it was easy to attack by assault, being raised to the greatest possible height, and girded with two trenches dug to a corresponding depth), and the despair and resistance of the barbarians exceeding measure; he decided not to engage from below with men who were desperate and maddened, and not to attempt impossible things, and be shot at from above, and destroy the Roman battle-line to no purpose; but to hand the city over to famine, until he could properly prepare the helepoles and all the instruments that have been invented for siege warfare. For this reason he postponed the war, and recalling the military phalanxes with the trumpet, he withdrew into the fortified camp. And having sufficiently fortified this all around with a fence and a trench, he trained the army, and with daily exercises he imparted much experience to the phalanxes, and had the helepoles constructed by a selection of craftsmen, and he would make sallies and skirmishes as opportunity offered, and wintered there with his whole army before the city. 17 LEO THE DEACON'S HISTORY B. 1. The general of the Romans, Nikephoros, having, as I have said, already conveyed the Roman force to the island of the Cretans, and in close combat having made some of the native barbarians food for the sword, and having shut up the survivors in the city without effort and in a moment, wintered there, and trained the army daily in warfare. Meanwhile Hamdan, the chief of the neighboring Agarenes of Cilicia, a man shrewd and energetic, in 18 experience of wars from his youth indisputably surpassing all his countrymen, when he perceived that the Roman forces were sailing out and departing against the Cretans, decided that the opportunity was his own, to overrun the east fearlessly, as far as the Roman dominion extends, and to plunder it without bloodshed, and to gather the greatest wealth, and to carry away everlasting glory. And indeed, having gathered together the flower and youth of the Arabs and Agarenes, he proceeded against the Roman territory, burning everything in his path and taking it as booty. But the emperor Romanos, perceiving his attack and the open and violent raid, sends out Leo Phokas, who was Nikephoros’s brother and commander of the military rolls of Europe (the Romans call such an office Domestic of the West), to oppose Hamdan; a noble and youthful man, exceedingly prudent, and of all we know, the most capable of devising what is advantageous in difficult circumstances; whom some divine influence, I think, assisted in his battles, overthrowing every opponent and making them tributary. 2. For although many wars broke out for him during the time of his generalship, he never came away at a disadvantage from an opponent, but always carried off the greater part of the victory. And so, when a Scythian army crossed the Ister at that time (they call the nation Huns), since the 19 general Leo was not able to engage with it in open battle, as the phalanx boasted of its superior numbers, while he himself was leading a small and unequal squadron of soldiers, he decided not to rush himself and his followers into obvious danger, but rather to fall upon the Scythians by stealth, and to do something noble and manly, and to win for himself glorious renown. So then, having just slipped secretly through the oak woods, and surveyed the camp of the Huns from a distance, and having scouted out their number with accuracy, at an untimely hour of the

ἐξ ἐπιδρομῆς εὐεπίβατος ἦν, εἰς ὕψος ὅτι πλεῖστον ἠρμένος, καὶ δυσὶ ταφρείαις διεζωσμένος εἰς βάθος ὀρωρυγμέναις ἀνάλογον), καὶ τὴν τῶν βαρβάρων ἀπόγνωσιν καὶ ἀντίστασιν τὸ μέτρον ἐκβαίνουσαν· ἔγνω, μὴ θανατῶσι καὶ ἀπονενοημένοις ἀνδράσι συμπλέκεσθαι κάτωθεν, καὶ ἀνηνύτοις ἐπιχειρεῖν, ὑψόθεν τε βάλλεσθαι, καὶ τὴν Ῥωμαϊκὴν ἐς οὐδὲν δέον διαφθείρειν παράταξιν· τῷ δὲ λιμῷ παραδώσειν τὸ ἄστυ, ἕως ἂν τὰς ἑλεπόλεις καὶ ὅσα εἰς τειχομαχίαν ἐξεύρηται ὄργανα δεόντως ἐπισκευάσοιτο. ταύτῃ τοι καὶ τὸν πόλεμον ἀναβάλλεται, καὶ τῇ σάλπιγγι τὰς στρατιωτικὰς ἀνακαλεσάμενος φάλαγγας, ἐς τὸν χάρακα ἀπεφοίτα. καὶ τοῦτον κυκλόθεν ἑρκίῳ καὶ ταφρείᾳ ἱκανῶς ὀχυρώσας, τόν τε στρατὸν διεγύμναζε, καὶ ταῖς καθ' ἡμέραν μελέταις πολλὴν τὴν ἐμπειρίαν ταῖς φάλαγξιν ἀπετίθετο, καὶ τὰς ἑλεπόλεις ἐκλογῇ τεχνιτῶν ἐτεκταίνετο, ἐκδρομάς τε καὶ ἀκροβολισμοὺς ἐκ τοῦ παρείκοντος ἐποιεῖτο, καὶ αὐτόθι πανσυδὶ πρὸ τοῦ ἄστεος διεχείμαζεν. 17 ΛΕΟΝΤΟΣ ∆ΙΑΚΟΝΟΥ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ Β. αʹ. Ὁ μὲν δὴ τῶν Ῥωμαίων στρατηγὸς Νικηφόρος ἐς τὴν τῶν Κρητῶν νῆσον, ᾗπέρ μοι εἴρηται, ἤδη τὴν Ῥωμαϊκὴν περαιωσάμενος δύναμιν, καὶ τῶν ἰθαγενῶν βαρβάρων ἐν τῇ συστάδην μάχῃ τοὺς μὲν παρανάλωμα μαχαίρας ἀπεργασάμενος , τοὺς δὲ περιλειφθέντας ἀπονητί τε καὶ ἀκαρῆ τῷ ἄστει συγκλείσας, αὐτόθι τε διεχείμαζε, καὶ τὸν στρατὸν ὁσημέραι τῷ πολεμεῖν ἐξεπαίδευεν. ἐν τούτῳ δὲ Χαμβδᾶν, ὁ τῶν τῆς Κιλικίας προσοίκων Ἀγαρηνῶν ἀρχηγὸς, ἀνὴρ ἀγχίνους τε καὶ δραστήριος, ἐμ 18 πειρίᾳ τε πολέμων ἐκ νεότητος ἁπάντων τῶν ὁμοεθνῶν ἀδηρίτως ὑπερτερῶν, ἐπεὶ τὰς Ῥωμαϊκὰς ᾔσθετο δυνάμεις ἔκπλουν καὶ ἄπαρσιν ποιουμένας κατὰ τῶν Κρητῶν, ἔγνω πρὸς αὑτοῦ τὸν καιρὸν εἶναι, ἀδεῶς τε τῆς ἀνατολῆς καταδραμεῖν, ὁπόσον ἡ Ῥωμαϊκὴ διέπει ἀρχὴ, καὶ τοῦτο ληΐσασθαι ἀναιμωτὶ, καὶ πλοῦτον συναγεῖραι πλεῖστον, καὶ κλέος ἀείμνηστον ἀπενέγκασθαι. καὶ δῆτα τὸ ἀκμαῖον καὶ νεανικὸν τῶν Ἀράβων καὶ Ἀγαρηνῶν συναλίσας, κατὰ τῆς Ῥωμαϊκῆς ἐπικρατείας ἐχώρει, πᾶν τὸ παραπίπτον κατεμπιπρῶν καὶ λείαν τιθέμενος. ὁ δὲ αὐτοκράτωρ Ῥωμανὸς, τὴν ἔφοδον τούτου αἰσθόμενος καὶ τὴν ὕπαιθρον καὶ βιαίαν καταδρομὴν, Λέοντα τὸν Φωκᾶν, ὁμαίμονα τοῦ Νικηφόρου τελοῦντα, καὶ τῶν τῆς Εὐρώπης στρατιωτικῶν καταλόγων κατάρχοντα (∆ομέστικον δύσεως Ῥωμαῖοι τὴν τοιαύτην ἀρχὴν ὀνομάζουσι), τῷ Χαμβδᾶν ἀντίξουν ἐκπέμπει· ἄνδρα γενναῖον καὶ νεανικὸν, φρενήρη τε διαφερόντως, καὶ τὸ ξυνοῖσον ἐν περιστάσεσιν ἐπιφράσασθαι πάντων, ὧν ἴσμεν, ἐπιβολώτατον· ᾧ θεία τις, οἶμαι, κατὰ τὰς μάχας συνεμάχει ῥοπὴ , ἅπαν τὸ ἀντίπαλον καταστρεφομένη καὶ τιθεῖσα ὑπόσπονδον. βʹ. Πολλῶν γὰρ αὐτῷ συῤῥαγέντων πολέμων παρὰ τὸν τῆς στρατηγίας καιρὸν, οὐδέποτε τοῦ ἀντικαθισταμένου ἀπῆλθε μειονεκτῶν, ἀλλ' ἀεὶ τὸ πλέον τῆς νίκης ἀποφερόμενος. τῷ τοι καὶ Σκυθικῆς στρατιᾶς τὸν Ἴστρον περαιωθείσης τὸ κατ' ἐκεῖνο καιροῦ (Οὕννους τὸ ἔθνος κατονομάζουσιν), ἐπεὶ μὴ οἷός τε ἦν ὁ 19 στρατηγὸς Λέων ἐξ ἀντιπάλου ταύτῃ συμπλέκεσθαι, ὑπεράριθμον ἐπαγαλλομένης τὸ πλῆθος τῆς φάλαγγος, σπανίζουσαν αὐτὸς καὶ οὐκ ἀξιόμαχον ἴλην στρατιωτῶν ἐπαγόμενος, ἔγνω μὴ ἐς προῦπτον κίνδυνον φέρων ἐνσεῖσαι αὑτόν τε καὶ τοὺς συνεπομένους, λαθραίως δὲ μᾶλλον τοῖς Σκύθαις ἐπιπεσεῖν, καί τι γενναῖον δρᾶσαι καὶ ἀνδρικὸν, καὶ δόξαν εὐκλεᾶ σφετερίσασθαι. ἄρτι γοῦν διὰ τῶν δρυμῶν κρύβδην παραδραμὼν, καὶ τὴν ἔπαυλιν τῶν Οὕννων ἐξ ἀπόπτου περιαθρήσας, καὶ τὸ πλῆθος ἐς τὸ ἀκριβὲς κατασκοπήσας, ἀωρὶ τῶν