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let it be stronger than logical demonstrations. 1.11 We might say these same things also concerning heaven, that very many treatises have been composed by the wise of this world concerning the nature of heaven. And some have said that it is composed of the four elements, as being tangible and visible, and partaking of earth because of its solidity, of fire, because it is seen, and of the others, because of the mixture. But others, having rejected this account as improbable, improvised and introduced from their own resources some fifth nature of body for the constitution of heaven. And there is among them the ethereal body, which, he says, is neither fire, nor air, nor earth, nor water, nor in general any one of the simple elements; because for the simple elements, the proper motion is in a straight line, the light ones being carried upwards, and the heavy ones downwards. But neither up nor down is the same for the circular revolution; and that, in general, the straight line has the greatest distance from circular motion. And for those things whose natural motions happen to be different, it is necessary, they say, that their substances also be different. But surely neither can we suppose that the heaven is a composite of the primary bodies, which we indeed call elements, because things composed of different elements cannot have a smooth and unforced motion, since each of the simple elements existing in the composites has from nature a different impulse. Therefore, in the first place, composites are beset with fatigue in continuous motion, because one motion cannot be well-suited and congenial to all the opposites; but that which is proper to the light element is hostile to the very heavy. For when we move upwards, we are weighed down by the earthy element; and when we are carried downwards, we do violence to the fiery element, dragging it unnaturally downwards. And this pulling of the elements towards opposite directions is a cause of dissolution. For that which is compelled and contrary to nature, having resisted for a little while, and this violently and with difficulty, is quickly dissolved into those things from which it was composed, each of the components returning to its proper place. On account of these necessities of reasoning, as they say, those who rejected the accounts of their predecessors, required their own hypothesis, positing a fifth nature of body for the generation of heaven and the stars within it. But another, one of those vigorous in plausible reasoning, rising up again against these, poured forth and dissolved these ideas, and introduced an opposing opinion of his own. Concerning which, if we now attempt to speak, we shall fall into the same idle talk as they. But let us leave them to be refuted by one another, and ourselves, refraining from the discussion concerning substance, persuaded by Moses that God made the heaven and the earth, let us glorify the master craftsman of things wisely and artfully made, and from the beauty of the things that are seen, let us perceive the one who is beyond beauty, and from the magnitude of these sensible and circumscribed bodies let us consider the one who is infinite and super-great and who surpasses all thought in the multitude of his own power. For even if we are ignorant of the nature of the things that have come to be, yet that which in general falls under our perception has so much of the wonderful, that even the most nimble mind is shown to be less than the least of the things in the world, with respect to being able either to discuss it according to its worth, or to render due praise to the Creator; to whom be all glory, honor and power, for ever and ever. Amen.

HOMILY 2.

Concerning "the earth was invisible and unformed"

2.1 Having dwelt this morning upon a few words, we found such a hidden depth of meaning, that we despair completely of what follows. For if the courts of the sanctuary are such, and the gateways of the temple so majestic and beyond

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ἰσχυρότερον ἔστω τῶν λογικῶν ἀποδείξεων. 1.11 Τὰ αὐτὰ δὲ ταῦτα καὶ περὶ οὐρανοῦ εἴποιμεν, ὅτι πολυφωνότατοι πραγματεῖαι τοῖς σοφοῖς τοῦ κόσμου περὶ τῆς οὐρανίου φύσεως καταβέβληνται. Καὶ οἱ μὲν σύνθετον αὐτὸν ἐκ τῶν τεσσάρων στοιχείων εἰρήκασιν, ὡς ἁπτὸν ὄντα καὶ ὁρατὸν, καὶ μετέχοντα γῆς μὲν διὰ τὴν ἀντιτυπίαν, πυρὸς δὲ, διὰ τὸ καθορᾶσθαι, τῶν δὲ λοιπῶν, διὰ τὴν μίξιν. Οἱ δὲ τοῦτον ὡς ἀπίθανον παρωσάμενοι τὸν λόγον, πέμπτην τινὰ σώματος φύσιν εἰς οὐρανοῦ σύστασιν οἴκοθεν καὶ παρ' ἑαυτῶν ἀποσχεδιάσαντες ἐπεισήγαγον. Καὶ ἔστι τι παρ' αὐτοῖς τὸ αἰθέριον σῶμα, ὃ μήτε πῦρ, φησὶ, μήτε ἀὴρ, μήτε γῆ, μήτε ὕδωρ, μήτε ὅλως ὅπερ ἓν τῶν ἁπλῶν· διότι τοῖς μὲν ἁπλοῖς οἰκεία κίνησις ἡ ἐπ' εὐθείας, τῶν μὲν κούφων ἐπὶ τὸ ἄνω φερομένων, τῶν δὲ βαρέων ἐπὶ τὸ κάτω. Οὔτε δὲ τὸ ἄνω καὶ τὸ κάτω τῇ κυκλικῇ περιδινήσει ταὐτόν· καὶ ὅλως τὴν εὐθεῖαν πρὸς τὴν ἐν τῷ κύκλῳ περιφορὰν πλείστην ἀπόστασιν ἔχειν. Ὧν δὲ αἱ κατὰ φύσιν κινήσεις παρηλλαγμέναι τυγχάνουσιν, τούτων ἀνάγκη, φασὶ, παρηλ λάχθαι καὶ τὰς οὐσίας. Ἀλλὰ μὴν οὐδὲ ἐκ τῶν πρώτων σωμάτων, ἃ δὴ στοιχεῖα καλοῦμεν, σύνθετον εἶναι δυνατὸν ἡμῖν ὑποθέσθαι τὸν οὐρανὸν, τῷ τὰ ἐκ διαφόρων συγκείμενα μὴ δύνασθαι ὁμαλὴν καὶ ἀβίαστον ἔχειν τὴν κίνησιν, ἑκάστου τῶν ἐνυπαρχόντων ἁπλῶν τοῖς συνθέτοις ἄλλην καὶ ἄλλην ὁρμὴν παρὰ τῆς φύσεως ἔχοντος. ∆ιὸ πρῶτον μὲν καμάτῳ συνέχεται ἐν τῇ συνεχεῖ κινήσει τὰ σύνθετα, διὰ τὸ μίαν κίνησιν μὴ δύνασθαι πᾶσιν εὐάρμοστον εἶναι καὶ φίλην τοῖς ἐναντίοις· ἀλλὰ τὴν τῷ κούφῳ οἰκείαν, πολεμίαν εἶναι τῷ βαρυτάτῳ. Ὅταν μὲν γὰρ πρὸς τὰ ἄνω κινώμεθα, βαρυ νόμεθα τῷ γεώδει· ὅταν δὲ πρὸς τὰ κάτω φερώμεθα, βιαζόμεθα τὸ πυρῶδες, παρὰ φύσιν αὐτὸ πρὸς τὸ κάτω καθέλκοντες. Ἡ δὲ πρὸς τὰ ἐναντία διολκὴ τῶν στοιχείων, διαπτώσεώς ἐστιν ἀφορμή. Τὸ γὰρ ἠναγκασμένον καὶ παρὰ φύσιν, ἐπ' ὀλίγον ἀντισχὸν, καὶ τοῦτο βιαίως καὶ μόλις, ταχὺ διελύθη εἰς τὰ ἐξ ὧν συνετέθη, ἑκάστου τῶν συνελθόν των πρὸς τὴν οἰκείαν χώραν ἐπανιόντος. ∆ιὰ μὲν δὴ ταύτας, ὥς φασι, τῶν λογισμῶν τὰς ἀνάγκας, τοὺς τῶν προαγόντων ἀθετήσαντες λόγους, οἰκείας ὑποθέσεως ἐδεήθησαν οἱ πέμπτην σώματος φύσιν εἰς τὴν οὐρανοῦ καὶ τῶν κατ' αὐτὸν ἀστέρων γένεσιν ὑποτιθέμενοι. Ἄλλος δέ τις τῶν σφριγώντων κατὰ πιθανολογίαν ἐπαναστὰς πάλιν τούτοις, ταῦτα μὲν διέχεε καὶ διέλυσεν, οἰκείαν δὲ παρ' ἑαυτοῦ ἀντεισήγαγε δόξαν. Περὶ ὧν νῦν λέγειν ἐπιχειροῦντες, εἰς τὴν ὁμοίαν αὐτοῖς ἀδολεσχίαν ἐμπεσούμεθα. Ἀλλ' ἡμεῖς ἐκείνους ὑπ' ἀλλήλων ἐάσαντες καταβάλλεσθαι, αὐτοὶ τοῦ περὶ τῆς οὐσίας ἀφέμενοι λόγου, πεισθέντες Μωϋσεῖ, ὅτι Ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν, τὸν ἀριστοτέχνην τῶν σοφῶς καὶ ἐντέχνως γενομένων δοξάσωμεν, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ κάλλους τῶν ὁρωμένων τὸν ὑπέρκαλον ἐννοώμεθα, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ μεγέθους τῶν αἰσθητῶν τούτων καὶ περιγραπτῶν σωμάτων ἀναλογιζώμεθα τὸν ἄπειρον καὶ ὑπερμεγέθη καὶ πᾶσαν διάνοιαν ἐν τῷ πλήθει τῆς ἑαυτοῦ δυνάμεως ὑπερβαί νοντα. Καὶ γὰρ εἰ καὶ τὴν φύσιν ἀγνοοῦμεν τῶν γενομένων, ἀλλὰ τό γε ὁλοσχερῶς ὑποπῖπτον ἡμῶν τῇ αἰσθήσει τοσοῦτον ἔχει τὸ θαῦμα, ὥστε καὶ τὸν ἐντρεχέστατον νοῦν ἐλάττονα ἀναφανῆναι τοῦ ἐλαχίστου τῶν ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ, πρὸς τὸ ἢ δυνηθῆναι αὐτὸ κατ' ἀξίαν ἐπεξελθεῖν, ἢ τὸν ὀφειλόμενον ἔπαινον ἀποπληρῶσαι τῷ κτίσαντι· ᾧ πᾶσα δόξα, τιμὴ καὶ κράτος, εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ βʹ.

Περὶ τοῦ ἀόρατος ἦν ἡ γῆ καὶ ἀκατασκεύαστος

2.1 Μικροῖς ἕωθεν ἐνδιατρίψαντες ῥήμασι, τοσοῦτον ἀποκεκρυμμένον τὸ βάθος τῆς διανοίας εὕρομεν, ὥστε τῶν ἐφεξῆς παντελῶς ἀπογνῶναι. Εἰ γὰρ τὰ προαύλια τῶν ἁγίων τοιαῦτα, καὶ τὰ προπύλαια τοῦ ναοῦ οὕτω σεμνὰ καὶ ὑπέρ