John Chrysostom, On John

for the sake of laws, having composed some, they wrote; nevertheless, in all things, they were more shamefully ridiculed than children. For by making women common to all, and subverting life itself, and corrupting the sanctity of marriage, and legislating other such ridiculous things, thus they spent their entire lives. And for the sake of doctrines concerning the soul, they left no excess of shame remaining, saying that the souls of men become flies, and gnats, and bushes, and asserting that God himself is a soul, and acting unseemly in certain other such things. And not only this is worthy of accusation; but also the great channel of their arguments. For just as those carried about hither and thither in a channel, so they never stood upon the same things, since they utter everything from obscure and precarious reasonings. But not so this fisherman; but he utters all things with certainty, and standing as if upon a rock, is nowhere overthrown. For having been deemed worthy to be in the very inner sanctuaries, and having the Lord of all speaking within him, he suffered nothing human; but they, as if not deemed worthy to set foot even in a dream in the palaces, but spending their time outside in the marketplace with other men, and guessing at the unseen things from their own thought, have wandered a great wandering, wishing to discourse on the ineffable things, and like blind and drunken men, they dashed against one another in their very error; not only against each other, but also against themselves, in many places and concerning the same things always changing their minds. But this unlettered man, this common man, from Bethsaida, the son of Zebedee; though the Greeks may laugh ten thousand times at the rusticity of the names, I will speak them with no less boldness. For by as much as their nation appears barbarian and removed from Greek culture, by so much will our things appear more splendid. For when the barbarian and unlearned man utters such things as no one among men on earth ever understood, and not only utters but also persuades; and yet if this alone were the case, the wonder would be great; but now in addition to this he provides another proof greater than this, that the things spoken are divinely inspired, the fact that he persuades all who hear throughout all time, who will not marvel at the power dwelling in him? For this is also the greatest proof, as I said, that he legislates nothing of his own accord. This barbarian then, by the writing of the gospel seized the whole inhabited world, and with his body he occupied the middle of Asia, where of old all of the Greek faction philosophized, and from there he is fearsome to the demons, shining brightly in the midst of his enemies, and extinguishing their gloom, and destroying the acropolis of the demons; but in soul he has withdrawn to that place, which is fitting for one who has accomplished such things. And the things of the Greeks have all been extinguished and have vanished, but his things become more splendid each day. For from the time of this man and the rest of the fishermen, from then the things of Pythagoras have been silenced, and the things of Plato, which formerly seemed to prevail, and the many do not even know them by name; and yet Plato associated with tyrants, having been summoned, as they say, and had many 59.32 companions, and sailed to Sicily; but Pythagoras, having occupied Magna Graecia, and having employed myriad forms of sorcery. For to converse with oxen (for they say he did this too) was nothing other than sorcery. And this is especially clear from that; For he who so conversed with irrational animals, benefited the race of men in no way, but even harmed it in the greatest ways. And yet the nature of men was more suitable for the discourse of philosophy; but nevertheless he conversed with eagles and oxen, as they say, practicing sorcery. For he did not make irrational nature rational (for this is not possible for a man), but by magic tricks he deceived the foolish; and having ceased to teach men anything useful, he taught that it was the same to eat beans as the heads of one's parents; and he persuaded his companions that indeed the soul of the teacher,

ἕνεκεν καὶ νόμων συνθέντες τινὰ ἔγραψαν· ὅμως δὲ ἐν ἅπασι παίδων αἰσχρότερον κατεγελάσθησαν. Τάς τε γὰρ γυναῖκας κοινὰς ἅπασι ποιοῦντες, καὶ τὸν βίον αὐτὸν ἀνατρέποντες, καὶ τὸ σεμνὸν διαφθείροντες τοῦ γάμου, καὶ ἕτερα τοιαῦτα καταγέλαστα νομοθετοῦντες, οὕτω πάντα τὸν βίον αὐτῶν ἀνάλωσαν. ∆ογμάτων δὲ ἕνεκεν τῶν περὶ ψυχῆς, οὐδὲ ὑπερβολήν τινα κατέλιπον αἰσχύνης λοιπὸν, μυίας, καὶ κώνωπας, καὶ θάμνους τὰς τῶν ἀνθρώπων λέγοντες γίνεσθαι ψυχὰς, καὶ τὸν Θεὸν αὐτὸν ψυχὴν εἶναι φάσκοντες, καὶ ἕτερα ἄττα τινὰ τοιαῦτα ἀσχημονοῦντες. Καὶ οὐ τοῦτο μόνον ἐστὶ τὸ κατηγορίας ἄξιον· ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ πολὺς αὐτῶν τῶν λόγων εὔριπος. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἐν εὐρίπῳ τῇδε κἀκεῖσε περιφερόμενοι, οὕτως οὐδέποτε ἐπὶ τῶν αὐτῶν ἑστήκεσαν, ἅτε ἀπὸ τῶν ἀδήλων καὶ ἐπισφαλῶν λογισμῶν πάντα φθεγγόμενοι. Ἀλλ' οὐχ ὁ ἁλιεὺς οὗτος οὕτως· ἀλλ' ἅπαντα μετὰ ἀσφαλείας φθέγγεται, καὶ ὥσπερ ἐπὶ πέτρας ἑστηκὼς, οὐδαμοῦ περιτρέπεται. Ἐν αὐτοῖς γὰρ τοῖς ἀδύτοις γενέσθαι καταξιωθεὶς, καὶ τὸν πάντων ∆εσπότην ἐν ἑαυτῷ λαλοῦντα ἔχων, οὐδὲν ἀνθρώπινον ἔπασχεν· ἐκεῖνοι δὲ ὥσπερ οἱ τῶν μὲν βασιλείων οὐδὲ ὄναρ ἐπιβῆναι καταξιωθέντες, ἔξω δὲ ἐπ' ἀγορᾶς μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων διατρίβοντες ἀνθρώπων, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ἰδίας διανοίας καταστοχαζόμενοι τῶν ἀοράτων, τὴν πολλὴν ἐπλανήθησαν πλάνην, περὶ τῶν ἀῤῥήτων διαλεχθῆναι θελήσαντες, καὶ καθάπερ τυφλοὶ καὶ μεθύοντες, καὶ ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ πλάνῃ ἀλλήλοις προσέῤῥηξαν· οὐκ ἀλλήλοις δὲ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἑαυτοῖς, πολλαχοῦ καὶ περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν ἀεὶ μετατιθέμενοι. Ὁ δὲ ἀγράμματος οὗτος, ὁ ἰδιώτης, ὁ ἀπὸ Βηθσαϊδὰ, ὁ Ζεβεδαίου παῖς· κἂν μυριάκις καταγελῶσιν Ἕλληνες τῆς τῶν ὀνομάτων ἀγροικίας, οὐδὲν ἧττον μετὰ πλείονος αὐτὰ τῆς παῤῥησίας ἐρῶ· ὅσῳ γὰρ ἂν τὸ ἔθνος αὐτοῖς βάρβαρον φαίνηται καὶ τῆς Ἑλληνικῆς ἀπέχον παιδεύσεως, τοσούτῳ λαμπρότερα τὰ ἡμέτερα φανεῖται. Ὅταν γὰρ ὁ βάρβαρος καὶ ἀμαθὴς τοιαῦτα φθέγγηται, ἃ μηδεὶς τῶν ἐπὶ γῆς ἀνθρώπων συνεῖδέ ποτε, καὶ μὴ φθέγγηται μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πείθῃ· καίτοι εἰ καὶ τοῦτο μόνον ἦν, μέγα τὸ θαῦμα ἦν· νῦν δὲ πρὸς τούτῳ καὶ ἕτερον τούτου μεῖζον παρέχῃ τεκμήριον, τοῦ θεόπνευστα εἶναι τὰ λεγόμενα, τὸ τοὺς ἀκούοντας πείθειν ἅπαντας διὰ τοῦ χρόνου παντὸς, τίς οὐ θαυμάσεται τὴν ἐνοικοῦσαν αὐτῷ δύναμιν; Καὶ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο μέγιστον, ὅπερ ἔφην, τεκμήριον τοῦ μηδὲν οἴκοθεν αὐτὸν νομοθετεῖν. Οὗτος δὴ οὖν ὁ βάρβαρος, τῇ μὲν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου γραφῇ τὴν οἰκουμένην κατέλαβεν ἅπασαν, τῷ δὲ σώματι μέσην κατέσχε τὴν Ἀσίαν, ἔνθα τὸ παλαιὸν ἐφιλοσόφουν οἱ τῆς Ἑλληνικῆς συμμορίας ἅπαντες, κἀκεῖθεν τοῖς δαίμοσίν ἐστι φοβερὸς, ἐν μέσῳ τῶν ἐχθρῶν διαλάμπων, καὶ τὸν ζόφον αὐτῶν σβεννὺς, καὶ τὴν ἀκρόπολιν τῶν δαιμόνων καταλύων· τῇ δὲ ψυχῇ πρὸς τὸν χῶρον ἀνεχώρησεν ἐκεῖνον, τὸν ἁρμόττοντα τῷ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐργασαμένῳ. Καὶ τὰ μὲν Ἑλλήνων ἔσβεσται ἅπαντα καὶ ἠφάνισται, τὰ δὲ τούτου καθ' ἑκάστην λαμπρότερα γίνεται. Ἐξ ὅτου γὰρ καὶ οὗτος καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ ἁλιεῖς, ἐξ ἐκείνου τὰ μὲν Πυθαγόρου σεσίγηται καὶ τὰ Πλάτωνος, δοκοῦντα πρότερον κρατεῖν, καὶ οὐδὲ ἐξ ὀνόματος αὐτοὺς ἴσασιν οἱ πολλοί· καίτοι Πλάτων καὶ τυράννοις συνεγένετο μετακληθεὶς, ὥς φασι, καὶ πολλοὺς 59.32 ἔσχεν ἑταίρους, καὶ εἰς Σικελίαν ἔπλευσε· Πυθαγόρας δὲ τὴν μεγίστην Ἑλλάδα καταλαβὼν, καὶ γοητείας κινήσας εἴδη μυρία. Τὸ γὰρ βουσὶ διαλέγεσθαι (καὶ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτό φασιν αὐτὸν πεποιηκέναι) οὐδὲν ἕτερον ἢ γοητείας ἦν. Καὶ δῆλον μάλιστα ἐκεῖθεν· Ὁ γὰρ τοῖς ἀλόγοις οὕτω διαλεγόμενος, τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων οὐδὲν ὠφέλησε γένος, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ μέγιστα ἔβλαψε. Καίτοι γε ἐπιτηδειοτέρα πρὸς φιλοσοφίας λόγον ἡ φύσις ἡ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἦν· ἀλλ' ὅμως ἐκεῖνος ἀετοῖς μὲν καὶ βουσὶ διελέγετο, καθάπερ φασὶ, γοητεύων. Οὐδὲ γὰρ τὴν ἄλογον λογικὴν ἐποίησε φύσιν (οὐδὲ γὰρ δυνατὸν ἀνθρώπῳ τοῦτο), ἀλλὰ μαγγανείαις τοὺς ἀνοήτους ἠπάτα· καὶ ἀνθρώπους ἀφεὶς διδάξαι τι τῶν χρησίμων, ἐπαίδευσεν ὅτι ἴσον ἦν κυάμους φαγεῖν καὶ τὰς τῶν γεννησαμένων κεφαλάς· καὶ τοὺς συνόντας ἔπειθεν, ὅτι δὴ ἡ τοῦ διδασκάλου ψυχὴ,