Philocalia or Selections from the works of Origen made by Basil and Gregory of Nazianzus (ch. 23, 25-27)

 of those concerning the stars, so that what is said by them may not be an unproven declaration, let them try to bring us more compellingly, by present

 to her a sign, saying: This is the sign which the Lord spoke, saying: Behold, the altar shall be rent, and the fat that is upon it shall be poured out

 of certain observations, or also from the teaching of angels who had transgressed their own order and, for the ruin of our race, taught certain things

 to be mistaken, but it is possible concerning things that are contingent to happen and not to happen to think that they happen and that they do not ha

 these past events are not in our power, it being possible on the basis of the same past events to do other things than what we do. But if anyone seeks

 It is fated for you to have children or not to have children in vain then you have relations with a woman. For just as in this case, since it is impo

 they will reasonably agree that nothing concerning human affairs comes from the stars, but, as we have said before, if anything, they are signified A

 argument, that humans are able to comprehend the heavenly configurations and the signs and what they are signs of, let us now examine if this is true.

 of human nature, not in a human way but in a divine way they are taught the secrets just as Paul, saying: I heard unspeakable words, which it is not

 they read the book of God and thus they do what is incumbent upon them. But as we said before, what we do, or what the opposing energies accomplish i

 they do away with sayings, also using the one: “The sinners were estranged from the womb,” spoken in the psalms. Now to this it is easy to reply, by a

 troubling our argument since Paul says: “But we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called accordin

 the deeds foreknown beforehand but happening later, each from the apostolic preparation and choice. But now to apply this to the saying from the psalm

 Health, of course, and bodily strength are a good. The text reads thus: ‘If you will not hearken to do all the words of this law that are written in t

 it is necessary to raise a further question to those who suppose, whether the prophets, whose sins are not spoken against, have kept the law for exam

 of whom the prophet also finds fault with those who are in such states, saying: 'From the feet to the head, there is neither wound, nor bruise, nor fe

 who was once the morning star, rising in the morning, but later was shattered upon the earth. For not only among the sons of men, if one is perfect, i

 that the sound account concerning this Scripture is also among the hidden things. But those who claim there is another god besides the creator wish hi

 they suppose concerning God, nor to what they dogmatize concerning natures, does the argument from the reading now under examination contribute, as th

 leading him into the open and perhaps exhausting him through the action, so that having brought to completion all the outbursts of his indwelling wick

 chasten me” the one praying these things is asking not to need the reproof that comes through the wrath of God and the chastisement that comes throug

 Good masters, being long-suffering toward their sinning servants, are accustomed to say: I have ruined you and: I have made you wicked showing with

 the heart of Pharaoh” whether they believe that these things are said truly by God through the inspired Moses or falsely. For if falsely, then accord

these past events are not in our power, it being possible on the basis of the same past events to do other things than what we do. But if anyone seeks for what is in our power to be absolved from the whole, so that we do not choose these things because certain things have happened to us, he has forgotten that he is a part of the world and is contained in the community of men and in the environment. I think, therefore, it has been moderately demonstrated, as in a summary, that the foreknowledge of God is not in every case coercive of the things foreknown. 23.12ν Further on the same subject in the second volume of *Against Celsus* in these words. Celsus thinks that what was prophesied by some foreknowledge happens for this reason, because it was prophesied; but we, not granting this, say that the one who prophesied is not the cause of what will be, because he foretold that it would happen, but that what was going to be, which would have happened even if not prophesied, has provided the cause for the one foreknowing to foretell it. And this whole thing exists in the foreknowledge of the one who prophesies it; but while it is possible for a certain thing to happen, and possible for it not to happen, this one of them will happen. And we do not say that the one who foreknows, having taken away the possibility of it happening and not happening, says something like this: This will certainly happen, and it is impossible for it to happen otherwise. And such a thing extends to all foreknowledge concerning anything in our power, whether according to the divine scriptures or according to the histories of the Greeks. And what is called by the dialecticians the "idle argument," being a sophism, will not be a sophism in Celsus's view, but according to sound reason it is a sophism. In order that this may be understood, from the Scripture I will use the prophecies about Judas or the foreknowledge of our Savior concerning him, that he would betray him; and from the Greek histories the oracle to Laius, conceding for the present that it is true, since it does not injure the argument. Concerning Judas, then, in the one hundred and eighth psalm it is spoken from the person of the Savior, the beginning of which is: "O God, do not be silent about my praise; for the mouth of the sinner and the mouth of the deceitful one has been opened against me." And if you observe the things said in the psalm, you will find that, as it was foreknown that he would betray the Savior, so also he is the cause of the betrayal and worthy of the curses spoken in the prophecy on account of his wickedness. For let him suffer these things, "Because," it says, "he did not remember to show mercy, but persecuted a poor and needy man." Therefore, he was able to remember to show mercy and not to persecute him whom he persecuted; but being able, he did not do so, but betrayed him; so that he is worthy of the curses in the prophecy against him. And for the Greeks we will use what was said to Laius in this way, whether the tragedian wrote it down in the exact words or in their equivalent. It is said to him, then, from the one who had indeed foreknown the future: 'Do not sow the furrow of children against the will of the gods; For if you beget a child, the one born will kill you, And your whole house will wade through blood.' And in this, then, it is clearly shown that it was possible for Laius not to sow the furrow of children; for the oracle would not have commanded him what was not possible; but it was also possible to sow, and neither of these was compelled. But it followed for him who did not take care not to sow the furrow of children to suffer from having sown the things of the tragedy concerning Oedipus and Jocasta and their sons. 23.13 But also the so-called idle argument, being a sophism, is spoken thus on the hypothesis to one who is sick, and as a sophism it dissuades him from using a doctor for health, and the argument goes thus: If it is fated for you to recover from the disease, whether you bring in the doctor or not, you will recover; but also if it is fated for you not to recover from the disease, whether you bring in the doctor or not, you will not recover; and either it is fated for you to recover from the disease, or it is fated for you not to recover; therefore you bring in the doctor in vain. But to this argument something like this is cleverly juxtaposed: If it is fated for you to beget children, whether you lie with a woman or not, you will beget them; but also if it is fated for you not to beget children, whether you lie with a woman or not, you will not beget them; and either

τοῖσδε τοῖς προγενομένοις οὐκ ἐφ' ἡμῖν, ἐνδεχομένου τοῦ ἐπὶ τοῖς αὐτοῖς προγενομένοις καὶ ἕτερα πρᾶξαι παρ' ἃ πράττομεν. Εἰ δέ τις ζητεῖ τὸ ἐφ' ἡμῖν ἀπολελυμένον εἶναι τοῦ παντός, ὥστε μὴ διὰ τάδε τινὰ συμβεβηκότα ἡμῖν ἡμᾶς αἱρεῖσθαι τάδε, ἐπιλέλησται κόσμου μέρος ὢν καὶ ἐμπεριε χόμενος ἀνθρώπων κοινωνίᾳ καὶ τοῦ περιέχοντος. Μετρίως μὲν οὖν ὡς ἐν ἐπιτομῇ οἶμαι ἀποδεδεῖχθαι τὸ τὴν πρόγνωσιν τοῦ θεοῦ μὴ εἶναι καταναγκαστικὴν τῶν προεγνωσμένων πάντως. 23.12ν Ἔτι περὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ βʹ τόμῳ τῶν κατὰ Κέλσου ἐν τούτοις. Ὁ μὲν Κέλσος οἴεται διὰ τοῦτο γίνεσθαι τὸ ὑπό τινος προγνώσεως θεσπισθέν, ἐπεὶ ἐθεσπίσθη· ἡμεῖς δὲ τοῦτο οὐ διδόντες φαμὲν οὐχὶ τὸν θεσπίσαντα αἴτιον εἶναι τοῦ ἐσομένου, ἐπεὶ προεῖπεν αὐτὸ γενησόμενον, ἀλλὰ τὸ ἐσόμενον, ἐσόμενον ἂν καὶ μὴ θεσπισθέν, τὴν αἰτίαν τῷ προγινώσκοντι παρεσχηκέναι τοῦ αὐτὸ προειπεῖν. Καὶ ὅλον γε τοῦτο ἐν τῇ προγνώσει τοῦ θεσπίζοντος αὐτὸ τυγχάνει· δυνατοῦ δὲ ὄντος τοῦδέ τινος γενέσθαι, δυνατοῦ δὲ καὶ μὴ γενέσθαι, ἔσται τὸ ἕτερον αὐτῶν τόδε τι. Καὶ οὔ φαμεν ὅτι ὁ προγινώσκων, ὑφελὼν τὸ δυνατὸν εἶναι γενέσθαι καὶ μὴ γενέσθαι, οἱονεὶ τοιοῦτόν τι λέγει· τόδε πάντως ἔσται, καὶ ἀδύνατον ἑτέρως γενέσθαι. Καὶ τὸ τοιοῦτο φθάνει ἐπὶ πᾶσαν τὴν περὶ τοῦ ἐφ' ἡμῖν τινὸς πρόγνωσιν, εἴτε κατὰ τὰς θείας γραφὰς εἴτε κατὰ τὰς τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἱστορίας. Καὶ ὁ καλούμενός γε παρὰ τοῖς διαλεκτικοῖς ἀργὸς λόγος, σόφισμα τυγχάνων, οὐκ ἔσται μὲν σόφισμα ὅσον ἐπὶ τῷ Κέλσῳ, κατὰ δὲ τὸν ὑγιῆ λόγον σόφισμά ἐστιν. Ἵνα δὲ τὸ τοιοῦτο νοηθῇ, ἀπὸ μὲν τῆς γραφῆς χρήσομαι ταῖς περὶ τοῦ Ἰούδα προφητείαις ἢ τῇ τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν περὶ αὐτοῦ ὡς προδώσοντος προγνώσει· ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν ἱστοριῶν τῷ πρὸς τὸν Λάϊον χρησμῷ, συγχωρῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος εἶναι αὐτὸν ἀληθῆ, ἐπεὶ μὴ λυπεῖ τὸν λόγον. Περὶ τοῦ Ἰούδα τοίνυν ἐν ἑκατοστῷ καὶ ὀγδόῳ λέγεται ἐκ προσώπου τοῦ σωτῆρος ψαλμῷ, οὗ ἡ ἀρχή· «Ὁ θεός, τὴν αἴνεσίν μου μὴ παρασιωπήσῃς· ὅτι στόμα ἁμαρτωλοῦ καὶ στόμα δολίου ἐπ' ἐμὲ ἠνοίχθη.» Καὶ τηρήσας γε τὰ ἐν τῷ ψαλμῷ εἰρημένα εὑρήσεις ὅτι, ὡς προέγνωσται προδώσων τὸν σωτῆρα, οὕτω καὶ αἴτιος ὢν τῆς προδοσίας καὶ ἄξιος τῶν ἐν τῇ προφητείᾳ λεγομένων διὰ τὴν κακίαν αὐτοῦ ἀρῶν. Τάδε γὰρ παθέτω, «Ἀνθ' ὧν, φησίν, οὐκ ἐμνήσθη τοῦ ποιῆσαι ἔλεος, καὶ κατεδίωξεν ἄνθρωπον πένητα καὶ πτωχόν.» Οὐκοῦν ἐδύνατο μνησθῆναι τοῦ ποιῆσαι ἔλεος καὶ μὴ καταδιῶξαι ὃν κατεδίωξε· δυνάμενος δὲ οὐ πεποίηκεν, ἀλλὰ προέδωκεν· ὥστε ἄξιος εἶναι τῶν ἐν τῇ προφητείᾳ κατ' αὐτοῦ ἀρῶν. Καὶ πρὸς Ἕλληνας δὲ χρησόμεθα τῷ εἰρημένῳ τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον πρὸς τὸν Λάϊον, εἴτε αὐταῖς λέξεσιν εἴτε τὸ ἰσοδυναμοῦν αὐταῖς ἀναγράψαντος τοῦ τραγικοῦ. Λέγεται τοίνυν πρὸς αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ προεγνωκότος δὴ τὰ ἐσόμενα· Μὴ σπεῖρε παίδων ἄλοκα δαιμόνων βίᾳ· Εἰ γὰρ τεκνώσεις παῖδ', ἀποκτενεῖ σ' ὁ φύς, Καὶ πᾶς σὸς οἶκος βήσεται δι' αἵματος. Καὶ ἐν τούτῳ τοίνυν σαφῶς δηλοῦται ὅτι δυνατὸν μὲν ἦν τῷ Λαΐῳ μὴ σπείρειν παίδων ἄλοκα· οὐκ ἂν γὰρ τὸ μὴ δυνατὸν προσέταξεν αὐτῷ ὁ χρησμός· δυνατὸν δὲ ἦν καὶ τὸ σπείρειν, καὶ οὐδέτερον αὐτῶν κατηνάγκαστο. Ἠκολούθησε δὲ τῷ μὴ φυλαξαμένῳ σπεῖραι παίδων ἄλοκα παθεῖν ἐκ τοῦ ἐσπαρ κέναι τὰ τῆς κατὰ Οἰδίποδα καὶ Ἰοκάστην καὶ τοὺς υἱοὺς τραγῳδίας. 23.13 Ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ ἀργὸς καλούμενος λόγος, σόφισμα ὤν, τοιοῦτός ἐστι λεγόμενος ἐπὶ ὑποθέσεως πρὸς τὸν νοσοῦντα καὶ ὡς σόφισμα ἀποτρέπων αὐτὸν χρῆσθαι τῷ ἰατρῷ πρὸς ὑγίειαν, καὶ ἔχει γε οὕτως ὁ λόγος· Εἰ εἵμαρταί σοι ἀναστῆναι ἐκ τῆς νόσου, ἐάν τε εἰσαγάγῃς τὸν ἰατρὸν ἐάν τε μὴ εἰσαγάγῃς, ἀναστήσῃ· ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰ εἵμαρταί σοι μὴ ἀναστῆναι ἐκ τῆς νόσου, ἐάν τε εἰσαγάγῃς τὸν ἰατρὸν ἐάν τε μὴ εἰσαγάγῃς, οὐκ ἀναστήσῃ· ἤτοι δὲ εἵμαρταί σοι ἀναστῆναι ἐκ τῆς νόσου, ἢ εἵμαρταί σοι μὴ ἀναστῆναι· μάτην ἄρα εἰσάγεις τὸν ἰατρόν. Ἀλλὰ χαριέντως τούτῳ τῷ λόγῳ τοιοῦτόν τι ἀντιπαρα βάλλεται· Εἰ εἵμαρταί σοι τεκνοποιῆσαι, ἐάν τε συνέλθῃς γυναικὶ ἐάν τε μὴ συνέλθῃς, τεκνοποιήσεις· ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰ εἵμαρταί σοι μὴ τεκνοποιῆσαι, ἐάν τε συνέλθῃς γυναικὶ ἢ μὴ συνέλθῃς, οὐ τεκνοποιήσεις· ἤτοι δὲ