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἐπὶ τὸ βαρβαρικὸν ἐσταλμένους ἀγανακτῆσαι, ὡς ἐν ἀκαρεῖ τοὺς καταγνωσθέντας ἀποβαλόντας τὸ βάρβαρον μόγις ἐπιγνωσθῆναι τῷ Καίσαρι. τοιαύτη μὲν οὖν ἡ Ῥωμύλου στρατιά. 13 Καὶ τὰς λεγομένας δὲ ἀττηνσίωνας πρὸς θεραπείαν τῶν ῥηγῶν ἐπινοηθῆναι στοχάζομαι πρὸς βασταγὴν καὶ φορὰν τῶν ἀναγκαίων, ὥσπερ νοκτούρνους πρὸς ἔπιπλα καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ὅσα πρὸς κοῖτόν ἐστι χρήσιμα· Κικέρων γὰρ ὁ πολὺς ἐν τοῖς Κατὰ 26 Βέρρου μέμνηται τουτουῒ τοῦ ὀνόματος. ἀττήνσους τοὺς οἰκιακοὺς ὑπηρέτας τῶν ῥηγῶν ὠνόμαζον ἀπὸ τοῦ προσανέχειν καὶ πειθαρχεῖν· ἀττένδερε γὰρ οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι τὸ φιλονεικεῖν λέγουσιν.

ΠΡΏΤΗ ΠΡΟΑΓΩΓῊ Ὁ ἽΠΠΑΡΧΟΣ 14

Ὡς οὖν εἴρηταί μοι, τὴν μὲν πεζομάχον δύναμιν τοῖς ἑκατοντάρχοις, τὴν δὲ

ἱππικὴν Κελερίῳ τῷ πρὶν τῆς ὅλης ἠγησαμένῳ στρατιᾶς παραδέδωκεν, πάσης αὐτὸν δυνάμεως καὶ τύχης καὶ διοικήσεως κρατεῖν ἐγκελευσάμενος, ὡς ἕτερον οὐθὲν ἢ μόνον τὸν στέφανον τὴν βασιλείαν παρὰ τῶν ἱππάρχων κατασχεῖν ἐξουσίαν ἀδέσποτον ἑαυτῇ. ταύτην τὴν ἀρχὴν οἵ τε ῥῆγες οἵ τε δικτάτωρες ἔσχον ἅπαντες καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν οἱ Καίσαρες, ἔπαρχον τὸν ἵππαρχον μετονομάσαντες. καὶ μάρτυς Αὐρήλιος ὁ νομικός, ῥήμασιν αὐτοῖς πρὸς ἑρμηνείαν οὕτως εἰπών· «διὰ βραχέων εἰπεῖν χρειῶδές ἐστι πόθεν τὴν ἀρχὴν ὁ τῶν πραιτωρίων ὕπαρχος ἔσχεν. ἀπὸ τοῦ ἱππάρχου ἦν μᾶλλον· εἰς τόπον γὰρ ἐκείνου τὸν ἔπαρχον προχειρισθῆναι πᾶσι τοῖς ἀρχαίοις παραδέδοται ἐπεὶ τοῖς δικτάτωρσι παρὰ τοῖς ἀρχαίοις ἔστιν οἷς ἡ πᾶσα πρὸς καιρὸν ἐξουσία τῶν πραγμάτων ἐπιστεύετο, ἐπελέγοντο γὰρ ἑαυτοῖς ἡγεμόνα τῶν ἱππέων ἕκαστος κοινωνὸν ὥσπερ τῆς ἀρχῆς καὶ διοικήσεως τῶν πραγμάτων. τοῦ δὲ κράτους ὕστερον ἐπὶ τοὺς αὐτοκράτορας μετενεχθέντος, πρὸς ὁμοίωσιν τοῦ ἱππάρχου ὁ τῶν πραιτωρίων προῆλθεν ἔπαρχος. καὶ δέδοται αὐτῷ μείζων ἢ κατ' ἐκεῖνον ἰσχὺς τῆς τε διοικήσεως τῶν πραγμάτων τῆς τε κα 28 ταστάσεως καὶ ἀσκήσεως τῶν στρατευμάτων καὶ ἐπανορθώσεως ἁπάσης καὶ εἰς τοσοῦτον ὑπεροχῆς προελθεῖν, ὡς μηδενὶ ἐξεῖναι πρὸς ἔφεσιν ὁρμᾶν ἢ ὅλως ἐγκαλεῖσθαι τὴν αὐτοῦ κρίσιν.» 15 Καὶ τόδε μὲν ὁ νομογράφος, ὅτι δέ, κἂν εἰ τυχὸν πρεσβυτέρα καὶ μείζων τῶν ἀρχῶν ἁπασῶν ἡ ἐπαρχότης τῶν πραιτωρίων εἶναι δέδοται, καὶ χρειῶδες ἦν ἅμα καὶ ἁρμόδιον δι' ὅλης αὐτῆς τῆς τάξεώς τε καὶ δυνάμεως ἐξαγαγεῖν τὸν λόγον· ἀλλ' οὖν ἐπειδὴ μὴ ἀπ' ἀρχῆς, ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ Αὐγούστου ἀντὶ τοῦ ἱππάρχου, ὡς ἔφην, προεχειρίσθη, ἀρκέσει τέως περὶ τῆς ἀρχαιότητος εἰπεῖν, καὶ ὅθεν ἡ ἐπαρχότης ἔχει τὰ σπάργανα· εἶτα μετὰ τὴν ἀφήγησιν τῶν παλαιοτέρων ἀρχῶν ἐν προοιμίοις τῆς Αὐγούστου βασιλείας, ἐξ ἧς, ὡς ἔφην, καὶ τὰ προοίμια ἔσχεν ἡ ἀρχή, ἐφ' ἑξῆς ἅπαντα ὅσων τε κατὰ σμικρὸν ἀφηρέθη, εἶτα δὲ καὶ περὶ τῆς ὑπ' αὐτὴν τελούσης μεγίστης ὡς ἀληθῶς τάξεως, ἐν ᾗ κἀμὲ τελέσαι συμβέβηκεν, λεπτομερῶς ἀφηγήσομαι καὶ γὰρ ἐπίσταμαι οὐκ ἀκοῇ ἀλλ' αὐτοῖς ἔργοις ὑπουργήσας τοῖς πράγμασιν, εὐχαριστήριον