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of God, much more this one. What then is "he came with them"? That he is with them in this world. Just as evil and good men are intermingled, so too are angels and demons. And, if you wish, I will convince you from the scriptures. Listen to Paul saying: "Women ought to have a sign of authority on their heads because of the angels." And again Christ: "Do not despise one of these little ones, for their angels always see the face of my Father who is in heaven." And again elsewhere the apostles said concerning Peter: "It is his angel." And in the Old Testament Jacob said: "The angel who has redeemed me from my youth." And angels are set over the nations. For, he says, "He set the boundaries of the nations according to the number of his angels." And in Daniel we find it so said, that "Michael your prince." And in the Old Testament in many places the angels not only arriving from God for a dispensation, but also entrusted with something, for instance as Paul says: "sent forth for those who are to inherit salva14 tion." And again the prophet: "a mission by evil angels." For this reason also when we pray we say: "Ask for the angel of peace," as there is also an angel of battle and wars—I mean the devil. For they too are called angels, as the Savior says: "Depart, you cursed, into the fire prepared for the devil and his angels." For the name "angel" is an intermediate one. And if you do not add "of God" or "of the devil," you have not yet signified anything. For this reason it is nowhere said simply "angel," but "it is an angel of the Lord." And this signifies that they have been entrusted with the dispensation of the world—for this is what it means to stand before the Lord—just as Zechariah says he saw the horses, hinting at the sharpness and speed of the powers. "Having gone through," he says, "the earth and walked about in it." Do you see that heaven is not accessible to this evil demon? But if someone should say: "So heaven is inaccessible, but the earth received him?", yes, for your benefit. For if, having such a watchful enemy, you are not even so roused, if you were also freed from this care and concern, how much more drowsy would you not be? He has set such a bogeyman for you, and you are not roused? Do you not see how Paul also shows the profit from this, saying: "For our struggle is not against blood and flesh, but against the principalities, against the powers, against the world-rulers of the darkness of this age." What are you doing, Paul? By recounting the power of the adversaries, are you casting down the spirits of your own people? "No," he says, "but rather I am stirring them up. For if they did not have such strength as to cast him down, you would be right; but if they have a greater power, defeat comes from laziness. This, therefore, I am stirring up." Do not be grieved, therefore, that he was cast from heaven to the earth, but give thanks to God, that He gave you a necessity to be sober, that He appointed for you a dreadful and harsh tutor. 15 Do you want me to show you the profit that comes from the devil? Listen to Paul saying: "I have handed such men over to Satan, that they may be taught not to blaspheme." Do you want to hear another one again? "Hand over," he says, "such a one to Satan for the destruction of the flesh." Do you not see the public executioners who follow the rulers? So also did Paul make use of these. But the devil is not the cause of these good things, but the love for mankind of God, using the evil one for what is necessary. Do you see that the devil is not present everywhere at the same time, but on a circuit? "For having gone through," he says, "the earth and walked about under heaven, I am here." And the Lord said to the devil: "From where have you come?" Do you see that the matter is a setup? God asks him. From this we learn that He wished him to be tested. And for what reason does God ask? In order to give him an occasion for struggle and battle. And see how He first makes him responsible by his own answers. So that he might not say, when God said, "Have you seen anyone like my servant?", that "I do not know, I have not yet gone through all the earth,"

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τοῦ θεοῦ, πολλῷ μᾶλλον οὗτος. τί οὖν ἐστι τὸ ἦλθε μετ' αὐτῶν; ὅτι μετ' αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ τούτῳ. καθάπερ πονηροὶ καὶ ἀγαθοί εἰσιν ἄνδρες ἀναμεμιγμένοι, οὕτω καὶ ἄγγελοι καὶ δαίμονες. καί, εἰ βούλει, πιστώσομαί σε ἀπὸ τῶν γραφῶν. ἄκουε Παύλου λέγοντος· ὀφείλουσιν αἱ γυναῖκες ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς διὰ τοὺς ἀγγέλους. καὶ πάλιν ὁ Χριστός· μὴ καταφρονήσητε ἑνὸς τῶν μικρῶν τούτων, ὅτι οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτῶν διὰ παντὸς βλέπουσι τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ πατρός μου τοῦ ἐν οὐρανοῖς. καὶ πάλιν ἀλλαχοῦ περὶ τοῦ Πέτρου ἔλεγον οἱ ἀπόστολοι· ὁ ἄγγελος αὐτοῦ ἐστιν. καὶ ἐν τῇ παλαιᾷ ὁ Ἰακὼβ ἔλεγεν· ὁ ἄγγελος ὁ ῥυσάμενός με ἐκ νεότητός μου. καὶ τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἄγγελοι ἐφεστήκασιν. ἔστησεν, γάρ φησιν, ὅρια ἐθνῶν κατὰ ἀριθμὸν ἀγγέλων αὐτοῦ. καὶ ἐν τῷ ∆ανιὴλ εὑρίσκομεν οὕτως εἰρημένον, ὅτι Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἄρχων ὑμῶν. καὶ ἐν τῇ παλαιᾷ πολλαχοῦ τοὺς ἀγγέλους οὐχὶ πρὸς οἰκονομίαν ἀφικνουμένους μόνον παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ, ἀλλά τι καὶ ἐμπεπιστευμένους οἷον καθώς φησιν ὁ Παῦλος· ἀποστελλόμενοι διὰ τοὺς μέλλοντας κληρονομεῖν σωτη14 ρίαν. καὶ πάλιν ὁ προφήτης· ἀποστολὴν δι' ἀγγέλων πονηρῶν. διὰ τοῦτο καὶ εὐχόμενοι λέγομεν· «τὸν ἄγγελον τῆς εἰρήνης αἰτήσατε», ὡς ὄντος καὶ ἀγγέλου μάχης καὶ πολέμων-τοῦ διαβόλου λέγω. καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐκεῖνοι ἄγγελοι λέγονται, καθώς φησιν ὁ σωτήρ· ἀπέλθετε, οἱ κατηραμένοι, εἰς τὸ πῦρ τὸ ἡτοιμασμένον τῷ διαβόλῳ καὶ τοῖς ἀγγέλοις αὐτοῦ. τὸ γὰρ ἄγγελος ὄνομα μέσον ἐστίν. ἐὰν δὲ μὴ προσθῇς τὸ "τοῦ θεοῦ" ἢ τὸ "τοῦ διαβόλου", οὐδὲν οὐδέπω ἐσήμανες. διὰ τοῦτο οὐδαμοῦ ἁπλῶς εἴρηται "ἄγγελος", ἀλλ' «ἄγγελος κυρίου ἐστίν». καὶ τοῦτο σημαίνει, ὅτι τὴν οἰκονομίαν εἰσὶν ἐγκεχειρισμένοι τῆς οἰκουμένης-τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι παρεστάναι ἐνώπιον τοῦ κυρίου -, ὥσπερ ὁ Ζαχαρίας τοὺς ἵππους φησὶν ἑωρακέναι τὸ ὀξὺ καὶ ταχὺ τῶν δυνάμεων αἰνιττόμενος. περιελθών, φησίν, τὴν γῆν καὶ ἐμπεριπατήσας αὐτήν. ὁρᾷς, ὅτι ὁ οὐρανὸς οὐ βατὸς τῷ δαίμονι τούτῳ τῷ πονηρῷ; εἰ δὲ λέγοι τις· «εἶτα ὁ οὐρανὸς ἄβατος, ἡ δὲ γῆ αὐτὸν ἐδέξατο;», ναί, πρὸς τὸ σοὶ συμφέρον. εἰ γὰρ ἐχθρὸν οὕτως ἔχων νήφοντα οὐδὲ οὕτω διανίστασαι, εἰ καὶ ταύτης ἀπηλλάγης τῆς φροντίδος καὶ τῆς μερίμνης, τίνος οὐκ ἂν ᾖς ὑπνωδέστερος; μορμολύκειόν σοι τοιοῦτον ἔθηκεν, καὶ οὐ διανίστασαι; οὐχ ὁρᾷς, πῶς καὶ Παῦλος δείκνυσι τὸ κέρδος τὸ ἀπὸ τούτου λέγων· οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡμῖν ἡ πάλη πρὸς αἷμα καὶ σάρκα, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὰς ἀρχάς, πρὸς τὰς ἐξουσίας, πρὸς τοὺς κοσμοκράτορας τοῦ σκότους τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου. τί ποιεῖς, Παῦλε; τὴν δύναμιν τῶν ἐναντίων διηγούμενος καταβάλλεις τὰ φρονήματα τῶν οἰκείων; «οὐχί», φησίν, «ἀλλὰ διεγείρω μᾶλλον. εἰ μὲν γὰρ μὴ εἶχον τοσαύτην ἰσχὺν ὥστε αὐτὸν καταβαλεῖν, καλῶς ἔλεγες· εἰ δὲ ἔχουσι δύναμιν μείζονα, παρὰ ῥαθυμίαν ἡ ἧττα γίνεται. ταύτην οὖν διεγείρω.» μὴ τοίνυν ἀλγήσῃς, ὅτι ἀπὸ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ πρὸς τὴν γῆν ἐρρίφη, ἀλλὰ εὐχαρίστησον τῷ θεῷ, ὅτι σοι ἀνάγκην ἔδωκε τοῦ νήφειν, ὅτι σοι παιδαγωγὸν ἐπέστησε φρικτὸν καὶ χαλεπόν. 15 βούλει σοι δείξω τὸ κέρδος τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ διαβόλου; ἄκουε Παύλου λέγοντος· παρέδωκα τοὺς τοιούτους τῷ σατανᾷ, ἵνα παιδευθῶσι μὴ βλασφημεῖν. βούλει πάλιν καὶ ἕτερον ἀκοῦσαι; παράδοτε, φησίν, τὸν τοιοῦτον τῷ σατανᾷ εἰς ὄλεθρον τῆς σαρκός. οὐχ ὁρᾷς τοὺς δημίους τοὺς τοῖς ἄρχουσιν ἑπομένους; οὕτω καὶ τούτοις ὁ Παῦλος ἐκέχρητο. τούτων δὲ οὐχ ὁ διάβολος αἴτιος τῶν ἀγαθῶν, ἀλλ' ἡ τοῦ θεοῦ φιλανθρωπία τῷ πονηρῷ πρὸς τὸ δέον χρωμένη. ὁρᾷς, ὅτι οὐχὶ κατὰ ταὐτὸν πανταχοῦ πάρεστιν ὁ διάβολος, ἀλλὰ ἐκ περιόδου; περιελθών, γάρ φησιν, τὴν γῆν καὶ ἐμπεριπατήσας τὴν ὑπ' οὐρανὸν πάρειμι. καὶ εἶπεν ὁ κύριος πρὸς τὸν διάβολον· πόθεν παραγέγονας; ὁρᾷς, ὅτι πλάσις ἐστὶ τὸ πρᾶγμα; ἐρωτᾷ αὐτὸν ὁ θεός. ἀπὸ τούτου μανθάνομεν, ὅτι ἐβούλετο αὐτὸν πειρασθῆναι. καὶ τίνος ἕνεκεν ἐρωτᾷ ὁ θεός; ἵνα αὐτῷ δῷ ἀφορμὴν πάλης καὶ μάχης. καὶ ὅρα, πῶς αὐτὸν πρῶτον ὑπεύθυνον ποιεῖ ταῖς οἰκείαις ἀποκρίσεσιν. ἵνα μὴ λέγῃ εἰπόντος τοῦ θεοῦ· «μή τινα εἶδες κατὰ τὸν θεράποντά μου;», ὅτι «οὐκ οἶδα, οὔπω περιῆλθον τὴν γῆν πᾶσαν»,